Using the simplified model of Earths atmosphere as in Example 34.1, with no absorption, no meridional energy transport, and an albedo of 0.16, use the yearly average integrated insolation computed in...
Compute an upper bound on the energy density of a lead-acid battery in which the overall chemical process is ? and for each such reaction two electrons pass around the external circuit, assuming that...
For the Maxwell BCAP0310 ultra capacitor described in Example 37.5, the capacitance is 310 F, mass is 0.06 kg, maximum voltage is 2.85 V, and internal resistance is r = 2.2 m. Consider connecting the...
A 200 kV transmission line is being designed to carry power 400 km from one power plant to another as part of a transmission network. The line has inductive reactance per unit length L = 0.44 /km....
A merry-go-round in the park has a radius of 1.8 m and a rotational inertia of 900 kgm 2 . A child pushes the merry -go-round with a constant force of 80 N applied at the edge and parallel to the...
A blood pressure reading is given as 130/75. a. What units are implied by these numbers? b. Are these numbers total pressures or gauge pressures? Explain.
Two objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with one another but are insulated from the surroundings. Will the temperature of either object change? Explain.
Work of 600 J is done by stirring an insulated beaker containing 100 g of water. a. What is the change in the internal energy of the system? b. What is the change in the temperature of the water?
A student constructs the thermometer and invents her own temperature scale with the ice point of water at 0S (S for the student) and the boiling point of water at 50S. She measures the temperature of...
Is it possible to produce a transverse wave on a Slinky? Explain.
We can form standing waves on a rope attached to a wall by moving the opposite end of the rope up and down at an appropriate frequency. Where does the second wave come from that interferes with the...
If we wrap a second wire around a guitar string to increase its mass, what effect does this have on the frequency and wavelength of the fundamental standing wave formed on that string? Explain.
Why is it much easier to produce longitudinal waves traveling in air than it is to produce transverse waves? Explain.
If the temperature in an organ pipe increases above room temperature, thereby increasing the speed of sound waves in the pipe but not affecting the length of pipe significantly, what effect does this...
When you pluck a guitar string, are you likely to get a sound wave containing just a single frequency? Explain.
How is the musical interval that we call a fifth related to the third harmonic of a plucked string? Explain.
Suppose that water waves coming into a dock have a velocity of 1.2 m/s and a wavelength of 2.4 m. With what frequency do these waves meet the dock?
A string with a length of 0.8 m is fixed at both ends. a. What is the longest possible wavelength for the traveling waves that can interfere to form a standing wave on this string? b. If waves travel...
Sound waves have a speed of 340 m/s in room-temperature air. What is the wavelength of the sound waves for the musical tone concert A, which has a frequency of 440 Hz?
In just tuning, the ratio for a major third is 54. In equal tempered tuning, the ratio is 1.260. If we start a scale on a frequency of 440 Hz for do, what is the difference in frequency for mi (a...
For standard tuning, concert A is defined to have a frequency of 440 Hz. On a piano, A is five white keys above C, but 9 half steps above C counting both the white and black keys. (See fig. 15.22.) A...
Using the procedure outlined in section 15.5 where the ideal ratios for a justly-tuned scale are described, find the frequencies for all of the white keys between middle C (264 Hz) and the C above...
Is a chemical element the same as a chemical compound? Explain.
Is mass conserved in a chemical reaction? Explain.
Because seawater does not freeze easily, sea ice never gets very thick. Where, then, do large icebergs originate?
Draw the Feynman diagrams for bottom and charm decays. Estimate the ratio (b c + e + v e )/ (b c).
In the T2K experiment a is produced at the J-PARC proton accelerator and detected in the water Cherenkov detector, Super-Kamiokande. The direction of the incoming neutrino is known, but not its...
Determine [C] -1
If C is the vector sum of A and B, C = A + B, what must be true about the directions and magnitudes of A and B if C = A + B? What must be true about the directions and magnitudes of A and B if C = 0?
You are told, Bernoullis equation tells us that where there is higher fluid speed, there is lower fluid pressure, and vice versa. Is this statement always true, even for an idealized fluid? Explain.
Take two marbles or steel balls of the same size and practice shooting one into the other. Make these observations: a. If you produce a head-on collision with the second marble initially at rest,...
A band limited signal consists of a steady sinusoidal component of power 10 W and a narrow band Gaussian component centered on the steady component of power 5 W. Find the following: (a) The steady to...
Your neighbor lives in a 2500-square-foot (about 250 m 2 ) older house heated by natural gas. The current gas heater was installed in the early 1980s and has an efficiency (called the Annual Fuel...
Try to describe the flow of energy through various systems before and after you use it in a light bulb in your house. Which of the various forms of energy discussed in the chapter does the energy...
Give examples of each of the types of energy described in 1.2.
The analysis of a road trip from Cambridge, Massachusetts to New York suggests many ways that the energy cost of transport could be reduced including (a) slower speed; (b) a more efficient engine;...
Jet engines use a variant of the Brayton cycle in which the gases are only expanded in the turbine to a pressure sufficient to drive the compressor and the planes mechanical and electrical systems;...
According to relativity, the clocks of an object moving with speed v = ?c are slowed down by a factor ? The total(relativistic) energy of the object is given by .mc 2 ? The mean energy of cosmic ray...
Given a silicon photovoltaic solar cell with open-circuit voltage V oc = 0.7V that operates at an overall 20% efficiency under 1000 W/m 2 of normal illumination, (a) compute the current density from...
An actual solar cell has internal resistances that affect the behavior of the circuit. These can be modeled as a single shunt resistance R p in parallel with the diode, and another resistance R s in...
Estimates suggest that 80% of the nitrogen in fertilizer is lost to the environment and does not benefit crops. Investigate the negative side effects of nitrogen fertilizer runoff. If this lost...
Consider laminar flow about a vertical isothermal plate of length L, providing an average heat transfer coefficient of h L . If the plate is divided into N smaller plates, each of length, L N = L/N,...
Using the results of Problem 1.7, show that de r / d = e and de /d = e r . Data From Problem 1.7 Show that the unit vectors e r and e in a cylindrical coordinate system are related to the unit...
A gas mixture of constant composition 5.0 mole% CO 2 and 95 mole% air flows around a porous, spherical particle of diameter 3.0 cm that initially only contains only air (no CO 2 ) within the gas...
Consider the hollow cylinder for drug delivery release shown in the figure below. The hollow center contains a lump of solid solute A (drug) in a liquid. Solute A dissolves in the liquid to a maximum...
A process is being developed to produce carbonated beverages. As part of this process, a packed-bed absorption tower will be used to dissolve carbon dioxide, CO 2 , gas into water. Pure mountain...
A process is being developed to produce carbonated beverages. As part of this process, a wetted-wall absorption column 2.0 m long will be used to dissolve carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas into water. The...
As society searches for technical solutions to global warming, vast ponds of photosynthetic algae are seen as one possible solution for the removal of CO 2 from combustion of fossil fuels. Consider...
A 100 W beam of light is shined onto a blackbody of mass 2 x 10 -3 kg for 10 4 s. The blackbody is initially at rest in a frictionless space. (a) Compute the total energy and momentum absorbed by the...
In his first e/m experiment Thomson determined the speed of electrons accelerated through a potential V by collecting them in an insulated beam stopper and measuring both the total collected charge Q...
Find the temperature of a blackbody if its spectrum has its peak at (a) m = 700 nm (visible), (b) m = 3 cm (microwave region), and (c) m = 3 m (FM radio waves).
Show that Plancks law, Equation 3-18, expressed in terms of the frequency f, is u(f) 8f hf c ehf/kT - 1 C
A 40 W incandescent bulb radiates from a tungsten filament operating at 3300 K. Assuming that the bulb radiates like a blackbody, (a) what are the frequency f m and the wavelength m at the maximum...
(a) The current i due to a charge q moving in a circle with frequency f rev is q f rev . Find the current due to the electron in the first Bohr orbit. (b) The magnetic moment of a current loop is iA,...
Calculate the order of magnitude of the shift in energy of a (a) 1 eV photon and (b) 1 MeV photon resulting from the recoil of an iron nucleus. Do this by first calculating the momentum of the photon...
On the average, a hydrogen atom will exist in an excited state for about 10 -8 s before making a transition to a lower energy state. About how many revolutions does an electron in the n = 2 state...
Moseley pointed out that elements with atomic numbers 43, 61, and 75 should exist and (at that time) had not been found. (a) Using Figure 4-19, what frequencies would Moseleys graphical data have...
Show that, if V is a function only of r, then dL/dt = 0, that is, L is conserved.
Show that the wave function (x,t) = Ae kx - t does not satisfy the time-dependent Schrdinger equation.
62 Cu is produced at a constant rate [e.g., by the (, n) reaction on 63 Cu placed in a high-energy x-ray beam] and decays by + decay with a half-life of about 10 min. How long does it take to...
Should the accounts receivable reported on the balance sheet match the revenues less any amount collected during the current year?
You are watching a jet ski race. A racer speeds up from rest to 70 mph in just a few seconds, then continues at a constant speed. Draw a basic motion diagram of the jet ski, using images from the...
A baseball player starts running to the left to catch the ball as soon as the hit is made. Use the particle model to draw a motion diagram showing the position and average velocity vectors of the...
A particle starts from x 0 = 10 m at t 0 = 0 s and moves with the velocity graph shown in FIGURE EX2.6. a. Does this particle have a turning point? If so, at what time? b. What is the objects...
A car starts from rest at a stop sign. It accelerates at 4.0 m/s 2 for 6.0 s, coasts for 2.0 s, and then slows down at a rate of 3.0 m/s 2 for the next stop sign. How far apart are the stop signs?
A particle moving along the x-axis has its position described by the function x = (2t 3 + 2t + 1) m, where t is in s. At t = 2 s what are the particles (a) Position, (b) Velocity, and (c)...
FIGURE P2.46 shows a set of kinematic graphs for a ball rolling on a track. All segments of the track are straight lines, but some may be tilted. Draw a picture of the track and also indicate the...
Are the following statements true or false? Explain your answer. (a) The magnitude of a vector can be different in different coordinate systems. (b) The direction of a vector can be different in...
Sand moves without slipping at 6.0 m/s down a conveyer that is tilted at 15°. The sand enters a pipe 3.0 m below the end of the conveyer belt, as shown in FIGURE P4.56. What is the horizontal...
A ball thrown horizontally at 25 m/s travels a horizontal distance of 50 m before hitting the ground. From what height was the ball thrown?
A 3000-m-high mountain is located on the equator. How much faster does a climber on top of the mountain move than a surfer at a nearby beach? The earths radius is 6400 km.
A disoriented physics professor drives 3.25 km north, then 2.90 km west, and then 1.50 km south. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement, using the method of components. In a...
Some sliding rocks approach the base of a hill with a speed of 12 m/s. The hill rises at 36 above the horizontal and has coefficients of kinetic and static friction of 0.45 and 0.65, respectively,...
Consider the system shown in Fig. E5.34. Block A weighs 45.0 N and block B weighs 25.0 N. Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed. (a) Calculate the coefficient of...
A 3.00-kg box that is several hundred meters above the surface of the earth is suspended from the end of a short vertical rope of negligible mass. A time-dependent upward force is applied to the...
In Fig. E6.7 assume that there is no friction force on the 20.0-N block that sits on the tabletop. The pulley is light and frictionless. (a) Calculate the tension T in the light string that connects...
Your cat Ms. (mass 7.00 kg) is trying to make it to the top of a frictionless ramp 2.00 m long and inclined upward 30.0 at above the horizontal. Since the poor cat cant get any traction on the ramp,...
Starting at t = 0, a horizontal net force F(0.280 N/s)ti + (0.450 N/s 2 )t 2 j is applied to a box that has an initial momentum p = ( 3.00 kg m/s)i + (4.00 kg m/s)j. What is the momentum of the box...
A thin, uniform rod has length L and mass M. Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force the rod exerts on a particle with mass m that is at a point along the axis of the rod a distance x from...
If a pilot accelerates at more than 4g, he begins to gray out but doesnt completely lose consciousness. (a) Assuming constant acceleration, what is the shortest time that a jet pilot starting from...
Two cars, A and B, move along the x-axis. Figure E2.32 is a graph of the positions of A and B versus time. Figure E2.32 (a) In motion diagrams (like Figs. 2.13b and 2.14b), show the position,...
A metal bar is in the xy-plane with one end of the bar at the origin. A force F = (7.00 N)i + (3.00 N)j is applied to the bar at the point x = 3.00 m, y = 4.00 m. (a) In terms of unit vectors i and...
In a simplified version of the musculature action in leg raises, the abdominal muscles pull on the femur (thigh bone) to raise the leg by pivoting it about one end (Fig. P11.57). When you are lying...
You need to extend a 2.50-inch-diameter pipe, but you have only a 1.00-inch-diameter pipe on hand. You make a fitting to connect these pipes end to end. If the water is flowing at 6.00 cm s in the...
Viscous blood is flowing through an artery partially clogged by cholesterol. A surgeon wants to remove enough of the cholesterol to double the flow rate of blood through this artery. If the original...
A square object of mass m is constructed of four identical uniform thin sticks, each of length L, attached together. This object is hung on a hook at its upper corner (Fig. P14.79). If it is rotated...
Conventional hot-water heaters consist of a tank of water maintained at a fixed temperature. The hot water is to be used when needed. The drawbacks are that energy is wasted because the tank loses...
One suggested treatment for a person who has suffered a stroke is immersion in an ice-water bath at 0C to lower the body temperature, which prevents damage to the brain. In one set of tests, patients...
A 6.00-kg piece of solid copper metal at an initial temperature T is placed with 2.00 kg of ice that is initially at 20.0 o C. The ice is in an insulated container of negligible mass and no heat is...
A steel rod 0.450 m long and an aluminum rod 0.250 m long, both with the same diameter, are placed end to end between rigid supports with no initial stress in the rods. The temperature of the rods is...
For the three stirred-tank system of Exercise 3.20 (Part (b)1), use symbolic system software to find the exit con-centration of tank 3, c 3 (t), after a rectangular pulse in c i (t) occurs at t = 0....
A thermometer has first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1 sec and is placed in a temperature bath at 120 F. After the thermometer reaches steady state, it is suddenly placed in a bath at 140 ...
Three stirred-tanks in series are used in a reactor train (see Fig. E3.20). The flow rate into the system of some inert species is maintained constant while tracer tests are conducted. Assuming that...
onsider the model of the electrically heated stirred-tank system in Section 2.4.3. Subscript e refers to the heating element: (a) Derive transfer functions relating changes in outlet temperature T to...
Using the step responses of (1) an integrating element and (2) a first-order process to an input change of magnitude M. (a) Show that the step response for an input change M of a first-order process...
The output response data y shown in Table E7.9 were generated from a step change in input u from 1 to 5 at time t = 0. Develop a transfer function model of the form Y(s) Ke-0s (T,8 +1)(t,s + 1) U(s)...
Noisy data for the step response of a boiler temperature T to a decrease in air flow rate q from 1000 to 950 cfm are shown below. Develop a FOPTD model using a method from Chapter 7. Be sure to use...
A control system has G v = G m = 1 and a second-order process G p with K p = 2, 1 = 4 min, and 2 = 1 min, which is to be controlled by a PI controller with K c = 2 and I = 1 = 4 min (i.e., the...
If two electrons are each 1.50 x 10 -10 m from a proton, as shown in Fig. E 21.37, find the magnitude and direction of the net electric force they will exert on the proton. Figure E21.37 65.0
Figure E16.26 shows cascade temperature control of a polymerization reactor, which uses feed heat exchange to adjust the reactor temperature. Using the instrumentation diagram, explain how this...