Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

When a vigorous pinch excited a dog’s flexor muscle, it decreased excitation of the extensor muscles of the same leg.Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?a. Temporal summationb. Spatial summationc. Inhibitory synapses
Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, several simultaneous pinches at nearby locations did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?a. Temporal summationb. Spatial summationc. Inhibitory synapses
Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?a. Temporal summationb. Spatial summationc. Inhibitory synapses
What evidence led Sherrington to conclude that transmission at a synapse is different from transmission along an axon?a. Chemicals that alter a synapse are different from those that affect action potentials.b. The velocity of a reflex is slower than the velocity of an action potential.c. Stains and
When Sherrington measured the reaction time of a reflex (i.e., the delay between stimulus and response), he found that the response occurred faster after a strong stimulus than after a weak one.Can you explain this finding? Remember that all action potentials—whether produced by strong or weak
Can an inhibitory message flow along an axon?
What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP?What gates open during an IPSP?
What was Sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous system?
What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?
What evidence led Sherrington to conclude that transmission at a synapse is different from transmission along an axon?
Describe medical and behavioral treatments for several psychological disorders.
List important aspects of prenatal environment that may influence psychological disorders.
Compare the role of genetics in substance abuse, depression, schizophrenia, and autism.
Discuss cravings and their role in addiction.
Describe the role of the nucleus accumbens in reward.
List some key findings about biological influences on social behavior.
Describe what brain activities differentiate between conscious and unconscious processing, and the types of research leading to these conclusions.
Explain why nearly all neuroscientists and philosophers favor some version of monism with regard to the mind–brain relationship.
Discuss the biological basis for dyslexia.
Contrast Broca’s aphasia with Wernicke’s aphasia.
Discuss hypotheses of how human language evolved.
Describe the results of attempts to teach language to nonhumans.
Describe the behavioral results from splitbrain surgery
Identify the primary functions of the left and right hemispheres.
Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation.
Define Hebbian synapse.
Contrast the types of learning controlled by the basal ganglia to those controlled by the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory.
Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others.
Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum.
Describe the effects of stress on the immune system.
Define the general adaptation syndrome.
Comment on methods of relief from anxiety.
Discuss the role of the amygdala in emotional processing.
Describe what is known about the genetics of aggression and anxiety.
Describe some of the functions of emotions.
Explain why some psychologists are skeptical of the idea of a few basic emotions.
Discuss the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotional feelings.
Discuss possible biological influences on the development of sexual orientation.
Explain the relevance of intersexes for understanding the role of hormones in the development of sex-typed behaviors.
Discuss possible evolutionary explanations of men’s and women’s sexual behaviors.
Describe the roles of hormones and experiences in rodent parental behavior.
List some examples of activating effects on the behavior of males and females.
Explain the role of testosterone in the development of genital anatomy.
Distinguish between organizing and activating effects of hormones.
Describe the role of the SRY gene in mammalian sexual development.
Describe the physiological factors that influence hunger and satiety.
Distinguish between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst, including the brain mechanisms for each.
Describe why a moderate fever is advantageous in fighting an infection.
Explain why a constant high body temperature is worth all the energy it costs.
List examples of how temperature regulation contributes to behaviors.
Describe possible explanations of dreaming.
Evaluate possible explanations of the functions of sleep.
List several sleep disorders with their causes.
Discuss several consequences of thinking of sleep as a localized phenomenon.
Describe the brain mechanisms of waking and sleeping.
List and characterize the stages of sleep.
Explain the mechanisms that set and reset the biological clock.
Define and describe endogenous rhythms.
Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.
Evaluate the evidence regarding the role of consciousness in planning a movement.
Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts.
Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition.
List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them.
Define and describe synesthesia.
Discuss individual differences in taste and olfaction.
Describe methods of relieving pain.
Compare physical and emotional pain.
Explain the mechanisms of pitch perception and sound localization.
Describe the receptors for hearing, vestibular sensation, the somatic senses, and the chemical senses.
Discuss specific deficits, such as impaired facial recognition or impaired motion perception, that can occur after damage to parts of the visual cortex.
Describe research on how experiences alter development of the visual cortex.
Define and give examples of receptive fields.
Explain lateral inhibition in terms of the connections among neurons in the retina.
Trace the route of visual information from the retina to the cerebral cortex.
Explain the main features of color vision.
List the properties of cones and rods.
Remember that we see because light strikes the retina, sending a message to the brain.
Explain how remodeling in the cerebral cortex produces the phantom limb experience.
List several possible mechanisms of recovery after brain damage.
Discuss brain changes during adolescence and old age, and how they might relate to behavior.
Cite examples of how experiences alter brain anatomy and function.
Define apoptosis and explain how neurotrophins prevent it.
Describe the evidence showing that axons seek specific targets.
Discuss the formation of new neurons in a mature brain.
Give examples of evolutionary explanations in psychology.
Describe the types of evidence researchers use to infer heritability.
Distinguish between genetic and epigenetic influences on development.
Discuss why it is so difficult to draw any firm conclusion about the relationship between brain size and intelligence.
Cite examples of several methods for studying the relationship between brain activity and behavior.
Describe the binding problem and explain its theoretical importance.
List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and name their principal functions.
Describe the principal functions of certain brain areas.
Define the terms used to describe brain anatomy.
In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between neurotransmitters and hormones?a. A neuropeptide diffuses more widely than other neurotransmitters but less than a hormone.b. A neuropeptide is larger than other neurotransmitters but smaller than a hormone.c. A neurotransmitter produces excitatory
In contrast to the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary . . .a. is neural tissue that releases oxytocin and vasopressin.b. is glandular tissue that releases oxytocin and vasopressin.c. is neural tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs.d. is glandular tissue that
Which of these drugs acts by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron?a. Opiates such as morphineb. Cannabinoids (found in marijuana)c. Nicotined. Amphetamine and cocaine
Except for the magnitude and speed of effects, methylphenidate (Ritalin) affects synapses the same way as which other drug?a. Heroinb. Cocainec. Nicotined. Marijuana
What does a transporter protein do at a synapse?a. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron.b. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the cell body to the presynaptic terminal.c. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from neurons that have too

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Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

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