Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

In what way, if at all, does basal ganglia activity relate to motivation?a. The basal ganglia increase vigor of response depending on expected reward value.b. The basal ganglia help to maintain constant behavior even when motivation is low.c. The basal ganglia become active only when you are
What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?a. Learned movements that depend on precise timingb. Motor habits that are difficult to describe in wordsc. Learning to recall specific life eventsd. Learning what foods to eat
According to Libet’s study, what is the order of events in a voluntary movement?a. People form an intention, then activity begins in the premotor cortex, and finally the movement starts.b. People form an intention at the same time that activity begins in the premotor cortex, and a bit later, the
What evidence suggests that people misperceive the time when they made a conscious decision?a. People inaccurately report the time of a sensory stimulus.b. An event shortly after the movement changes the reported time of the decision.c. People who are more highly motivated report earlier decision
Is the genetic basis stronger for early-onset or lateonset Parkinson’s disease?
How does MPTP exposure influence the likelihood of Parkinson’s disease? What are the effects of cigarette smoking?
How does L-dopa relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
In what ways is L-dopa treatment disappointing?
Why is transfer of fetal tissue more successful in animal models of Parkinson’s disease than it is with human patients?
Why does damage to the basal ganglia lead to involuntary movements?
What procedure enables physicians to predict who will or will not get Huntington’s disease and to estimate the age of onset?
Haloperidol is a drug that blocks dopamine synapses. What effect would it be likely to have in someone suffering from Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinson’s disease results from damage to ____-releasing axons from the ____ to the striatum.a. dopamine . . . substantia nigrab. GABA . . . basal forebrainc. norepinephrine . . . locus coeruleusd. serotonin . . . raphe nucleus
People with Parkinson’s disease show the greatest impairment with which type of movement?a. Reflexesb. Spontaneous voluntary movementsc. Movements in response to a stimulusd. Movements when other people are around
In what way is L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s disease unusual?a. It produces behavioral benefits without entering the brain.b. Unlike most drugs, it produces no unpleasant side effects.c. The treatment becomes more and more effective over time.d. It was based on a theory instead of trial and
Transplant of brain tissue relieves Parkinson-type symptoms in laboratory animals, but so far this procedure has shown little benefit for humans. What is one reason?a. Most patients with Parkinson’s disease are unwilling to try this procedure.b. Laboratory animals have different neurotransmitters
What is the most common age of onset for Huntington’s disease?a. Early childhood (3 to 7 years old)b. The teenage years (13 to 19)c. Middle age (30 to 50)d. Old age (65 to 80)
An examination of C-A-G repeats on one gene enables physicians to predict who will develop Huntington’s disease.What else does it help them predict?a. What other diseases the person will getb. The individual’s personalityc. The effectiveness of treatmentd. The age of onset of symptoms
What evidence indicates that humans have an internal biological clock?
Why do people at the eastern edge of Germany awaken earlier than those at the western edge on their weekends and holidays?
How does light reset the biological clock?
Someone who is blind because of cortical damage can still synchronize his or her circadian rhythm to the local pattern of day and night. Why?
What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?
How do the proteins TIM and PER relate to sleepiness in Drosophila?
Why would evolution have enabled blind mole rats to synchronize their SCN activity to light, even though they cannot see well enough to make any use of the light?
If you travel across several time zones to the east and want to use melatonin to help reset your circadian rhythm, at what time of day should you take it? What if you travel west?
What conclusion do researchers draw from the observation that workers on submarines are unable to adjust to a schedule of working 12 hours and resting 6 hours?a. Workers on submarines probably need more sleep than most other people do.b. People cut off from sunlight need more sleep than most other
Why do people in Antarctica during the winter often find it difficult to work together?a. Their work schedules keep them so busy that they cannot sleep enough.b. Their circadian rhythms drift out of phase with one another.c. After living together in close quarters for so long, they start to
If workers rotate between working shifts at different times of day, what would be a good way to help them adjust to the night shift?a. Use dim lighting during the night shift.b. Use bright lighting during the night shift.c. Rotate from the early morning shift to the night shift, then to the late
What tends to be characteristic of teenagers who are extreme “evening” types?a. They have trouble making and keeping friendships.b. They adjust more rapidly than average to daylight saving time in the spring.c. They get better grades in school than their abilities would predict.d. They get
What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?a. Damage to the SCN disrupts the circadian rhythm.b. SCN cells isolated from the body continue to produce a circadian rhythm.c. Animals with a faster circadian rhythm have a larger SCN.d. The SCN increases its
Light resets the biological clock by a branch of the optic nerve, beginning with _____ and sending the input to _________.a. rods . . . the SCNb. cones . . . the SCNc. a mixture of rods and cones . . . the visual cortexd. ganglion cells that do not require input from rods or cones . . . the SCN
If you want to get to sleep on time, what should you avoid?a. Long-wavelength light late in the eveningb. Short-wavelength light late in the eveningc. Long-wavelength light early in the morningd. Short-wavelength light early in the morning
The proteins TIM and PER reach their highest levels ______. They ______ the activity of the genes that produce them.a. during the day . . . stimulateb. during the day . . . inhibitc. at night . . . stimulated. at night . . . inhibit
How can an investigator determine whether a sleeper is in REM sleep?
During which part of a night’s sleep is REM most common?
Why do most antihistamines make people drowsy?
What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who lacked orexin?
What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who took a drug that blocked GABA?
Someone who has just awakened sometimes speaks in a loose, unconnected, illogical way. How could you explain this finding?
What kinds of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?
What is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?
Unlike adults, infants alternate between short waking periods and short naps. What can we infer about their neurotransmitters?
Slow, large-amplitude EEG waves characterize which stage or stages of sleep?a. Stage 1b. REM sleepc. Stage 2d. Stages 3 and 4
Why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep?a. Activity in the left hemisphere does not match the activity in the right hemisphere.b. We did not know it existed until its discovery in the 1950s.c. It is deep sleep in some ways and light in others.d. Because a pair of docs discovered it.
At which time, if any, is stage 4 sleep most common?a. Immediately after falling asleepb. Not immediately, but during the early part of the night’s sleepc. Near the end of the night’s sleepd. During all parts equally
Of the following, which two neurotransmitters increase arousal in the brain?a. Acetylcholine and histamineb. Acetylcholine and GABAc. Histamine and GABAd. Orexin and GABA
Norepinephrine, released by the locus coeruleus, has which effect on behavior?a. It prolongs wakefulness.b. It increases attention to important information.c. It produces dreams.d. It inhibits synapses during sleep.
How do dolphins handle breathing while they are asleep?a. They store enough oxygen to get through the night without breathing.b. They shift to a system of gills, like those of fish.c. They sleep with the head out of the water.d. Half of the brain sleeps while the other remains awake enough to
What does PGO stand for (with regard to brain function)?a. Parasympathetic-Ganglion-Oxytocinb. Protein-Glucose-Outcomec. Parietal-GABA-Olfactiond. Pons-Geniculate-Occipital
If you awaken but find you temporarily cannot move your arms or legs, what is happening?a. You are probably developing a severe neurological disease.b. You are probably just being lazy.c. You need more time to get the blood flowing to your muscles.d. Most of your brain is awake, but part of your
Of the following, which one is not associated with an increased probability of sleep apnea?a. Having a relative with sleep apneab. Being femalec. Being overweightd. Being middle-aged or older
Narcolepsy is linked to a deficit of which neurotransmitter?a. Dopamineb. GABAc. Orexind. Acetylcholine
When does sleepwalking usually occur?a. During REM sleepb. During stage 1 sleepc. During slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4)d. During all sleep stages equally
What kind of animal tends to get more than the average amount of sleep?
What might one predict about the sleep of fish that live deep in the ocean?
Does sleep improve memory by strengthening or weakening synapses?
What kinds of individuals get more REM sleep than others? (Think in terms of age, species, and long versus short sleepers.)
What is a key point of disagreement between the activation-synthesis hypothesis and the clinicoanatomical hypothesis?
What do birds do about sleep during the time when they are migrating?a. They fly during the day and sleep at night.b. They fly at night and sleep during the day.c. They eat during the day, fly at night, and suffer from sleep deprivation.d. They eat during the day and fly at night, but decrease
If we want to predict how many hours a day some species sleeps, which of these questions would be most helpful in making that prediction?a. What color is the animal?b. Does the animal live north or south of the equator?c. What does the animal eat?d. How intelligent is the animal?
Which of the following occurs during sleep?a. The brain “plays back” certain experiences of the day but more slowly.b. Certain synapses become weakened, enabling others to stand out by contrast.c. Synapses corresponding to the experiences of the day become strengthened.d. Overall brain activity
Of the following groups, which one tends to spend the highest percentage of sleep in the REM stage?a. Infantsb. Those who sleep only a few hours per nightc. Prey animals, such as sheep and horsesd. Teenagers
On which of the following points do the activation-synthesis hypothesis and the clinico-anatomical hypothesis agree?a. Dreams are disguised representations of unconscious wishes.b. Activity from the pons is essential to the formation of dreams.c. Dreams begin with the brain’s spontaneous activity
What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?
Why did mammals evolve a temperature of 37°C (98°F)instead of some other temperature?
What are the sources of input to the POA/AH?
How can an animal regulate body temperature after damage to the POA/AH?
What evidence indicates that fever is an adaptation to fight illness?
What does negative feedback do?a. It establishes a set point.b. It changes the set point.c. It eliminates the set point.d. It reduces discrepancies from a set point.
How do poikilothermic (ectothermic) animals regulate their body temperature, if at all?a. They move to a location with a more favorable temperature.b. They use physiological mechanisms such as shivering and sweating.c. They increase their metabolic rate.d. They do not regulate their body
What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?a. It saves us the energy from having to look for a comfortable temperature.b. It enables us to survive in warmer climates.c. It keeps the muscles ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather.d. Other things
If we inserted a probe into the POA/AH and directly heated that area, what if anything would happen?a. The animal would shiver.b. The animal would sweat or pant.c. The animal would not react physiologically, but it would seek a cooler location.d. The animal would not react in any way that affects
When you have an infection, what causes the fever?a. The infective agent directly stimulates the heart to beat faster.b. The infective agent directly stimulates the muscles to shiver.c. The immune system increases delivery of prostaglandins and histamine to the POA/AH.d. The immune system decreases
Which of the following is the most correct description of a fever?a. Fever is one way by which the body fights against bacteria.b. Fever is one way in which bacteria cause damage to the body.c. Fever is an indication that the POA/AH is not functioning properly.d. Fever occurs only in homeothermic
If you lacked vasopressin, would you drink like a beaver or like a gerbil? Why?
Would adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids increase or decrease osmotic thirst?
Who would drink more pure water—someone with osmotic thirst or someone with hypovolemic thirst?
An injection of concentrated sodium chloride triggers osmotic thirst, but an injection of equally concentrated glucose does not. Why not?
If all the water you drank leaked out through a tube connected to the stomach, how would your drinking change?
Many women crave salt during pregnancy. Why?
If you lacked vasopressin, how would your drinking change, if at all?a. Your drinking would not change.b. You would drink less.c. You would drink more.
What would happen as a result of adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids?a. Increased osmotic thirstb. Decreased osmotic thirstc. Increased hypovolemic thirstd. Decreased hypovolemic thirst
How does hypovolemic thirst differ from osmotic thirst?a. Hypovolemic thirst is stronger.b. Osmotic thirst is stronger.c. Someone with hypovolemic thirst prefers slightly salty water.d. Someone with hypovolemic thirst prefers pure water.
What evidence indicates that taste is not sufficient for satiety?
What evidence shows that stomach distension is sufficient for satiety?
What are two mechanisms by which CCK increases satiety?
What genetic difference is most important for variants in likelihood of drinking milk in adulthood?
Why do people with very low insulin levels eat so much?Why do people with constantly high levels eat so much?
What would happen to someone’s appetite if insulin levels and glucagon levels were both high?
Why are leptin injections less helpful for most overweight people than for mice with the obese gene?
Name three hormones that increase satiety and one that increases hunger.
Which neuropeptide from the arcuate nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus is most important for satiety?
In what ways does the lateral hypothalamus facilitate feeding?
In what way does eating increase after damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus? After damage to the paraventricular nucleus?
Why did the Pima begin gaining weight in the mid-1900s?
In one study, rats eating the less-caloric yogurt gained more weight than those eating the more-caloric type.What explanation was proposed?
What evidence from rats suggests that bulimia resembles an addiction?
People differ in their likelihood of consuming milk products in adulthood because of what type of genetic difference?a. Genetic variants in taste budsb. Genetic variants in neurotransmitters of the hypothalamusc. Genetic variants in ability to metabolize lactosed. Genetic variants in mechanisms of
Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating?a. Taste is sufficient to control eating.b. Taste is necessary for eating.c. Taste is both necessary and sufficient for eating.d. Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating, although it contributes.

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Biological Psychology 12th Edition James W. Kalat - Solutions

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