WE KNOW WHAT TO SAY, WE KNOW WHAT TO WRITE, BUT WE DONT KNOW HOW: THE CHALLENGES OF BECOMING ACADEMICALLY LITERATE IN A NEW LINGUISTIC AND SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE Emmanuel Sibomana University of Rwanda Abstract Historically, some languages and discourses which were initially localised subsequently became regionally or even globally dominant. Currently, English is the dominant global language in all domains, including the academic. Thus academics and scholars from non-English backgrounds are at a disadvantage: they have to adhere to academic literacy conventions in a language in which they may not be completely proficient. This article discusses findings from a study of challenges experienced by a group of postgraduate students from Rwanda whose main languages are Kinyarwanda and French, but whose studies and research at a South African university were in English. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 21 students and through interviews with four of these students and with three lecturers/research supervisors. Assignment tasks and lecturers feedback on assignments and research work were also analysed. The findings suggest that, besides the challenges of studying and researching through the medium of English, these students previous academic ways with words differ from those expected by their lecturers and research supervisors.