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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Chemistry 10th Edition Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste - Solutions

Rank these organic compounds in terms of increasing water solubility (from least water soluble to most water soluble). CH3CH₂CH₂COH A CH3 CH3CH₂CH=C B CH3 || CH3CH₂CH₂CCH3 C
Why can carbon form so many different compounds?
What is an alkene? What is an alkyne? What are the general formulas for alkenes and alkynes, assuming one multiple bond in each? What are the bond angles in alkenes and alkynes? Describe the bonding
Give an example of a hydrocarbon that, in theory, exhibits each of the following bond angles: 60°, 90°, 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.
Summarize the nomenclature rules for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Correct the following false statements regarding nomenclature of hydrocarbons.a. The root name for a
If you had a group of hydrocarbons, what structural features would you look at to rank the hydrocarbons in order of increasing boiling point?
A polypeptide is also called a polyamide. Nylon is also an example of a polyamide. What is a polyamide? Consider a polyhydrocarbon, a polyester, and a polyamide. Assuming average chain lengths are
Is the primary, secondary, or tertiary structure of a protein changed by denaturation?
What forces are responsible for the solubility of starch in water?
Name the structural isomers in Exercise 15. Data in Exercise 15.Draw the five structural isomers of hexane (C6H14).
Give two examples of saturated hydrocarbons. How many other atoms are bonded to each carbon in a saturated hydrocarbon?
Consider the following four structures. a. Which of these compounds would have the same physical properties (melting point, boiling point, density, and so on)?b. Which of these compounds are
Draw the structures for two examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons. What structural feature makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated?
Draw all the structural and geometrical (cis–trans) isomers of C3H5Cl.
Draw all the structural and geometrical (cis–trans) isomers of bromochloropropene.
Draw all structural and geometrical (cis–trans) isomers of C4H7F. Ignore any cyclic isomers.
Draw the following.a. Cis-2-hexeneb. Trans-2-butenec. Cis-2,3-dichloro-2-pentene
Structural, geometrical, and optical isomers can be drawn having the formula C6H12. Give examples to illustrate these types of isomerism for C6H12.
Structural and optical isomers can be drawn having the formula C5H11F. Give examples to illustrate these types of isomerism for C5H11F. Why can’t C5H11F exhibit geometrical isomerism?
There are three isomers of dichlorobenzene, one of which has now replaced naphthalene as the main constituent of mothballs.a. Identify the ortho, the meta, and the para isomers of dichlorobenzene.b.
Name all of the alcohols that have the formula C4H10O. How many ethers have the formula C4H10O?
Name all of the aldehydes and ketones that have the formula C4H8O.
When toluene (C6H5CH3) reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of iron(III) catalyst, the product is a mixture of the ortho and para isomers of C6H4ClCH3. However, when the reaction is
When pure crystalline amino acids are heated, decomposition generally occurs before the solid melts. Account for this observation.
In general terms, what does the secondary structure of a protein represent? How is the secondary structure of a protein related to its function?
In general terms, what does the tertiary structure of a protein represent? Distinguish between the secondary and tertiary structures of a protein.
Glucose can occur in three forms: two cyclic forms and one open-chain structure. In aqueous solution, only a tiny fraction of the glucose is in the open-chain form. Yet tests for the presence of
Cows can digest cellulose, but humans can’t. Why not?
Why is glycine not optically active?
A common shorthand notation to draw organic structures is to use lines to represent C—C bonds. For example, the shorthand notation for the two structural isomers of the formula C4H10 are:At the
Which of the noncyclic isomers of C4H7F are optically active?
Part of a certain DNA sequence is G–G–T–C–T–A–T–A–C. What is the complementary sequence?
The codons (words) in DNA (that specify which amino acid should be at a particular point in a protein) are three bases long. How many such three-letter words can be made from the four bases adenine,
Consider the reaction of propane with chlorine (and appropriate catalyst).a. How many different monochloro products are possible? Name them.b. How many different dichloro products are possible? Name
The two isomers having the formula C2H6O boil at -23οC and 78.5οC. Draw the structure of the isomer that boils at -23οC and of the isomer that boils at 78.5οC.
a. Name each of the following alcohols.b. Name each of the following alcohols, including the stereochemistry if cis–trans isomers are possible.
Estradiol is a female hormone with the following structure: How many chiral carbon atoms are in estradiol? HO CH3 OH
Ignoring ring compounds, which isomer of C2H4O2 should boil at the lowest temperature?
Esterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a strong acid such as H2SO4. A carboxylic acid is warmed with an alcohol, and an ester and water are formed. You may have made a
An organometallic compound is one containing at least one metal–carbon bond. An example of an organometallic species is (CH3CH2)MBr, which contains a metal–ethyl bond.a. If M2+ has the electron
Explain why methyl alcohol is soluble in water in all proportions, while stearyl alcohol [CH3(CH2)16OH] is a waxy solid that is not soluble in water.
When heat is added to proteins, the hydrogen bonding in the secondary structure is disrupted. What are the algebraic signs of ΔH and ΔS for the denaturation process?
Ethyl caprate is an ester used in the manufacture of wine bouquets. It is sometimes called “cognac essence.” Combustion analysis of a sample of ethyl caprate shows it to be 71.89% C, 12.13%
Helicenes are extended fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons that have a helical or screw-shaped structure.a. A 0.1450-g sample of solid helicene is combusted in air to give 0.5063 g CO2. What is the
Although the earth was formed from the same interstellar material as the sun, there is little elemental hydrogen (H2) in the earth’s atmosphere. Explain.
List two major industrial uses of hydrogen.
Calcium and magnesium are essential for human life. Explain their importance.
What is the valence electron configuration for the Group 3A elements? How does metallic character change as one goes down this group? How are boron and aluminum different? Predict the formulas of the
What is the valence electron configuration for Group 4A elements? Group 4A contains two of the most important elements on earth. What are they, and why are they so important? How does metallic
What trade-offs must be made between kinetics and thermodynamics in the Haber process for the production of ammonia? How did the discovery of an appropriate catalyst make the process feasible?
What structural features do the molecules P4, P4O6, and P4O10 have in common?
What are boranes? Why were they once considered as potential fuels for rockets?
There are three known xenon fluoride covalent compounds: XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6. In general, the xenon fluoride compounds must be stored in an inert atmosphere, free of oxygen and water. Why is this
Many lithium salts are hygroscopic (absorb water), but the corresponding salts of the other alkali metals are not. Why are lithium salts different from the others?
Consider element 113, Nh. What is the expected electron configuration for Nh? What oxidation states would be exhibited by Nh in its compounds?
Thallium and indium form +1 and +3 oxidation states when in compounds. Predict the formulas of the possible compounds between thallium and oxygen and between indium and chlorine. Name the
Elemental boron is produced by reduction of boron oxide with magnesium to give boron and magnesium oxide. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
Write a balanced equation describing the reaction of aluminum metal with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Al2O3 is amphoteric. What does this mean?
What are three-centered bonds?
Besides the central atom, what are the differences between CO2 and SiO2?
Compare the Lewis structures with the molecular orbital view of the bonding in NO, NO+, and NO-. Account for any discrepancies between the two models.
When sodium reacts with hydrogen gas, sodium hydride is produced. Is sodium hydride an ionic or a covalent compound? When sodium hydride reacts with water, the equation is:Show that this reaction can
In many natural waters, nitrogen and phosphorus are the least abundant nutrients available for plant life. Some waters that become polluted from agricultural runoff or municipal sewage become
Complete and balance each of the following reactions.a. The reaction between sulfur dioxide gas and oxygen gasb. The reaction between sulfur trioxide gas and waterc. The reaction between concentrated
Describe the bonding in SO2 and SO3 using the localized electron model (hybrid orbital theory). How would the molecular orbital model describe the π bonding in these two compounds?
Fluorine reacts with sulfur to form several different covalent compounds. Three of these compounds are SF2, SF4, and SF6. Draw the Lewis structures for these compounds, and predict the molecular
There are two forms of solid sulfur: rhombic and monoclinic. The stable form of sulfur at 25°C is the rhombic form. Upon heating, the rhombic form converts to the monoclinic form, which is the
Predict some possible compounds that could form between chlorine and selenium.
Hydrazine is somewhat toxic. Use the following half-reactions to explain why household bleach (highly alkaline solutions of sodium hypochlorite) should not be mixed with household ammonia or glass
The xenon halides and oxides are isoelectronic with many other compounds and ions containing halogens. Give a molecule or ion in which iodine is the central atom that is isoelectronic with each of
Although He is the second most abundant element in the universe, it is very rare on the earth. Why?
For the RnFx compounds you predicted in Exercise 77, give the molecular structure (including bond angles).Data in Exercise 77,There is evidence that radon reacts with fluorine to form compounds
Halogens form a variety of covalent compounds with each other. For example, chlorine and fluorine form the compounds ClF, ClF3, and ClF5. Predict the molecular structure (including bond angles) for
Molten CaCl2 is electrolyzed for 8.00 h to produce Ca(s) and Cl2(g).a. What current is needed to produce 5.52 kg of calcium metal?b. If 5.52 kg calcium metal is produced, what mass (in kg) of Cl2 is
Calculate the solubility of Mg(OH)2 (Ksp = 8.9 × 10-12) in an aqueous solution buffered at pH = 9.42.
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true?a. The alkali metals are found in the earth’s crust in the form of pure elements.b. Gallium has one of the highest melting points known for
What is the hybridization of the underlined nitrogen atom in each of the following molecules or ions?a. NO+b. N2O3 (O2NNO)c. NO2-d. N2
What is the molecular structure for each of the following molecules or ions?a. OCl2b. ClO4-c. ICl5d. PF6-
The atmosphere contains 9.0 × 10-6% Xe by volume at 1.0 atm and 25οC.a. Calculate the mass of Xe in a room 7.26 m by 8.80 m by 5.67 m.b. A typical person takes in about 2 L of air during a breath.
Which of following statement(s) is(are) true?a. Phosphoric acid is a stronger acid than nitric acid.b. The noble gas with the lowest boiling point is helium.c. Sulfur is found as the free element in
You isolate a compound with the formula PtCl4 . 2KCl. From electrical conductance tests of an aqueous solution of the compound, you find that three ions per formula unit are present, and you also
Both Ni(NH3)42+ and Ni(SCN)42- have four ligands. The first is paramagnetic, and the second is diamagnetic. Are the complex ions tetrahedral or square planar? Explain.
Which is more likely to be paramagnetic, Fe(CN)64- or Fe(H2O)62+? Explain.
What is wrong with the following formula–name combinations? Give the correct names for each.a. [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2Coppermine chlorideb. [Ni(en)2]SO4bis(ethylenediamine)nickel(IV) sulfatec.
A metal ion in a high-spin octahedral complex has two more unpaired electrons than the same ion does in a low-spin octahedral complex. Name some possible metal ions for which this would be true.
Four different octahedral chromium coordination compounds exist that all have the same oxidation state for chromium and have H2O and Cl- as the ligands and counterions. When 1 mole of each of the
The crystal field model predicts magnetic properties of complex ions and explains the colors of these complex ions. How? Solutions of [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3 are yellow, but Cr(NH3)63+ does not absorb yellow
A certain first-row transition metal ion forms many different colored solutions. When four coordination compounds of this metal, each having the same coordination number, are dissolved in water, the
Oxalic acid is often used to remove rust stains. What properties of oxalic acid allow it to do this?
The compound Ni(H2O)6Cl2 is green, whereas Ni(NH3)6Cl2 is violet. Predict the predominant color of light absorbed by each compound. Which compound absorbs light with the shorter wavelength? Predict
When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a red solution containing the Co(H2O)62+ complex ion, the solution turns blue as the tetrahedral CoCl42- complex ion forms. Explain this color change.
What is the maximum number of unpaired d electrons that an octahedral transition metal complex ion can have? Predict a compound that would have this number of unpaired electrons.
Nickel can be purified by producing the volatile compound nickel tetracarbonyl. Nickel is the only metal that reacts with carbon monoxide at room temperature. Assuming this compound is overall
Almost all metals in nature are found as ionic compounds in ores instead of being in the pure state. Why? What must be done to a sample of ore to obtain a metal substance that has desirable
What causes high-altitude sickness, and what is high-altitude acclimatization?
Write electron configurations for the following transition metals.a. Scb. Ruc. Ird. Mn
Write electron configurations for the following transition metal ions. a. Sc3+b. Ru2+, Ru3+c. Ir+, Ir3+d. Mn2+
Write electron configurations for the following transition metals and their ions.a. Co, Co2+, Co3+b. Pt, Pt2+, Pt4+c. Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+
What is the electron configuration for the transition metal ion in each of the following compounds? a. K3[Fe(CN)6]b. [Ag(NH3)2]Clc. [Ni(H2O)6]Br2d. [Cr(H2O)4(NO2)2]I

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