Questions and Answers of Campbell Biology

What are the major differences between stem cells found in embryonic tissue and those found in adult tissues?
Compare the table of characters to the cladogram. Do cladograms contain the same information as the table? Are cladograms more useful? Explain.
Are ethanol and lactate oxidized or reduced in these reactions?
Examine the photos in following figure and list 3 traits of the zonkey that are different from its dam. (b) The zonkey and its dam-a donkey (a) Male zebra who sired the zonkey (c) The yearling zonkey
Although zebras and donkeys can produce offspring, do you think these two types of organisms should be considered to be the same species? Explain, using definitions of “species” and examples of
Consider character 1 in the cladogram. Which taxa lack this character?
Tetragenococcus halophilus (a bacterium) and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (a fungus) are two facultatively anaerobic species that thrive in moromi. Through fermentation, Tetragenococcus produces lactic
Using the data in following table, determine the zonkey’s parents. Explain.Table 7.1 Diploid Chromosome Numbers in Various Equid Mammals.Equid Mammal
Owners of racehorses add oats to the supplemental feed to provide both extra protein for muscle repair and extra carbohydrates for the quick energy needed by these active horses. The excess starch in
Yet another challenge faces the microbes in moromi. After the brine is added, workers place the moromi in airtight containers for several months. Which types of microbes will survive under these
Easy-keeper horses are usually insulin-resistant. Because their bodies do not respond to normal insulin levels, they maintain abnormally high levels of insulin compared with horses that are not easy
What is the molecular definition of determination?
The pregnant mare would need either grass forage in a different pasture or hay. Supplemental feed alone would not provide the long fiber needed. In the case, the crowding of buffalo in a neighbor’s
Which character in the following figure is exclusively shared by taxa C and D? 5. A 1, 3 2. ш
Explain how enzymes break down macromolecules. What is the role of water? What bonds are broken, what bonds are formed? Examine Figure 8.16 as you develop your answer.
Some microbes have adaptations for osmoregulation in order to live successfully in high-salt environments. When the brine is added, the populations of bacteria and fungi found in the koji change. Do
What is the molecular definition of determination?
Some organisms that infect grass prove harmful to horses. When the mare in the case was pregnant, the owners had the pasture with tall fescue grass tested. Fescue can contain an endophytic fungus
If you have an underweight horse that is worked hard and a horse of normal weight that is worked hard, which should receive the most total feed? Is there a difference in the ratio of grass forage to
Which trait in the following table is shared by at least four taxa? Which taxa are they? Selected Taxa United Tubelike Elongated Sepals Flower with Bilateral, Leaves Petals Not Radial, Symmetry
Specify the location of a cell in your body that:a. contains genetic information on eye color and the production of insulin.b. expresses eye color.c. produces insulin.
Compare the proportions of grass forage and supplemental feed in the total feed mix for the normal-weight horse with hard activity and the normal-weight horse with light activity.
In the moromi phase of soy sauce production, the osmotic conditions for microbes are drastically changed. Sketch a generic cell showing what happens to most cells when they are placed in brine.
Would you have predicted the answers to questions 8 and 9? Why or why not?
Which organism has the most differences in the amino acid sequence compared to the human hedgehog protein sequence? Scorpion Hh Human Shh Octopus Hh Chicken Shh LARLAVDAGF IHCSVKSESA IHCSVKAENS
In the koji stage of soy sauce production, Aspergillus fungi digest soybeans and wheat. Aspergillus uses some of the glucose produced by the breakdown of the carbohydrates to generate ATP through
Based on the preceding limited amino acid sequences, which animal has the hedgehog protein most like the one in the human?
Which are vertebrates and to what class does each belong?
Which of these organisms are invertebrates and to what phylum does each belong?
Weight status and activity levels can be used to estimate the amount of feed needed by individual horses . According to this chart, should you feed a horse with a normal weight of 1,150 pounds that
How could phylogenetic and ultrametric trees help inform researchers interested in designing experiments to study the hedgehog pathway?
When the yearling in the case showed signs of low weight gain, he was removed from the pasture. The owners increased his total amount of feed and provided a higher proportion of supplemental feed.
Describe a typical enzyme-substrate complex. What mechanisms do enzymes use to lower activation energy and speed up a reaction?
List all the pairs of animal groups that share a more recent common ancestor than humans and birds.
Grass forage and hay consist largely of structural carbohydrates in the form of fiber, primarily cellulose. The fiber provides the raw material necessary for the growth and maintenance of microbial
Batter and breading. Manufacturers need a starch that will adhere to chicken and then become crunchy as the chicken is cooked. Explain your choice.Read the following product description and determine
Manufacturers need a starch that allows their product to be pourable but does not thicken too much as it cools. Explain your choice.Read the following product description and determine which starch
Manufacturers need a starch that will maintain a creamy consistency and will neither liquefy nor harden at room temperature. Explain your choice.Read the following product description and determine
Does this ultrametric tree provide information about the rate of change in the hedgehog gene for these animal groups? If not, what information can be inferred from this tree?
Cows, horses, and humans all consume foods containing cellulose. However, none of these organisms produces enzymes that can break down cellulose. fermenting microbes in the stomach of cows convert
What does the phylogram tell us about the hedgehog gene in mammals and birds as compared to the hedgehog gene in mammals and amphibians?
The ecology of digestion relies on the presence of the right balance of microbial populations. For example, over a long period of time, antibiotic treatments can affect digestion in humans, and there
The hindgut (structure of the digestive tract after the small intestine) in all three organisms contains a diverse population of fermenting microbes. These microbes release gases, as well as fatty
To make mashed potatoes, you boil the potatoes for 25 minutes. The potato chunks begin to disintegrate as you drain them. When you add the butter and milk, the potatoes are thin and gluey—similar
What species is used as the outgroup for the hedgehog gene in this phylogram? Provide a reason for using this species.
As you begin to prepare turkey gravy, you carefully blend 2 tablespoons of cornstarch into a cup of cold water. You add the mixture to the turkey broth, but then you forget to stir it. Your gravy
Now that you have learned more about the different types of starch granules, can you infer the type of granules that Rob scraped from the old dress? Explain your response.
The small intestine functions similarly in all three organisms. Describe its function.
In developing nations, farmers generally depend on crops that produce both food and seed. Develop arguments both for and against the distribution of Bt corn seed to farmers in developing nations. Is
Contrast the microscopic starch granules of corn with those of potato, shown in the following figure. (a) Starch granules in corn (5-25 um) (b) Potato starch (15-100 um)
Why was it important that Hildy also test the effect of water alone on the wallpaper paste?
Explain how a failure to have cell division occurs at a critical time during development could lead to lambs with one eye. See Section 18.4 on critical events in the development of left-right
This activity raises a concern that transgenic crops may reduce biodiversity. In your own words, explain how this might occur and why it is significant.
The function and structure of the digestive tracts of the cow, horse, and human fit the diets of these animals. The grazers eat primarily leafy vegetation. Omnivores, however, consume more calories
Cyclopamine is a known antagonist of Smo. Describe how cyclopamine reduces the number of BCCs in UV-irradiated mice.
The digestion of what type of macromolecule begins in the organism’s stomach (the abomasum in ruminants)?
Once a horse swallows a bolus of food and it enters the stomach, strong muscles at the cardiac end of the stomach prevent the animal from regurgitating its food. How does this differ from the
Considering that vinegar is an acid, explain the results seen with the vinegar.
As scientists evaluate new data, they frequently have to revise their models. Because we know that Ptch is an inhibitor of Smo and G protein is not involved, revise the model in Figure 11.12 to
Describe how the most effective substance worked to remove the paste.
The mechanism of the activation of Smo by the hedgehog ligand binding to Ptch is not completely understood. However, the model shown in Figure 11.12 in the text shows a pathway with two membrane
Compare the function of the stomach in the cow, horse, and human. Also, comment on the ability of each organism to digest cellulose in the stomach.
Which substance worked best? What does this tell you about the composition of wallpaper paste?
Where are the microbes (mostly facultatively anaerobic) involved in digestion primarily located in the cow, horse, and human?
Examine the following figure and identify which molecules are involved in reception, transduction, and response in the hedgehog pathway. (a) (b) Hedgehog ligand (Shh) When Shh binds at Ptch, Smo is
All the refuge plans shown in the following figure provide an interface between Bt and non-Bt corn. Do you think the block refuge or the split planter refuge would be more likely to facilitate the
Is the hedgehog signaling pathway a local or long-distance type of signaling? Explain.
The researchers found that UV irradiated mice given cyclopamine had 0.4 tumors per mouse, while those that did not get the drug had 1.3 tumors per mouse, and after a statistical test found p <
Prepare a graph of these data showing the effect of time on tumor production in the two treatments. Put both treatments on the same graph, on two separate lines.a. On the basis of the shape of the
What are some of the causes of cancer?
What is cancer?
In the case, the growers meet to discuss planting refuges in order to reduce the chance that a population of corn borers resistant to Bt toxin will become established. Offer two explanations why the
1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3–4 biology related
In the following table, describe your experimental treatment in test tube 1. Although it is likely that you will have more than one control tube, describe just one of your controls for test tube
Using either the iodine test or the Benedict’s test, design an experiment to examine other factors in the action of amylase on starch. Your experiment should test only one of the following
What monomer is found in starch and cellulose?
Do you think making a physical model was helpful in understanding this pattern of damage by European corn borers? Explain.
Now examine the results for the Benedict’s solution test. Color changes are shown in the rack containing tubes 1–4 at the middle right. A dark shade indicates a positive test (the actual color is
What do you consider to be the strengths of this model of corn growth?
What is the purpose of adding iodine to test tubes 1A and 3A?
Test-tube results for the use of IKI. The color change in the contents of each test tube is also shown in the test-tube rack at the upper left corner of the figure. A dark shade indicates a positive
What do you consider to be the limitations of this model of corn growth?
Review the following figure and note which of the reagents were used in each of the four test tubes. In the following table, check off the reagents found in each tube.
Explain why Rob did not have to worry that the amylase cleaning solution would damage the dress.
Under the right conditions, amylase breaks down amylose efficiently; however, the enzyme is not very effective in breaking down amylopectin. Examine Figure 5.6 and read the related text in your
To remove the stain from the dress, Rob treated the stain with a cleaner containing the hydrolytic enzyme amylase. Explain what happens to starch at the molecular level when it is acted upon by
Contrast the structure and function of starch with those of cellulose in plant cells.
In the case narrative, Rob learned that the stain near the neckline of the dress contained starch. What specific types of macromolecule are starch and cellulose?
Look again at the following figure of shot hole damage. Are your model results consistent with this picture? A D
Do you think that the damage in following figure was caused by several caterpillars feeding on the leaves successively or by one or two feeding at the same time? Explain. A D
Examine the map in the following figure and compare it to that shown in Figure 3.5. In 3€“4 sentences, describe the extent of spread of WNV in the US from 1999 to 2012. West nile virus
Using your observations of Figures (a) through (b), defend a policy that makes wearing masks mandatory during the early days of an epidemic such as the 1918 flu.(a)(b) 200 150 100 50 60 20 40 Time 80
The total number of recovered individuals (R) in Scenario 2 is 145 as compared to 180 in Scenario 1. What does this tell us about the efficacy of isolation in this model?Scenario 1Consider the
Predict generally what you’d expect to see in the SIR model results with respect to S, I, and R individuals. (Consider how these results would differ from not wearing masks.)
Using the following figure, note the position of each leaf and fill in the following table. Row D is filled in for you. A D
All infected individuals (I) eventually become recovered individuals (R). What does this tell us about the severity of the viral disease in this model—that is, what is the mortality rate observed
When corn is infested with ECBs, several types of damage can occur. Late-season borers may invade the corn ears. Not only does this result in an unsightly appearance and decrease in yield, but the
About how many individuals remained healthy? What is the transmission rate in this model? Transmission = (R) recovered / (S) susceptible
How does this type of growth in the leaves help grasses survive being eaten by herbivores such as bison?
What are some of the disadvantages of applying sprays?

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