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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd

College Physics Essentials Electricity And Magnetism Optics Modern Physics Volume Two 8th Edition Jerry D. Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou - Solutions

3. A space probe is moving rapidly away from the Sun at 0.2c. As it passes the probe, the speed of the sunlight measured by the probe is: (a) 1.2c, (b) exactlyc, or(c) 0.8c?
2. Car A is traveling eastward at 85 km/h. Car B is traveling westward with a speed of 65 km/h.According to classical relativity, the velocity of B as measured by the driver of A would be (a) 150 km/h eastward, (b) 20 km/h westward, (c) 150 km/h westward, (d) 20 km/h eastward.
1. An object free of all forces exhibits a changing velocity in a certain reference frame. It follows that(a) the frame is inertial, (b) Newton’s second law applies in this frame, (c) the laws of mechanics are the same in this reference frame as in all inertial frames,(d) none of the preceding.
50. •• A refracting telescope with a lens whose diameter is 30.0 cm is used to view a binary star system that emits light in the visible region. (a) What is the minimum angular separation of the two stars for them to be barely resolved? (b) If the binary star is a distance of 6.00 × 1020 km
49. •• The objective of a microscope is 2.50 cm in diameter and has a focal length of 0.80 mm. (a) If blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm is used to illuminate a specimen, what is the minimum angular separation of two fine details of the specimen for them to be just resolved? (b) What is the
48. •• If a camera with a 50-mm lens is to resolve two objects that are 4.0 mm from each other and both objects are 3.5 m from the camera lens, (a) what is the minimum diameter of the camera lens? (b) What is the resolving power? (Assume the wavelength of light is 550 nm.)
47. •• Assuming that the headlights of a car are point sources 1.7 m apart, what is the maximum distance from an observer to the car at which the headlights are distinguishable from each other? [Hint: See Exercise 45b.]
46. •• Some African tribes people claim to be able to see the moons of Jupiter with the unaided eye. If two moons of Jupiter are at a minimum distance of 3.1 × 108 km away from Earth and at a maximum separation distance of 3.0 × 106 km, is this possible in theory? Explain. Assume that the
45. IE •• A human eye views small objects of different colors, and the eye’s resolution is measured. (a) The eye sees the finest details for objects of which color: (1) red,(2) yellow, (3) blue, or (4) any color? Explain. (b) The maximum diameter of the eye’s pupil at night is about 7.0 mm.
44. •• From a spacecraft in orbit 150 km above the Earth’s surface, an astronaut wishes to observe her hometown as she passes over it. What size features will she be able to identify with the unaided eye, neglecting atmospheric effects? [Hint: Estimate the diameter of the human iris.]
43. • What is the resolution limit due to diffraction for the Hale telescope at Mount Palomar, with its 200-in.-diameter mirror, for light with a wavelength of 550 nm? Compare this value with the resolution limit for the European Southern Observatory telescope found in Exercise 42.
42. • What is the resolution limit due to diffraction for the European Southern Observatory reflecting telescope(which has an 8.20-m, or 323-in., diameter) for light with a wavelength of 550 nm?
41. • The minimum angle of resolution of the diffraction patterns of two identical monochromatic point sources in a single-slit diffraction pattern is 0.0065 rad. If a slit width of 0.10 mm is used, what is the wavelength of the sources?
40. IE • (a) For a given wavelength, a wider single slit will give (1) a greater, (2) a smaller, (3) the same minimum angle of resolution as a narrower slit, according to the Rayleigh criterion. (b) What are the minimum angles of resolution for two point sources of red light in the diffraction
39. IE •• You are given two objectives and two eyepieces and are instructed to make a telescope with them. The focal lengths of the objectives are 60.0 and 40.0 cm, and the focal lengths of the eyepieces are 0.90 and 0.80 cm. (a) Which lens combination would you pick if you want to have maximum
38. •• An astronomical telescope uses an objective of power +2.0 D. If the length of the telescope is 52 cm,(a) what is the focal length of the eyepiece? (b) What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
37. •• A terrestrial telescope uses an objective and eyepiece with focal lengths of 42 and 6.0 cm, respectively.(a) What should the focal length of the erecting lens be if the overall length of the telescope is to be 1.0 m?(b) What is the magnification of the telescope for an object at infinity?
36. IE •• A terrestrial telescope has three lenses: an objective, an erecting lens, and an eyepiece. (a) Does the erecting lens (1) increase the magnification, (2) increase the physical length of the telescope, (3) decrease the magnification, or (4) decrease the physical length of the
35. •• A telescope has an angular magnification of −50×and a barrel 1.02 m long. What are the focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece?
34. •• An astronomical telescope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 10.0 mm. If the length of the tube is 1.50 m, (a) what is the focal length of the objective?(b) What is the angular magnification of the telescope when it is focused for an object at infinity?
33. • An astronomical telescope has an objective and an eyepiece whose focal lengths are 60 and 15 cm, respectively.What are the telescope’s (a) magnifying power and (b) length?
32. • Find the magnification and length of a telescope whose objective has a focal length of 50 cm and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.0 cm.
31. •• A specimen is 5.0 mm from the objective of a compound microscope that has a lens power of +250 D.What must be the magnifying power of the eyepiece if the total magnification of the specimen is −100×?
30. •• A −150× microscope has an eyepiece whose focal length is 4.4 cm. If the distance between the lenses is 20 cm, find the focal length of the objective.
29. IE •• Two lenses of focal length 0.45 and 0.35 cm are available for a compound microscope using an eyepiece of focal length of 3.0 cm, and the distance between the lenses has to be 15 cm. (a) Which lens should be used as the objective: (1) the one with the longer focal length, (2) the one
28. •• The lenses used in a compound microscope have powers of +100 D and +50 D. If a total magnification of −200× is desired, what should be the distance between the two lenses?
27. •• A compound microscope has an objective lens with a focal length of 0.50 cm and an eyepiece with a focal length of 3.25 cm. The separation distance between the lenses is 22 cm. (a) What is the total magnification?(b) Compare (as a percentage) the total magnification with the magnification
26. •• The focal length of the objective lens of a compound microscope is 4.5 mm. The eyepiece has a focal length of 3.0 cm. If the distance between the lenses is 18 cm, what is the magnification of a viewed image?
25. •• A compound microscope has a distance of 15 cm between lenses and an objective with a focal length of 8.0 mm. What power should the eyepiece have to give a total magnification of −360×?
24. •• A compound microscope has an objective with a focal length of 4.00 mm and an eyepiece with a magnification of 10.0×. If the objective and eyepiece are 15.0 cm apart, what is the total magnification of the microscope?
23. •• If a magnifying glass gives an angular magnification of 1.5× when viewed with relaxed eyes, what is the power of the lens?
22. •• What is the maximum magnification of a magnifying glass with a power of +3.0 D for (a) a person with a near point of 25 cm and (b) a person with a near point of 10 cm?
21. IE • A detective wants to achieve maximum magnification when looking at a fingerprint with a magnifying glass. (a) He should use a lens with (1) a long focal length, (2) a short focal length, (3) a larger size. Explain.(b) If he uses lenses of focal length +28 cm and +40 cm, what are the
20. IE • A physics student uses a converging lens with a focal length of 14 cm to read a small measurement scale. (a) Maximum magnification is achieved if the image is at (1) the near point, (2) infinity, (3) the far point. Explain. (b) What are the magnifications when the image is at the near
19. • When viewing an object with a magnifying glass whose focal length is 10 cm, a student positions the lens so that there is minimum eyestrain. What is the observed magnification?
18. • A converging lens can give a maximum angular magnification of 1.5×. What is the focal length of the lens?
17. • A biology student uses a converging lens to examine the details of a small insect. If the focal length of the lens is 12 cm, what is the maximum angular magnification?
16. • An object is placed 10 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 18 cm. What are (a) the lateral magnification and (b) the angular magnification?
15. •• A senior citizen wears bifocals (Figure 25.4) in which the top half of the lens has a focal length of−0.850 m and the bottom half of the lens has a focal length of +0.500 m. What are this person’s near point and far point?
14. •• A college professor can see objects clearly only if they are between 70 and 500 cm from her eyes. Her optometrist prescribes bifocals (Figure 25.4) that enable her to see distant objects through the top half of the lenses and read students’ papers at a distance of 25 cm through the
13. •• An eyeglass lens with a power of +2.8 D allows a farsighted person to read a book held at a distance of 25 cm from her eyes. At what distance must she hold the book to read it without glasses?
12. •• A nearsighted man wears eyeglasses whose lenses have a focal length of −0.25 m. How far away is his far point?
11. •• A nearsighted woman has a far point located 2.00 m from one eye. (a) If a corrective lens is worn 2.00 cm from the eye, what would be the necessary power of the lens for her to see distant objects?(b) What would be the necessary power if a contact lens were used?
10. •• A nearsighted student wears contact lenses to correct for a far point that is 4.00 m from her eyes. When she is not wearing her contact lenses, her near point is 20 cm. What is her near point when she is wearing her contacts?
9. IE •• A man is unable to focus on objects nearer than 1.5 m. (a) Does he have (1) nearsightedness, (2) farsightedness, or (3) astigmatism? Explain. (b) The type of contact lenses that allows him to focus on the print of a book held 25 cm from his eyes should be (1) converging,(2) diverging,
8. IE •• A woman cannot see objects clearly when they are farther than 12.5 m away. (a) Does she have (1) nearsightedness,(2) farsightedness, or (3) astigmatism? Explain.(b) Which type of lens will allow her to see distant objects clearly, and of what power should the lens be?
7. •• To correct a case of farsightedness, an optometrist prescribes converging contact lenses that effectively move the patient’s near point from 85 cm to 25 cm.(a) What is the power of the lenses? (b) To see distant objects clearly, should the patient wear the contact lenses or take them
6. •• A person can just see the print in a book clearly when she holds the book no closer than at arm’s length(0.45 m from the eyes). (a) Does she have (1) nearsightedness,(2) farsightedness, or (3) astigmatism?Explain. (b) Which type of lens will allow her to read the text at the normal near
5. •• A nearsighted person has an uncorrected far point of 200 cm. Which type of contact lenses would correct this condition, and of what focal length should it be?
4. IE • A certain farsighted person has a near point of 50 cm. (a) Which type of contact lenses, (1) converging,(2) diverging, or (3) bifocal, should an optometrist prescribe to enable the person to see clearly objects as close as 25 cm? Explain. (b) What is the power of the lenses, in diopters?
3. IE • The far point of a certain nearsighted person is 90 cm. (a) Which type of contact lenses, (1) converging,(2) diverging, or (3) bifocal, should an optometrist prescribe to enable the person to see more distant objects clearly? Explain. (b) What would the power of the lenses be, in diopters?
2. • A person is prescribed with contact lenses that have powers of −3.0 D. What type of lenses are these? What is the lenses’ focal length?
1. • What are the powers of (a) a converging lens of focal length 20 cm and (b) a diverging lens of focal length−50 cm?
16. In order to observe fine details of small objects in a microscope, should you use blue light or red light?Explain.
15. Modern digital cameras are getting smaller and smaller. Discuss the image resolution of these small
14. A reflecting telescope with a large objective mirror can collect more light from stars than a reflecting telescope with a smaller objective mirror. What other advantage is gained with a large mirror? Explain.
13. When an optical instrument is designed, a high resolution is often desired so that the instrument may be used to observe fine details. Does a higher resolution mean a smaller or larger minimum angle of resolution?Explain.
12. In Figure 25.13b, part of the light entering the concave mirror is obstructed by a small plane mirror that is used to redirect the rays to a viewer. Does this mean that only a portion of an object can be seen? How does the size of the obstruction affect the image?
11. Why are chromatic and spherical aberrations important factors in refracting telescopes, but not in reflecting telescopes?
10. What are the main differences among the following refracting telescopes: an astronomical telescope, a Galilean telescope, and a terrestrial telescope?
9. If you are given two lenses with different focal lengths, how would you decide which should be used as the objective and which should be used as the eyepiece for a telescope? Explain.
8. In a compound microscope, which lens, the objective or the eyepiece, plays the same role as a simple magnifying glass?
7. With an object at the focal point of a magnifying glass, the magnification is given by (Equation 25.4). According to this equation, the magnification could be increased indefinitely by using lenses with shorter focal lengths.Why, then, are compound microscopes needed?
6. When you use a simple convex lens as a magnifying glass to view an object, where should you put the object, farther away than the focal length or closer than the focal length? Explain.
5. A person with nearsightedness wishes to switch from regular glasses to contact lenses. Should the contact lenses have a stronger or a weaker prescription than the glasses? Explain.
4. A fifty-year-old person has a far point of 20 m and near point of 45 cm. What type of corrective glasses would be necessary to correct this person’s vision?
3. Will wearing glasses to correct nearsightedness and farsightedness, respectively, affect the size of the image on the retina? Explain.
2. (a) If an eye has a far point of 15 m and a near point of 25 cm, is that eye nearsighted or farsighted? (b) How about an eye with a far point at infinity and a near point at 50 cm? (c) What type of corrective lenses(converging or diverging) would you use to correct the vision defects in parts
1. Which parts of a camera correspond to the iris, crystalline lens, and retina of the eye?
13. The purpose of using oil immersion lenses on microscopes is to (a) reduce the size of the microscope,(b) increase the magnification, (c) increase the wavelength of light so as to increase resolution,(d) reduce the wavelength of light so as to increase resolution.
12. For a particular wavelength, the minimum angle of resolution is (a) smaller for a lens of a larger radius,(b) smaller for a lens of a smaller lens, (c) the same for lenses of all radii.
11. The images of two sources are said to be just resolved when (a) the central maxima of the diffraction patterns fall on each other, (b) the first maxima of the diffraction patterns fall on each other, (c) the central maximum of one diffraction pattern falls on the first minimum of the other, (d)
10. The image formed by a terrestrial telescope is (a) inverted,(b) upright, (c) real, (d) none of the preceding.
9. An inverted image is produced by (a) a terrestrial telescope,(b) an astronomical telescope, (c) a Galilean telescope, (d) all of the preceding.
8. An astronomical telescope has (a) unlimited magnification,(b) two lenses of the same focal length,(c) an objective of relatively long focal length, (d) an objective of relatively short focal length.
7. Compared with the focal length of the eyepiece in a compound microscope, the objective has (a) a longer focal length, (b) a shorter focal length, (c) the same focal length.
6. When using a magnifying glass, the magnification is greater when the magnified image is at (a) the near point, (b) the far point, (c) infinity.
5. A magnifying glass (a) is a converging lens, (b) forms virtual images, (c) magnifies by effectively increasing the angle the object subtends, (d) all of the preceding.
4. Nearsightedness can be corrected by using (a) converging lens, (b) diverging lens, (c) flat lens, (d) none of the preceding.
3. The image of an object formed on the retina is(a) inverted, (b) upright, (c) the same size as the object,(d) all of the preceding.
2. An imperfect cornea can cause (a) astigmatism, (b) nearsightedness,(c) farsightedness, (d) all of the preceding.
1. The cones of the retina are responsible for (a) vision,(b) black-and-white twilight vision, (c) color vision,(d) close-up vision.
49. IE •• When sunlight is scattered by air molecules, the intensity of scattered light for a wavelength of 550 nm is greater than another color by a factor of 5.0. (a) The wavelength of the other color is (1) longer, (2) the same as, or (3) shorter than 550 nm. Explain. (b) What is the
48. IE •• Sunlight is scattered by air molecules. (a) The intensity of the scattered blue light is (1) greater, (2) the same as, or (3) less than that of the scattered red light. Explain.(b) Calculate the ratio of the scattered light intensity of blue color (400 nm) to that of red color (700
47. ••• A plate of crown glass (n = 1.52) is covered with a layer of water. A beam of light traveling in air is incident on the water and partially transmitted. Is there any angle of incidence for which the light reflected from the water–glass interface will have maximum linear
46. •• Sunlight is reflected off a vertical plate-glass window(n = 1.55). What would the Sun’s altitude (angle above the horizon) have to be for the reflected light to be completely polarized?
45. IE •• (a) The polarizing (Brewster) angle of a piece of flint glass (n = 1.66) in water is (1) greater than, (2) less than, (3) the same as that of the glass in air. Explain.(b) What are the polarizing angles when it is in air and submerged in water, respectively?
44. IE •• The angle of incidence is adjusted so there is maximum linear polarization for the reflected light from a transparent piece of plastic in air. (a) There is(1) no, (2) maximum, or (3) some light transmitted through the plastic. Explain. (b) If the index of refraction of the plastic is
43. •• The polarizing (Brewster) angle for a certain media boundary is 33°. What is the critical angle for total internal reflection for the same boundary?
42. •• The critical angle for total internal reflection in a certain media boundary is 45°. What is the polarizing(Brewster) angle for light externally incident on the same boundary?
41. •• A beam of light is incident on a glass plate (n = 1.62)in air and the reflected ray is completely polarized.What is the angle of refraction for the beam?
40. IE •• Unpolarized light of intensity Io is incident on a polarizer–analyzer pair. (a) If the angle between the polarizer and analyzer increases in the range of 0°–90°, the transmitted light intensity will (1) also increase, (2) decrease, (3) remain the same. Explain.(b) If the angle
39. IE • Light is incident on a certain material in air. (a) If the index of refraction of the material increases, the polarizing(Brewster) angle will (1) also increase, (2) decrease,(3) remain the same. Explain. (b) What are the polarizing angles if the index of refraction is 1.6 and 1.8?
38. • Some types of glass have a range of indices of refraction of about 1.4 to 1.7. What is the range of the polarizing (Brewster) angle for these glasses when light is incident on them from air?
37. IE • When unpolarized light is incident on a polarizer–analyzer pair, 30% of the original light intensity passes the analyzer. What is the angle between the transmission axes of the polarizer and analyzer?
36. IE • Unpolarized light is incident on a polarizer–analyzer pair that can have their transmission axes at an angle of either 30° or 45°. (a) The 30° angle will allow (1) more,(2) the same, or (3) less light to go through. (b) Calculate the percentage of light that goes through the
35. IE •• White light ranging from blue (400 nm) to red (700 nm) illuminates a diffraction grating with 8000 lines/cm. (a) For the first maxima measured from the central maximum, the blue color is (1) closer to, (2) farther from, or (3) at the same location as the red color. Explain. (b) What
34. IE •• White light of wavelength ranging from 400 to 700 nm is used for a diffraction grating with 6500 lines per centimeter. (a) In a particular order of maximum, red color will have (1) a larger, (2) the same, or (3) a smaller angle than blue color. Explain.(b) Calculate the angles for 400
33. •• The commonly used CD (compact disc) consists of many closely spaced tracks that can be used as reflecting gratings. The industry standard for the trackto-track distance is 1.6 μm. If a He–Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm is incident normally onto a CD, calculate the angles for
32. •• In a particular diffraction grating pattern, the red component (700 nm) in the second-order maximum is deviated at an angle of 20°. (a) How many lines per centimeter does the grating have? (b) If the grating is illuminated with white light, how many maxima of the complete visible

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