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engineering
chemical engineering
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes 4th edition Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard - Solutions
A genetically engineered strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is used to synthesize human insulin for people suffering from type I diabetes mellitus. In the following simplified reaction scheme, bacteria consume all of the limiting reactant under aerobic conditions and produce insulin and
Fermentation of sugars obtained from hydrolysis of starch or cellulosic biomass is an alternative to using petrochemicals as the feedstock in production of ethanol. One of the many commercial processes to do this uses an enzyme to hydrolyze starch in corn to maltose (a disaccharide consisting of
A Claus plant converts gaseous sulfur compounds to elemental sulfur, thereby eliminating emission of sulfur into the atmosphere. The process can be especially important in the gasification of coal, which contains significant amounts of sulfur that is converted to H2S during gasification. In the
A gas contains 75.0 wt% methane, 10.0% ethane, 5.0% ethylene, and the balance water. (a) Calculate the molar composition of this gas on both a wet and a dry basis and the ratio (mol H2O/ mol dry gas). (b) If 100 kg/h of this fuel is to be burned with 30% excess air, what is the required air feed
An unknown paraffinic hydrocarbon is defined by the chemical formula CxH2x.2. The paraffin is burned with air, and there is no CO in the combustion products.(a) Use a degree-of-freedom analysis to determine how many variables must be specified to determine the flow rates of all components entering
Inside a distillation column (Problem 4.8), a downward-flowing liquid and an upward-flowing vapor maintain contact with each other. For reasons we will discuss in greater detail in Chapter 6, the vapor stream becomes increasingly rich in the more volatile components of the mixture as it moves up
Propane is burned completely with excess oxygen. The product gas contains 24.5 mole% CO2, 6.10% CO, 40.8% H2O, and 28.6% O2.(a) Calculate the percentage excess O2 fed to the furnace.(b) A student wrote the stoichiometric equation of the combustion of propane to form CO2 andCO asAccording to this
A fuel oil is analyzed and found to contain 85.0 wt% carbon, 12.0% elemental hydrogen (H), 1.7% sulfur, and the remainder noncombustible matter. The oil is burned with 20.0% excess air, based on complete combustion of the carbon to CO2, the hydrogen to H2O, and the sulfur to SO2. The oil is burned
The analysis of a coal indicates 75 wt% C, 17% H, 2% S, and the balance noncombustible ash. The coal is burned at a rate of 5000 kg/h, and the feed rate of air to the furnace is 50 kmol/min. All of the ash and 6% of the carbon in the fuel leave the furnace as a molten slag; the remainder of the
A fuel oil is fed to a furnace and burned with 25% excess air. The oil contains 87.0 wt% C, 10.0% H, and 3.0% S. Analysis of the furnace exhaust gas shows only N2, O2, CO2, SO2, and H2O. The sulfur dioxide emission rate is to be controlled by passing the exhaust gas through a scrubber, in which
After being purged with nitrogen, a low-pressure tank used to store flammable liquids is at a total pressure of 0.03 psig.(a) If the purging process is done in the morning when the tank and its contents are at 55°F, what will be the pressure in the tank when it is at 85°F in the afternoon?(b) If
In the Pixar film, Up, Carl Fredrickson turns his house into a makeshift airship using helium balloons. (a) Neglecting the force required to remove the house from its foundation, how many spherical balloons, each having a 9.5-inch diameter and an interior gas pressure of 1.05 atm, would Carl have
A stream of air at 35°C and a gauge pressure of 0.5 atm (Stream 1) flows into a pipe passing through a heater, emerges at 87°C and 0.2 atm (gauge), and splits into two streams. Stream 2 passes out of the system, and Stream 3 goes through another heater and emerges at 180°C and 0.1 atm (gauge).
Bread is typically made by first dissolving preserved yeast (a microscopic biological organism that consumes sugars and emits CO2 as a waste product) in water, then adding other ingredients, including flour, sugar, fat (usually butter or shortening), and salt. After the ingredients are combined,
The lower flammability limit (LFL) and the upper flammability limit (UFL) of propane in air at 1 atm are, respectively, 2.3 mole% C3H8 and 9.5 mole% C3H8. If the mole percent of propane in a propane-air mixture is between 2.3% and 9.5%, the gas mixture will burn explosively if exposed to a flame or
When a human takes a breath, the inhaled air flows through the nostrils and trachea before splitting into two primary bronchial tubes. The primary tubes further split to form smaller tubes, and eventually the air passages end in sacs, called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide are
During your summer vacation, you plan an epic adventure trip to scale Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Dehydration is a great danger on such a climb, and it is essential to drink enough water to make up for the amount you lose by breathing.(a) During your pre-trip physical, your physician measured the
Fermentation is a biochemical process in which a carbohydrate-such as the sugar glucose-is converted by bacteria or yeast to an organic compound-such as ethanol-and carbon dioxide. The process is best known for its use in making beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages, but it is also used to
Ethane at 25°C and 1.1 atm (abs) flowing at a rate of 100 mol/s is burned with 20% excess oxygen at 175°C and 1.1 atm (abs). The combustion products leave the furnace at 800°C and 1 atm.(a) What is the volumetric flow rate of oxygen (L/s) fed to the furnace?(b) What should the volumetric flow
The bacteria acetobacter aceti convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen according to the reactionIn a continuous fermentation process, ethanol enters the top of the fermenter at a rate of 145 kg/h, and the air fed to the bottom of the fermenter is 25% in excess of the amount
Hydrogen sulfide has the distinctive unpleasant odor associated with rotten eggs, and it is poisonous. It often must be removed from crude natural gas and is therefore a product of refining natural gas. In such instances, the Claus process provides a means of converting H2S to elemental
Magnesium sulfate has a number of uses, some of which are related to the ability of the anhydrate form to remove water from air and others based on the high solubility of the heptahydrate (MgSO4∙7H2O) form, also known as Epsomsalt. The densities of the anhydrate and heptahydrate crystalline forms
Determining the value of newly located natural gas sites involves estimating the gas composition, quantity, and ease of access. For example, one report described a find of 2 trillion cubic feet of natural gas that is significantly offshore, in 20 feet of water, and at a drilled depth of 25,000 ft.
Oxygen therapy uses various devices to provide oxygen to patients having difficulty getting sufficient amounts from air through normal breathing. Among the devices is a nasal cannula, which transports oxygen through small plastic tubes from a supply tank to prongs placed in the nostril. Consider a
The weather report says the temperature is 86°F, the barometer is at 30.05 inches Hg, the relative humidity is 62%, and the dew point is 71°F. Estimate the mole fraction of water in the air, the molal humidity, absolute humidity, and percentage humidity in the air. Are the values given for
In watching an airplane take off from a short runway, you overhear someone say he is concerned about the length of the runway because the temperature is so high and the humidity so low. You are not quite sure why these factors should be a cause for concern, so you return to your office and
When fermentation units are operated with high aeration rates, significant amounts of water can be evaporated into the air passing through the fermentation broth. Since fermentation can be adversely affected if water loss is significant, the air is humidified before being fed to the fermenter.
A quantity of methyl acetate is placed in an open, transparent, three-liter flask and boiled long enough to purge all air from the vapor space. The flask is then sealed and allowed to equilibrate at 30°C, at which temperature methyl acetate has a vapor pressure of 269 mm Hg. Visual inspection
Recovery and processing of various oils are important elements of the agricultural and food industries. For example, soybean hulls are removed from the beans, which are then flaked and contacted with hexane. The hexane extracts soybean oil and leaves very little oil in the residual solids. The
An adult inhales approximately 12 times per minute, taking in about 500 mL of air with each inhalation. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs, but there is essentially no exchange of nitrogen. The exhaled air has a mole fraction of nitrogen of 0.75 and is saturated with water vapor
Ethyl alcohol has a vapor pressure of 20.0mm Hg at 8.0°C and a normal boiling point of 78.4°C. Estimate the vapor pressure at 45°C using (a) the Antoine equation; (b) the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the two given data points; and (c) linear interpolation between the two given points.Taking
In the manufacture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the API goes through a final purification step in which it is crystallized, filtered, and washed. The washed crystals contain 47% water. They are fed to a tunnel dryer and leave the dryer at a rate of 165 kg/h containing 5% adhered
The constituent partial pressures of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid solution at 30°C and 1 atm containing 2 lbm SO2/100 lbm H2O are pH2O = 31:6 mm Hg and pSO2 = 176 mm Hg. The balance of the gas is air.(a) Calculate the partial pressure of air. If you make any assumptions, state what they
A methanol–water feed stream is introduced to a vaporizer in which a molar fraction f of the feed is vaporized. The feed has a methanol mole fraction of xF = 0.4, and the vaporizer operates at a pressure of 1 atm absolute and 80°C. Vapor and liquid leaving the device are in equilibrium at the
A liquid mixture containing 35.0 mole% acetone and 65.0 mole% water is to be partially vaporized to produce a vapor that is 70.0 mole% acetone and a residual liquid that is 30.0 mole% acetone. (a) Suppose the process is to be carried out continuously, and at steady state the feed rate to the
The separation of aromatic compounds from paraffins is essential in producing many polyesters that are used in a variety of products. When aromatics and paraffins have the same number of carbon atoms, they often have similar vapor pressures, which makes them difficult to separate by distillation.
Write and simplify the closed-system energy balance (Equation 7.3-4) for each of the following processes, and state whether nonzero heat and work terms are positive or negative. Begin by defining the system. The solution of Part (a) is given as an illustration.(a) The contents of a closed flask are
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 5.00 liters of a gas at 30°C and 5.00 bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.80 bar.(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder and neglecting ΔEp, write and simplify the closed-system energy balance. Do not assume that the
The conversion of the kinetic energy of wind to electricity may be an attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Typically, wind causes the rotor of a turbine to turn, and a generator converts the rotational kinetic energy of the rotor into electricity. Power generated by a wind turbine
The food calorie (also known as nutritional calorie and large calorie) is a quantity equal to a kilocalorie (kcal). Not surprisingly, the food calorie is used to represent units of energy associated with eating, as in "An average hot dog with ketchup and a bun contains 315 calories." You woke up
Energy may be produced from solid waste in two ways: (1) generate methane from anaerobic decomposition of the waste and burn it (landfill-gas-to-energy, or LFGTE)or (2) burn the waste directly (waste-to-energy, or WTE).The heat generated by either method can be used to produce steam, which impinges
Two hundred kg/min of steam enters a steam turbine at 350°C and 40 bar through a 7.5-cm diameter line and exits at 75°C and 6.5 bar through a 5-cm line. The exiting stream may be vapor, liquid, or "wet steam" (a) If the exiting stream were wet steam at 6.5 bar, what would its temperature be? (b)
Liquid water at 60 bar and 250°C passes through an adiabatic expansion valve, emerging at a pressure Pf and temperature Tf. If Pf is low enough, some of the liquid evaporates. (a) If Pf = 10 bar, determine the temperature of the final mixture (Tf) and the fraction of the liquid feed that
Superheated steam at T1(°C) and 20.0 bar is blended with saturated steam at T2(°C) and 10.0 bar in a ratio (1.96 kg of steam at 20 bar)/(1.0 kg of steam at 10 bar). The product stream is at 250°C and 10.0 bar. The process operates at steady state.(a) Calculate T1 and T2, assuming that the
A 25-g block of iron at 175°C is dropped into a liter of water in an insulated flask at 20°C and 1 atm. The specific enthalpy of iron is given by the expression H(J/g)= 17.3T(°C). (a) What reference temperature was used as the basis for the enthalpy formula? (b) Calculate the final temperature
Arsenic contamination of aquifers is a major health problem in much of the world and is particularly severe in Bangladesh. One method of removing the arsenic is to pump water from an aquifer to the surface and through a bed packed with granular material containing iron oxide, which binds the
Most carnivals have a game in which a contestant swings a large hammer and hits a pedal, causing a metal ball to move up a pole. If the pedal is hit hard enough, the ball travels to the top and rings a bell, winning a prize for the contestant. The head of the hammer has a mass of 14 lbm, the metal
The brakes on an automobile act by forcing brake pads, which have a metal support and a lining, to press against a disk (rotor) attached to the wheel. Friction between the pads and the disk causes the car to slow or stop. Each wheel has an iron brake disk with a mass of 15 lbm and two brake pads,
Instant cold packs are used for first aid when ice is not available. In one such device, a small pouch containing 2.00 × 102 grams of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is placed in a bag containing 2.00 × 102 milliliters of water initially at 25°C. When the pouch is broken, the ammonium nitrate
Chlorine gas is to be heated from 120°C and 1 atm to 180°C.(a) Calculate the heat input (kW) required to heat a stream of the gas flowing at 15.0 kmol/min at constant pressure.(b) Calculate the heat input (kJ) required to raise the temperature of 15.0 kmol of chlorine in a closed rigid vessel
Aluminum cans of a liquid baby formula are sterilized with steam in an autoclave before being shipped to wholesale distributors. A batch of the product consists of 500 cans, each of which has a tare (empty) mass of 1.00 × 102 g and contains 0.750 kg of formula. The cans are loaded into the
Calculate the heat transfer (kJ) required to cool 55.0 liters of a liquid mixture containing 70.0 wt% acetone and 30.0% 2-methyl-1-pentanol (C6H14O) from 45°C to 20°C. Use Kopp's rule to estimate any heat capacity for which a tabulated value cannot be found. State all assumptions you make.
Your roommate has learned that burning approximately 3,500 food calories (Problem 7.3) results in a weight loss of 1 lbm, and he gets the bright idea of losing weight rapidly by eating ice. His theory is that the energy expended by the body in melting the ice and raising the resulting liquid water
Benzene vapor at 480°C is cooled and converted to a liquid at 25°C in a continuous condenser. The condensate is drained into 1.75-m3 drums, each of which takes 2.0 minutes to fill. Calculate the rate (kW) at which heat is transferred from the benzene in the condenser.
Molten sodium chloride is to be used as a constant-temperature bath for a high-temperature chemical reactor. Two hundred kilograms of solid NaCl at 300K is charged into an insulated vessel, and a 3000kW electrical heater is turned on, raising the salt to its melting point of 1073K and melting it at
An adult human being at rest produces roughly 0.40mJ/h of thermal energy through metabolic activity. Use that fact to solve the following problems. (a) A college student who weighs 128 pounds put off a major assignment until the day before it was due and worked for eight hours to complete it. If
A gas stream containing acetone in air flows from a solvent recovery unit at a rate of 142 L/s at 150°C and 1.3 atm. The stream flows into a condenser which condenses most of the acetone, and the liquid and gas outlet streams are in equilibrium at - 18°C and 5.0 atm. Shaft work is delivered
Saturated propane vapor at 2.00 × 102 psia is fed to a well-insulated heat exchanger at a rate of 3.00 × 103 SCFH (standard cubic feet per hour). The propane leaves the exchanger as a saturated liquid (i.e., a liquid at its boiling point) at the same pressure. Cooling water enters the exchanger
You are about to dilute 2.00 mol of 100% sulfuric acid with enough water to produce a 30 mole% aqueous solution. The acid and water are initially at 25°C.(a) How much heat would have to be removed to keep the final solution at 25°C?(b) Suppose the flask has a mass of 150 g, and that the heat
A culture of the fungus aspergillus niger is used industrially in the manufacture of citric acid and other organic species. Cells of the fungus have an ultimate analysis of CH1.79N0.2O0.5, and the heat of formation of this species is necessary to approximate the heat duty for the bioreactor in
Ammonia is oxidized in a well-insulated continuous reactor.The feed stream enters at 200°C and the products leave at temperature Tout(°C). The inlet–outlet enthalpy table for the reactor appears as follows.(a) Draw and label a process flowchart and calculate the molar amounts of the product
Methane is burned completely with 40% excess air. The methane enters the combustion chamber at 25°C, the combustion air enters at 150°C, and the stack gas [CO2, H2O(v), O2, N2] exits at 450°C. The chamber functions as a preheater for an air stream flowing in a pipe through the chamber to a
Using the table of conversion factors on the inside front cover, convert (a) 1760 miles/h to km/s. (b) 1400 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3 . (c) 5.37 x 103 kJ/s to hp
You have recently become interested in collecting used classic vinyl recordings. The jackets for these disks often have no liners to protect the records from dust and other sources of scratches, so you seek to purchase some liners from online vendors. Two web sites offer 12-in. inner plastic
You are trying to decide which of two automobiles to buy. The first is American-made, costs $28,500, and has a rated gasoline mileage of 28 miles/gal. The second car is of European manufacture, costs $35,700, and has a rated mileage of 19 km/L. If the cost of gasoline is $3.25/gal and if the cars
Five hundred lbm of nitrogen is to be charged into a small metal cylinder at 25°C, at a pressure such that the gas density is 12.5 kg/m3. Without using a calculator, estimate the required cylinder volume in ft3. Show your work.
A horizontal drum, a cross-section of which is shown below, is being filled with benzene (density = 0.879 g/cm3) at a constant rate m_ (kg/min). The drum has a length L and radius r, and the level of benzene in the drum is h. The expression for the volume of benzene in the drum is (a) Show
The doozy is defined as the unit of force required to accelerate a unit of mass, called the cuz, with the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the moon, which is one-sixth of the normal gravitational acceleration on earth. (a) What is the conversion factor that would be used to convert
Product quality assurance (QA) is a particularly tricky business in the dye manufacturing industry. A slight variation in reaction conditions can lead to a measurable change in the color of the product, and since customers usually require extremely high color reproducibility from one shipment to
The Prandtl number, NPr, is a dimensionless group important in heat-transfer calculations. It is defined asCpμ/k, where Cp is the heat capacity of a fluid, μ is the fluid viscosity, and k is the thermal conductivity. For a particular fluid, Cp = 0.583 J/(g•°C), k = 0.286 W/(m•°C), and μ =
Sketch the plots described below and calculate the equations for y(x) from the given information. The plots are all straight lines. Note that the given coordinates refer to abscissa and ordinate values, not x and y values. [The solution of Part (a) is given as an example.] (a) A plot of ln y
State what you would plot to get a straight line if experimental (x; y) data are to be correlated by the following relations, and what the slopes and intercepts would be in terms of the relation parameters. If you could equally well use two different kinds of plots (e.g., rectangular or semilog),
The temperature in a process unit is controlled by passing cooling water at a measured rate through a jacket that encloses the unit. The exact relationship between the unit temperature T(°C) and the water flow rate ϕ (L/s) is extremely complex, and it is desired to derive a simple empirical
A chemical reaction A → B is carried out in a closed vessel. The following data are taken for the concentration of A, CA(g/L), as a function of time, t(min), from the start of the reaction:A proposed reaction mechanism predicts that CA and t should be related by the expression where k is the
The following are measured values of a system temperature versus time: (a) Use the method of least squares Appendix A.1 to fit a straight line to the data, showing your calculations. You may use a spreadsheet to evaluate the formulas in Appendix A.1, but do not use any plotting or statistical
A solution containing hazardous waste is charged into a storage tank and subjected to a chemical treatment that decomposes the waste to harmless products. The concentration of the decomposing waste, C, has been reported to vary with time according to the formula C = 1/(a + bt) When
Suppose you have n data points (x1; y1 ), (x2; y2 ), . . . , (xn; yn ) and you wish to fit a line through the origin (y = ax) to these data using the method of least squares. Derive Equation A.1-6 (Appendix A.1) for the slope of the line by writing the expression for the vertical distance di from
Suppose you have n data points (x1; y1 ), (x2; y2 ), . . . , (xn; yn ) and you wish to fit a line through the origin (y = ax) to these data using the method of least squares. Derive Equation A.1-6 (Appendix A.1) for the slope of the line by writing the expression for the vertical distance di from
Use a spreadsheet program to fit a straight line (y = ax = b), to tabulated (x, y) data. Your program should evaluate the slope a and intercept b of the best fit to the data, and then calculate values of y using the estimated a and b for each tabulated value of x. Calculate the average deviation
Perform the following estimations without using a calculator. (a) Estimate the mass of water (kg) in an Olympic-size swimming pool.(b) A drinking glass is being filled from a pitcher. Estimate the mass flow rate of the water (g/s). (c) Twelve male heavyweight boxers coincidentally get on
Liquid benzene and liquid n-hexane are blended to form a stream flowing at a rate of 1700 lbm/h. An on-line densitometer(an instrument used to determine density) indicates that the stream has a density of 0.810 g/mL. Using specific gravities from Table B.1, estimate the mass and volumetric feed
At 25°C, an aqueous solution containing 35.0 wt% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of 1.2563. A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5 kg of H2SO4. (a) Calculate the required volume (L) of the solution using the given specific gravity. (b) Estimate the percentage error
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