Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

A rabbit’s eyes are on the sides of its head instead of in front. Would you expect rabbits to have many cells with binocular receptive fields—that is, cells that respond to both eyes? Why or why not?
After a receptor cell is stimulated, the bipolar cell receiving input from it shows an immediate strong response. A fraction of a second later, the bipolar’s response decreases, even though the stimulation from the receptor cell remains constant. How can you account for that decrease? (Hint: What
If an infant is born with dense cataracts on both eyes and they are surgically removed years later, how well does the child see at first?
What causes astigmatism?
What early experience would cause a kitten or human child to lose stereoscopic depth perception?
What is the effect of closing one eye early in life? What is the effect of closing both eyes?
What is a feature detector?
What do cells within a column of the visual cortex have in common?
How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complex?
What is an example of an unconscious response to visual information?
If you were in a darkened room and researchers wanted to “read your mind” just enough to know whether you were having visual fantasies, what could they do?
What are the differences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systems?
As we progress from bipolar cells to ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system, are receptive fields ordinarily larger, smaller, or the same size? Why?
Examine Figure 5.17. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.The analogy may sound silly, but it illustrates something that happens in the retina. The receptors send messages to excite the closest bipolar cells (like giving them cookies) and also send
If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptor? What is the effect on bipolar cells to the sides? What causes that effect?The analogy may sound silly, but it illustrates something that
When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What effect does it have on horizontal cells? What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?The analogy may sound silly, but it illustrates something that happens in the retina. The receptors send
Where does the optic nerve start and where does it end?The analogy may sound silly, but it illustrates something that happens in the retina. The receptors send messages to excite the closest bipolar cells (like giving them cookies) and also send messages to slightly inhibit them and the neighbors
What evidence shows that color, such as greenness, is in the brain and not in the light itself?a. Each wavelength excites a different set of cells in the retina.b. Each wavelength excites a different set of cells in the visual cortex.c. Increasing the intensity of the light changes the apparent
Which theory most readily accounts for the observation described in question 9?a. Trichromatic theoryb. Opponent-process theoryc. Retinex theory
An object that reflects all wavelengths equally ordinarily appears gray, but it may appear yellow, blue, or any other color, depending on what?a. Brightness of the lightb. Contrast with surrounding objectsc. The culture in which someone grew up
If you stare at a white circle surrounded by a green background, and then look at a white surface, you perceive a green circle surrounded by a red background. What does this observation imply about the opponent-process theory?a. We perceive colors based on the pattern of input to the bipolar and
Suppose you perceive something as red. According to the trichromatic theory, what is the explanation?a. Light from the object has excited your long-wavelength cones more strongly than your other cones.b. Light from the object has excited your short-wavelength cones more strongly than your other
Input to the human visual cortex comes from cones and rods (by way of ganglion cells) in what proportion?a. About 95 percent of input to the cortex comes from rods.b. About 50 percent comes from rods and 50 percent from cones.c. About 90 percent of input to the cortex comes from cones.
Vision in the periphery of the retina has poor sensitivity to detail but great sensitivity to faint light. Why?a. Toward the periphery, the retina has more midget ganglion cells.b. Toward the periphery, the retina has more cones and fewer rods.c. Toward the periphery, the retina has more
What makes the blind spot of the retina blind?a. It is at a location where the lens cannot focus the light.b. It is usually damaged during the process of birth.c. The optic nerve and blood vessels occupy this space, leaving no room for receptors.d. It is in the shadow of the pupil.
What is the law of specific nerve energies?a. A stronger physical stimulus activates a larger number of sensory neurons.b. Prolonged activation of a particular neuron weakens its response and leads to a different type of sensory experience.c. The amplitude and velocity of an action potential
If you look at a picture, how do the neurons in your brain represent it?a. In a right-side-up patternb. In an upside-down patternc. Neither
What happens when you see something?a. You send out sight rays that strike the object.b. Light rays reflect off the object and strike your retina.c. You send out sight rays and light reflecting off the object strikes your retina.d. You neither send out sight rays nor receive light rays onto your
How could you test for the presence of color vision in a bee? Examining the retina does not help because invertebrate receptors resemble neither rods nor cones. It is possible to train bees to approach one visual stimulus and not another. However, if you train bees to approach, say, a yellow card
Why is color vision deficiency a better term than color blindness?
Figure 5.9 shows 500 nm light as blue and 550 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them“blue light” and “yellow light”?
When a television set is off, its screen appears gray.When you watch a program, parts of the screen appear black, even though more light is actually showing on the screen than when the set was off. What accounts for the black perception?
According to the opponent-process theory, under what circumstance would you perceive a white object as blue?
As Figure 5.9 shows, medium-wavelength cones respond most strongly to light that we perceive as green. Longwavelength cones respond most strongly to light that we perceive as yellow. According to the trichromatic theory, what causes us to perceive yellowish green?
If you found a species with a high ratio of cones to rods in its retina, what would you predict about its way of life?
You sometimes find that you can see a faint star on a dark night better if you look slightly to the side of the star instead of straight at it. Why?
What makes the blind spot of the retina blind?
If it were possible to flip your entire brain upside down, without breaking any of the connections to sense organs or muscles, what would happen to your perceptions of what you see, hear, and so forth?
If someone electrically stimulated the auditory receptors in your ear, what would you perceive?
What was Ibn al-Haytham’s evidence that we see only because light enters the eyes, not by sending out sight rays?
Suppose a patient uses only the right arm following injury that blocked all sensation from the left arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy?a. Electrically stimulate the skin of the left armb. Tie the right arm behind the person’s backc. Blindfold the person
What causes the phantom limb experience?a. Irritation of receptors at the stump where the amputation occurredb. Spontaneous activity of receptors at the stump where the amputation occurredc. Reorganization of the sensory cortexd. A psychiatric reaction based on denial of the amputation
Where does denervation supersensitivity take place?a. In the cell bodyb. In the axonc. In the dendritesd. In both the axons and the dendrites
Where does collateral sprouting take place?a. In the cell bodyb. In the axonc. In the dendritesd. In both the axons and the dendrites
After someone has had a stroke, what kind of drug might be helpful, and which brain areas should receive it?a. It would be best to deliver tranquilizers to the damaged area of the brain.b. It would be best to deliver stimulant drugs to the damaged area of the brain.c. It would be best to deliver
What is diaschisis?a. Impaired performance of neurons because neurons that used to provide them with input have been damagedb. Improved performance of neurons after they have received extra stimulationc. Alternation between activation of the left hemisphere and activation of the right hemisphered.
Name two procedures that decrease the damage caused by strokes in laboratory animals, although physicians so far have seldom tried them with people.a. Dehydration and lithiumb. Increased blood flow and antidepressantsc. Decreased body temperature and cannabinoidsd. Increased body temperature and
The drug ____ is helpful for strokes related to _____ .a. Xanax . . . ischemiab. Xanax . . . hemorrhagec. tPA . . . ischemiad. tPA . . . hemorrhage
What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kind?a. Ischemia (blocked blood vessel) and hemorrhage(burst blood vessel)b. Hemorrhage (blocked blood vessel) and ischemia(burst blood vessel)c. Active (increased brain activity) and passive(decreased brain activity)d. Hyperthermic (increased
Drugs that block dopamine synapses tend to impair or slow limb movements. However, after people have taken such drugs for a long time, some experience involuntary twitches or tremors in their muscles. Based on material in this chapter, propose a possible explanation.
Ordinarily, patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (who have damage to dopamine-releasing axons) move very slowly if at all. However, during an emergency (e.g., a fire in the building), they may move rapidly and vigorously. Suggest a possible explanation.
A monkey that loses sensation from one arm stops using it, but a monkey that loses sensation from both arms does use them. Why?
What is responsible for the phantom limb experience?
Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
After someone has had a stroke, would it be best (if possible) to direct stimulant drugs to the cells that were damaged or somewhere else?
If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person offers a blanket, what should you do?
Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhage?
What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kind?
Why do many older people continue to hold important jobs in spite of the declines in memory and brain function that are known to occur in old age?a. Laws prevent them from being fired.b. Although their jobs are important, they don’t require much brain activity.c. Old people take the credit for
Immaturity of the prefrontal cortex is a possible explanation for which aspect of adolescent behavior?a. Impulsivityb. Increased interest in social contactc. Increased appetited. Sleepiness during the day
Is it reasonable to argue that adolescents are mature enough to make some decisions and not others?a. No. This argument is based entirely on political leanings.b. Perhaps. Adolescents reason in a mature way for unimportant decisions, but not for important ones.c. Perhaps. Adolescents reason in an
What causes musician’s cramp?a. Changes in the muscles and tendons of the handb. Rewiring of the cerebral cortexc. Loss of myelin on the motor nerves to the handd. Changes in the touch receptors of the hand
Many studies report brain changes after special experiences in adulthood, such as learning to juggle or learning to play golf. Why are some researchers skeptical of these findings?a. The adult brain cannot change anatomically.b. Most of the reported results were small and have not been
Of the following, which is the strongest evidence to indicate that musical training modifies brain anatomy?a. The gray matter of several cortical areas is thicker in professional musicians than in nonmusicians.b. A larger than average portion of the right somatosensory cortex responds to the left
If a person is born blind, in what way do the senses of hearing and touch improve?a. The person gradually develops more receptors in the ears and skin.b. The number of receptors does not change, but each of them becomes more responsive to weak stimuli.c. The receptors in the ears and skin send
An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?a. Increased physical activityb. Increased happinessc. Increased relaxationd. Increased empathy with other animals
In the ferret study, what evidence indicated that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensation?a. Bright flashes of light to the rewired eye caused the ferrets to blink both eyes.b. Recordings from individual cells of the rewired temporal cortex showed the
If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, alcohol harms the brain of the fetus not only while it is in the system, but also while it is washing away after drinking. What is the danger while alcohol is washing away?a. Temperature in the brain may decrease.b. Blood pressure in the brain may decrease.c.
At what age does a person have the largest number of neurons?a. Before or shortly after birthb. Equally at all times of lifec. Adolescenced. Adulthood
Which neurons depend on nerve growth factor to prevent apoptosis in early development?a. Neurons in the brainb. Neurons in the sympathetic nervous systemc. Bothd. Neither
What is apoptosis?a. A chemical that damages neuronsb. A chemical that keeps neurons alivec. A programmed mechanism of cell deathd. A machine that records neuron activity
Why does the spinal cord have the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cells?a. Each muscle cell sends a chemical message telling the spinal cord to make a neuron.b. The genes cause a certain number of neurons to form and the same number of muscles to form.c. Immature cells divide,
If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the thalamus?a. Axon attachment would be more precise than usual.b. Axons would branch more widely, establishing more connections than usual.c.
When Sperry cut a newt’s optic nerve and turned the eye upside down, what happened?a. Axons of the optic nerve grew randomly and attached diffusely to target cells in the tectum.b. Axons of the optic nerve grew back to their original targets.c. Axons of the optic nerve grew back to targets
The 14C concentration in the atmosphere has been declining since 1963. The 14C concentration in neurons of a person’s cerebral cortex and olfactory bulbs corresponds to that of ____.a. the year of the person’s birthb. about halfway between the person’s birth and the present yearc. the year
What is unusual about the olfactory receptors?a. Olfactory neurons have more than one axon.b. Humans do not begin forming olfactory neurons until nearly 2 years old.c. We continue forming new olfactory neurons throughout life.d. An unusually strong blood–brain barrier protects olfactory neurons
Which part of a neuron forms first, if either?a. The axon forms first.b. The dendrites form first.c. They form at the same time.
Biologists can develop antibodies against nerve growth factor (i.e., molecules that inactivate nerve growth factor). What would happen if someone injected such antibodies into a developing nervous system?
What is one way in which older adults compensate for less efficient brain functioning?
When people claim that adolescents make risky decisions because of a lack of inhibition, which brain area do they point to as being responsible for inhibition?
Under what circumstances are adolescents most likely to make an impulsive decision?
What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramp?
Which brain area shows expanded representation of the left hand in people who began practicing stringed instruments in childhood and continued for many years?
Name two kinds of evidence indicating that touch information from the fingers activates the occipital cortex of people blind since birth.
An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one mportant reason for this effect?
In the ferret study, how did the experimenters determine that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensation?
Anesthetic drugs and anxiety-reducing drugs increase activity of GABA, decreasing brain excitation. Why would we predict that exposure to these drugs might be dangerous to the brain of a fetus?
At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—early in life, during adolescence, or during adulthood?
What class of chemicals prevents apoptosis in the sympathetic nervous system?
What process assures that the spinal cord has the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cells?
If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the thalamus?
What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the human cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb?
New receptor neurons form in adult rodents for which sensory system?
Which develops first, a neuron’s axon or its dendrites?
Which of these is the least acceptable explanation for how an altruistic gene might spread in a population?a. Selection for a gene that benefits the individuals’relativesb. Selection for helping individuals who might return the favorc. Selection for genes that benefit the speciesd. Selection for
What, if anything, can we predict about the future of human evolution?a. People will get smarter, wiser, and more cooperative.b. People will not change, because evolution no longer affects humans.c. People will become more like whichever people tend to have the most children.
The information about phenylketonuria (PKU) supports which of these conclusions?a. Several genes active in the human brain are not found in other species.b. Each brain area controls a different behavioral function.c. A change in the environment can alter the effects of a gene.d. Epigenetic changes
Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. How will the heritability of IQ change, if at all?a. Heritability will increase.b. Heritability will
Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behavior?a. Comparisons between monozygotic and dizygotic twinsb. Similarities between adopted children and their biological parentsc. Examination of identified genes that might vary between people

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Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

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