The creation of shells by mollusk species is a fascinating process. By utilizing the Ca²⁺ in their food and aqueous environment, as well as some complex equilibrium processes, a hard calcium carbonate shell can be produced. One important equilibrium reaction in this complex process is

If 0.16 mole of HCO₃^– is placed into 1.00 L of solution, what will be the equilibrium concentration of CO₃^2–?

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HCO3(aq) H+ (aq) + CO3²- (aq) K = 5.6 x 10-¹¹