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Questions and Answers of Databases

What are database triggers and what could they be used for?
Discuss the differences between BEFORE, AFTER, and INSTEAD OF triggers. Give examples to illustrate your answers.
Discuss the differences between row-level and statement-level triggers. Give examples to illustrate your answers.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of database triggers.
Discuss the general characteristics of advanced database applications.
Discuss the collection types available in SQL:2011.
What are the security problems associated with the introduction of user-defined methods and suggest some solutions to these problems?
Consider the relational schema for the Hotel case study given in the Exercises at the end of Chapter 4. Redesign this schema to take advantage of the new features of SQL:2011. Add user-defined
Create an insert trigger that sets up a mailshot table recording the names and addresses of all guests who have stayed at the hotel during the days before and after New Year for the past two years.
Create an object-relational schema for the Wellmeadows case study documented in Appendix B.3. Add user-defined functions that you consider appropriate.
Discuss the difficulties involved in mapping objects created in an object-oriented programming language to a relational database.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of extending the relational data model?
What are the main features of the SQL:2011 standard?
Discuss how reference types and object identity can be used.
What is a trigger? Provide an example of a trigger.
Describe the process of evaluating and selecting a DBMS product for each of the case studies described in Appendix B.
Discuss what a user view represents in the context of a database system.
Compare and contrast the three phases of database design.
Assume that you are an employee of a consultancy company that specializes in the analysis, design, and implementation of database systems. A client has recently approached your company with a view to
Describe how fact-finding is used throughout the stages of the database system development lifecycle.
For each stage of the database system development lifecycle identify examples of the facts captured and the documentation produced.
How do the contents of a users’ requirements specification differ from a systems specification?
Describe one method to deciding whether to use either the centralized or view integration approach, or a combination of both when developing a database system for multiple user views.
Assume that your friend is currently employed by a multinational consultancy company that deals with database analysis and development in Tanzania. His first assignment is to carry out a fact-finding
Describe what entity types represent in an ER model and provide examples of entities with a physical or conceptual existence.
Create an ER diagram for each of the following descriptions: (a) Each company operates four departments, and each department belongs to one company. (b) Each department in part (a) employs one or
You are required to create a conceptual data model of the data requirements for a company that specializes in IT training. The Company has 30 instructors and can handle up to 100 trainees per
Read the following case study, which describes the data requirements for a DVD rental company. The DVD rental company has several branches throughout the USA. The data held on each branch is the
Create an ER model for each of the following descriptions: (a) A large organization has several parking lots, which are used by staff. (b) Each parking lot has a unique name, location, capacity, and
Create an ER model to represent the data use by the library. The library provides books to borrowers. Each book is described by title, edition and year of publication and is uniquely identified
Describe what relationship types represent in an ER model and provide examples of unary, binary, ternary, and quaternary relationships.
Describe what attributes represent in an ER model and provide examples of simple, composite, single-value, multi-value, and derived attributes.
What are enterprise constraints and how does multiplicity model these constraints?
How does multiplicity represent both the cardinality and the participation constraints on a relationship type?
Describe how strong and weak entity types differ and provide an example of each.
Describe how fan and chasm traps can occur in an ER model and how they can be resolved.
Describe what a super class and a subclass represent.
Consider whether it is appropriate to introduce the enhanced concepts of specialization/generalization, aggregation, and/or composition into the ER model for the case study described in Exercise
Introduce specialization/generalization concepts into the ER model shown in Figure 13.11 and described in Exercise 12.13 to show the following:(a) The majority of parking spaces are under cover and
The library case study described in Exercise 12.14 is extended to include the fact that the library has a significant stock of books that are no longer suitable for loaning out. These books can be
Describe and illustrate using an example the process of attribute inheritance.
What are the main reasons for introducing the concepts of super classes and subclasses into an ER model?
Describe and contrast the process of specialization with the process of generalization.
Describe and contrast the concepts of aggregation and composition and provide an example of each.
Consider whether it is appropriate to introduce the enhanced concepts of specialization / generalization, aggregation, and/or composition for the case studies described in Appendix B.
Describe the purpose of normalizing data.
Describe the concept of full functional dependency and describe how this concept relates to 2NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Describe the concept of transitive dependency and describe how this concept relates to 3NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Discuss how the definitions of 2NF and 3NF based on primary keys differ from the general definitions of 2NF and 3NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Continue the process of normalizing the Client and Property Rental Owner 1NF relations shown in Figure 14.13 to 3NF relations. At the end of this process check that the resultant 3NF relations are
Examine the Patient Medication Form for the Well meadows Hospital case study shown in Figure 14.18.(a) Identify the functional dependencies represented by the data shown in the form in Figure
The table shown in Figure 14.19 lists dentist/patient appointment data. A patient is given an appointment at a specific time and date with a dentist located at a particular surgery. On each day of
Discuss the alternative ways that normalization can be used to support database design.
Describe the types of update anomalies that may occur on a relation that has redundant data.
Describe the concept of functional dependency.
What are the main characteristics of functional dependencies that are used when normalizing a relation?
Describe how a database designer typically identifies the set of functional dependencies associated with a relation.
Describe the characteristics of a table in Unnormalized Form (UNF) and describe how such a table is converted to a First Normal Form (1NF) relation.
Describe the two approaches to converting an Unnormalized Normal Form (UNF) table to First Normal Form (1NF) relation(s).
Describe the purpose of using inference rules to identify functional dependencies for a given relation.
The relation shown in Figure 15.12 describes hospitals (hospital Name) that require certain items (item Description), which are supplied by suppliers (supplier No) to the hospitals (hospital Name).
Discuss the purpose of Armstrong’s axioms.
Discuss the purpose of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) and describe how BCNF differs from 3NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Describe the concept of multi-valued dependency and describe how this concept relates to 4NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Describe the concept of join dependency and describe how this concept relates to 5NF. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
On completion of Exercise 14.14 examine the 3NF relations created to represent the attributes shown in the Well meadows Hospital form shown in Figure 14.18. Determine whether these relations are
On completion of Exercise 14.15 examine the 3NF relations created to represent the attributes shown in the relation that displays dentist/patient appointment data in Figure 14.19. Determine whether
The relation shown in Figure 15.11 lists members of staff (staff Name) working in a given ward (ward Name) and patients (patient Name) allocated to a given ward. There is no relationship between
Describe the purpose of a design methodology.
How would you check a data model for redundancy? Give an example to illustrate your answer.
Discuss why you would want to validate a conceptual data model and describe two approaches to validating a conceptual model.
Create a local conceptual data model for the Branch user views of Dream Home documented in Appendix A. Compare your ER diagram with Figure 13.8 and justify any differences found.
Show that all the query transactions for the Branch view of Dream Home listed in Appendix A are supported by your local conceptual data model.
Create a local conceptual data model for the one user view. State any assumptions necessary to support your design. Check that the local conceptual data model supports the required transactions.
Create a local conceptual data model for the one user view. State any assumptions necessary to support your design. Check that the local conceptual data model supports the required transactions.
Describe the main phases involved database design.
Provide a user’s requirements specification for each of these user views.
Create local conceptual data models for each of the user views. State any assumptions necessary to support your design.
Identify important factors in the success of logical database design.
Discuss the important role played by users in the process of database design.
How would you identify entity and relationship types from a user’s requirements specification?
How would you identify attributes from a user’s requirements specification and then associate the attributes with entity or relationship types?
Create and validate a logical data model from the local conceptual data model for the University Accommodation Office case study created in Exercise 15.16.
Create and validate a local logical data model from the conceptual data model for the Easy Drive School of Motoring case study created in Exercise 15.18.
Create and validate the local logical data models for each of the local conceptual data models of the Well meadows Hospital case study identified in Exercise 14.21.
Merge the local data models to create a global logical data model of the Well meadows Hospital case study. State any assumptions necessary to support your design.
Present the relational schema mapped from the Parking Lot EER model shown in Figure 17.11 and described in Exercises 12.13 and 13.11.
Describe the relational schema mapped from the Library EER model shown in Figure 17.12 and described in Exercises 12.14 and 13.12.
Describe the rules for deriving relations that represent:
Discuss how the technique of normalization can be used to validate the relations derived from the conceptual data model.
Discuss two approaches that can be used to validate that the relational schema is capable of supporting the required transactions.
Describe the alternative strategies that can be applied if there exists a child occurrence referencing a parent occurrence that we wish to delete.
Derive relations for the following conceptual data model:
Create a relational schema for the Branch view of Dream Home based on the conceptual data model produced in Exercise 15.13 and compare your schema with the relations listed in Figure 16.5. Justify
Explain the difference between conceptual, logical, and physical database design. Why might these tasks be carried out by different people?
Describe the purpose of the main steps in the physical design methodology presented in this chapter.
In Step 4.3, we chose the indexes to create in Microsoft Office Access for the query transactions listed in Appendix A for the Staff view of Dream Home. Choose indexes to create in Microsoft Office
Repeat Exercise 18.5 using Oracle as the target DBMS.In exercise 18.5In Step 4.3, we chose the indexes to create in Microsoft Office Access for the query transactions listed in Appendix A for the
Create a physical database design for the logical design of the Dream Home case study (described in Chapter 16) based on the DBMS that you have access to.
Describe the purpose of the main steps in the physical design methodology presented in this chapter. Discuss.

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