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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

What evidence supports putting hydrogen in Group 1A of the periodic table? In some periodic tables hydrogen is listed separately from all of the groups. In what ways is hydrogen unlike a Group 1A
Draw the Lewis structure of O2F2. Assign oxidation states and formal charges to the atoms in O2F2. The com-pound O2F2 is a vigorous and potent oxidizing and fluo-rinating agent. Are oxidation states
The oxidation states of the halogens vary from -1 to +7. Identify compounds of chlorine that have -1, +1, +3, +5, and +7 oxidation states. How does the oxyacid strength of the halogens vary as the
Explain why HF is a weak acid, whereas HCl, HBr, and HI are all strong acids.
What is a disproportionation reaction? Use the following reduction potentials ClO3- + 3H+ + 2e- → HClO2 + H2O ϐo = 1.21 V HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e- → HClO + H2O ϐo = 1.65 V To predict whether HClO2
Photogray lenses contain small embedded crystals of solid silver chloride. Silver chloride is light-sensitive because of the reaction AgCl(s) → Ag(s) + Cl(s) Small particles of metallic silver
What special property of the noble gases makes them unreactive? The boiling points and melting points of the noble gases increase steadily from He to Xe. Explain.
The noble gases were among the latest elements discovered; their existence was not predicted by Mendeleev when he published his first periodic table. Explain. In chemistry textbooks written before
Using the data in Table 18.22, calculate the mass of argon at 25oC and 1.0 atm in a room 10.0 m Ã— 10.0 m Ã— 10.0 m. How many Ar atoms are in this room? How many Ar atoms do
For the structures of the xenon compounds in Fig. 18.27, give the bond angles exhibited and the hybridization of the central atom in each compound.Figure 18.27
The electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) is an important industrial process for the production of chlo-rine and sodium hydroxide. In fact, this process is the second largest consumer of
There is evidence that radon reacts with fluorine to form compounds similar to those formed by xenon and fluorine. Predict the formulas of these RnFx compounds. Why is the chemistry of radon
What are the two most abundant elements by mass in the earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere? Does this make sense? Why? What are the four most abundant elements by mass in the human body? Does
In most compounds the solid phase is denser than the liquid phase. Why isn’t this true for water?
Diagonal relationships in the periodic table exist in addi-tion to the vertical relationships. For example, Be and Al are similar in some of their properties, as are B and Si. Rationalize why these
In the 1950s and 1960s, several nations conducted tests of nuclear warheads in the atmosphere. It was customary, following each test, to monitor the concentration of strontium-90 (a radioactive
The compound with the formula TlI3 is a black solid. Given the following standard reduction potentials, Tl3+ + 2e- → Tl+ ϐo = 11.25 V I3- + 2e- → 3I2 ϐo = 10.55 V Would you formulate this
Atomic size seems to play an important role in explaining some of the differences between the first element in a group and the subsequent group elements. Explain.
The inert pair effect is sometimes used to explain the tendency of heavier members of Group 3A to exhibit 11 and 13 oxidation states. What does the inert pair effect reference?
How could you determine experimentally whether the compound Ga2Cl4 contains two gallium(II) ions or one gallium(I) ion and one gallium(III) ion?
Write balanced equations describing the reaction of lithium metal with each of the following: O2, S8, Cl2, P4, H2, H2O, and HCl.
It takes 15 kWh (kilowatt-hours) of electrical energy to produce 1.0 kg of aluminum metal from aluminum oxide by the Hall–Heroult process. Compare this to the amount of energy necessary to melt 1.0
Reference Table 18.5, and give examples of the three types of alkali metal oxides that form. How do they differ?Table 18.5
Why are the tin(IV) halides more volatile than the tin(II) halides?
Beryllium shows some covalent characteristics in some of its compounds, unlike the other alkaline earth halides. Give a possible explanation for this phenomenon.
Many structures of phosphorus- and sulfur-containing compounds are drawn with some PPO and PPS bonds. These bonds are not the typical p bonds we€™ve considered, which involve the overlap of
The N2O molecule is linear and polar.a. On the basis of this experimental evidence, which arrangement, NNO or NON, is correct? Explain your answer.b. On the basis of your answer in part a, write the
Bacterial digestion is an economical method of sewage treatment. The reactionis an intermediate step in the conversion of the nitrogen in organic compounds into nitrate ions. What mass of bacterial
Phosphate buffers are important in regulating the pH of intracellular fluids. If the concentration ratio of H2PO4- to HPO42- in a sample of intracellular fluid is 1.1; 1, what is the pH of this
The unit cell for a pure xenon fluoride compound is shown below. What is the formula of the compound?
Indium(III) phosphide is a semiconducting material that has been frequently used in lasers, light-emitting diodes (LED), and fiberoptic devices. This material can be synthesized at 900. K according
What is the valence electron configuration for alkaline earth metals? List some common properties of alkaline earth metals. How are alkaline earth metals prepared?
While selenic acid has the formula H2SeO4 and thus is directly related to sulfuric acid, telluric acid is best visualized as H6TeO6 or Te(OH)6. a. What is the oxidation state of tellurium in
Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) is used in many synthetic detergents. Its major effect is to soften the water by complexing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. It also increases the efficiency of surfactants, or
Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia gas (NH3). Consider the following illustration represent-ing the original reaction mixture (the numbers of each molecule shown are relative
Using data from Appendix 4, calculate ΔHo, ΔGo, and Kp (at 298 K) for the production of ozone from oxygen: 3O2(g) ⇌ 2O3(g) At 30 km above the surface of the earth, the temperature is about 230. K
You travel to a distant, cold planet where the ammonia flows like water. In fact, the inhabitants of this planet use ammonia (an abundant liquid on their planet) much as earthlings use water. Ammonia
A proposed two-step mechanism for the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere isa. What is the overall balanced equation for the ozone destruction reaction? b. Which species is a catalyst? c.
Provide a reasonable estimate for the number of atoms in a 150-lb adult human. Use the information given in Table 18.2.Table 18.2
Lead forms compounds in the 12 and 14 oxidation states. All lead(II) halides are known (and are known to be ionic). Only PbF4 and PbCl4 are known among the possible lead(IV) halides. Presumably lead
a. Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells re-quire relatively high concentrations of potassium ion (K+). The concentration of K+ in muscle cells is about 0.15 M. The concentration of K+ in
Write electron configurations for each of the following. a. Ti, Ti2+,Ti4+ b. Re, Re2+, Re3+ c. Ir, Ir2+, Ir3+
Write electron configurations for each of the following. a. Cr, Cr2+, Cr3+ b. Cu, Cu+, Cu2+ c. V, Y2+, V3+
What two first-row transition metals have unexpected electron configurations? A statement in the text says that first-row’ transition metal ions do not have 4s electrons. Why not? Why do transition
What is the lanthanide contraction? How does the lantha¬nide contraction affect the properties of the 4d and 5d transition metals?
Molybdenum is obtained as a by-product of copper mining or is mined directly (primary deposits are in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado). In both cases it is obtained as MoS2, which is then converted
Titanium dioxide, the most widely used white pigment, occurs naturally but is often colored by the presence of impurities. The chloride process is often used in purifying rutile, a mineral form of
The melting and boiling points of the titanium tetrahalides are given below€™.Rationalize these data in terms of the bonding in and the intermolecular forces among these compounds.
Iron is present in the earth’s crust in many types of minerals. The iron oxide minerals are hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). What is the oxidation state of iron in each mineral? The iron
Chromium (VI) fonns two different oxyanions, the orange dichromate ion (Cr2O72-) and the yellow chromate ion (CrO42-). The equilibrium reaction between the two ions is
Define each of the following terms. a. Coordination compound b. Complex ion c. Counter ions d. Coordination number e. Ligand f. Chelate g. Bidentate
How would transition metal ions be classified using the Lewis definition of acids and bases? What must a ligand have to bond to a metal? What do we mean when we say that a bond is a “coordinate
When a metal ion has a coordination number of 2, 4, or 6, what are the observed geometries and associated bond angles? For each of the following, give the correct formulas for the complex ions. a.
The compound cisplatin, Pt(NH3)2Cl2, has been studied extensively as an antitumor agent. The reaction for the synthesis of cisplatin is:Write the electron configuration for platinum ion in cisplatin.
What is the electron configuration for the transition metal ion(s) in each of the following compounds? a. (NF4)2[Fe(h2O)2CI4] b. [Co(NH3)2(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2]I2 c. Na2[TaF7] d. [Pt(NH3)4I2][Ptl4] Pt
Name the following complex ions:a.b. c.
Name the following coordination compounds. a. [CO(NH3)6]Cl2 b. [Co(H2O)6]I3 c. K2[PtCL4] d. K4[PtCI6] e. [Co(NH3)5CI]Cl2 f. [Co(NFF3)3(NO2)3]
Name the following complex ions. a. RU(NH3)5C12+ b. Fe(CN)64- c. Mn(NH2CH2CH2NH2)32+ d. Co(NH3)5NO22+
Name the following coordination compounds. a. [Cr(H2O)5Br]Br2 b. Na3[Co(CN)6] c. [Fe(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2(NO2)2]Cl d. [Pt(NH3)4I2] [PtI4]
Give formulas for the following. a. Potassium terrachlorocobaltate(II) b. Aquatricarbonylplatinum(II) bromide c. Sodium dicyanobis(oxalato)ferrate(DI) d. Triamminechloroethylenediaminechromium(III)
Give formulas for the following complex ions. a. Tetrachloroferrate(III) ion b. Pentaammineaquaruthenium(IQ) ion c. Tetracarbonyldihydroxochromium(III) ion d. Amminetrichloroplatinate(ll) ion
Define each of the following, and give examples. a. Isomers b. Structural isomers c. Stereoisomers d. Coordination isomers e. Linkage isomers f. Geometric isomers g. Optical isomers
How many bonds could each of the following chelating ligands form with a metal ion?a. Acetylacetoneb. Diethylene triamine c. Salen d. Porphine
Draw geometrical isomers of each of the following complex ions. a. [Co(C2O4)2(H2O)2]- b. [Pt(NH3)4l2]2+ c. [lr(NH3)3Cl3] d. [Cr(en)(NH3)2l2]+
Draw structures for each of the following. a. Cis-dichloroethylenediamineplatinum(II) b. Trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(II) c. Cis-retraamminechloronirrocobalt(III) ion d.
Figure shows that the cis isomer of Co(en)2Cl2+ is optically active, whereas the tram isomer is not optically active. Is the same true for Co(NH3)4Cl2+? Explain.
For the processWhat would be the expected ratio of cis to tram isomers in the product?
Amino acids can act as ligands toward transition metal ions. The simplest amino acid is glycine (NH2CH2CO2H). Draw a structure of the glycinate anion (NH2CH2CO2-), acting as a bidentate ligand. Draw
The carbonate ion (CO32-) can act as either a monodentate or a bidentate ligand. Draw a picture of CO32- coordinating to a metal ion as a bidentate and as a monodentate ligand. The carbonate ion can
Which of the following ligands are capable of linkage isomerism? Explain your answrer.
Draw all geometrical and linkage isomers of Co(NH3)4(NO2)2.
Acetylacetone, abbreviated acacH, is a bidentate ligand. It loses a proton and coordinates as acac-, as shown below, where M is a transition metal:Which of the following complexes are optically
Draw’ all geometrical isomers of Pt(CN)2Br2(H2O)2. Which of these isomers have an optical isomer? Draw' the various optical isomers.
Draw all the geometrical isomers of [Cr(en)(NH3)2BrCl]+. Which of these isomers also have an optical isomer? Draw the various isomers.
For the following crystal field diagrams, label each as low spin, high spin, or cannot tell. Explain your answers.a.b. c.
Define each of the following. a. Weak-field ligand b. Strong-field ligand c. Low-spin complex d. High-spin complex
Compounds of copper(II) are generally colored, but com-pounds of copper(I) are not. Explain. Would you expect Cd(NH3)4Cl2 to be colored? Explain.
Compounds of Sc3+ are not colored, but those of Ti3+ and V3+ are. Why?
Match the crystal field diagrams given below with the following complex ions.a. b. c.
Match the crystal field diagrams given below with the following complex ions.a. b.
Consider the complex ions CO(NH3)63+, Co(CN)63+, and CoF63-. The wavelengths of absorbed electromagnetic radiation for these compounds are (in no specific order) 770 nm, 440 nm, and 290 nm. Match the
Draw the d-orbital splitting diagrams for the octahedral complex ions of each of the following. a. Fe2+ (high and low spin) b. Fe3+ (high spin) c. Ni2+ d. Zn2+ e. Co2+ (high and low spin)
The Co(NH3)63+ ion is diamagnetic, but Fe(H2O)62+ is paramagnetic. Explain.
How many unpaired electrons are in the following complex ions? a. Ru(NH3)62+ (low-spin case) b. Ni(H2O)62+ c. V(en)33+
Rank the following complex ions in order of increasing wavelength of light absorbed.
The complex ion [Cu(H2O6]2+ has an absorption maxi¬mum at around 800 nm. When four ammonias replace water, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2+, the absorption maximum shifts to around 600 nm. What do these results
The complex ion Fe(CN)63- is paramagnetic with one un-paired electron. The complex ion Fe(SCN)63- has five un-paired electrons. Where does SCN" lie in the spectro-chemical series with respect to CN-?
The following test tubes each contain a different chromium complex ion.For each compound, predict the predominant color of light absorbed. If the complex ions are Cr(NH3)63+, Cr(H2O)63+, and
Would it be better to use octahedral Ni2+ complexes or octahedral Cr2+ complexes to determine whether a ligand is a strong-field or a weak-field ligand by determining ex-perimentally the number of
The complex ion Ru(phen)32+ has been used as a probe for the structure of DNA. (Phen is a bidentate ligand.)a. What type of isomerism is found in Ru(phen)32+?b. Ru(phen)32+ is diamagnetic (as are all
Tetrahedral complexes of Co2+ are quite common. Use a d-orbital splitting diagram to rationalize the stability of Co2+ tetrahedral complex ions.
Why do tetrahedral complex ions have a different crystal field diagram than octahedral complex ions? Why are vir-tually all tetrahedral complex ions “high spin”?
The wavelength of absorbed electromagnetic radiation for CoBr42- is 3.4 X 10-6 m. Will the complex ion CoBr64- absorb electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength longer or shorter than 3.4 X 10“6
The complex ion PdCL42- is diamagnetic. Propose a struc-ture for PdCL42-.
Why are CN- and CO toxic to humans?
What causes high-altitude sickness, and what is high- altitude acclimatization?
Acetylacetone, abbreviated acacH, is a bidentate ligand. It loses a proton and coordinates as acac-, as shown below:
In the production of printed circuit boards for the elec¬tronics industry, a 0.60-mm layer of copper is laminated onto an insulating plastic board. Next, a circuit pattern made of a chemically
BAL is a chelating agent used in treating heavy metal poisoning. It acts as a bidenrate ligand. What types of linkage isomers are possible when BAL coordinates to a metal ion?
Until the discoveries of Werner, it was thought that the presence of carbon in a compound was required for it to be optically active. Werner prepared the following compound containing OH- ions as

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