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mathematics
statistics
Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 4th Edition Jeff Bennett, Bill Briggs, Mario F. Triola - Solutions
A psychologist has developed a procedure for modifying behavior so that subjects suffering from depression can greatly improve that condition. In formal tests of the effectiveness of the treatment, what is an experimenter effect, and how might it be avoided?
A psychologist develops a procedure for improving IQ scores by training subjects to become better at taking tests. A standard IQ test is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the procedure. In this case, is it necessary to take precautions against an experimenter effect? Why or why not?
What is peer review? How is it useful?
Researchers conclude that an irrigation system used to grow tomatoes in California is more effective than a competing system used in Arizona. Determine which of the eight guidelines appear to be most relevant. Explain your reasoning.
Under the headline "Turner predicted to win in a landslide," it was reported that 54% of voters in a pre-election poll prefer Turner, compared with 46% for her opponent. Determine which of the eight guidelines appear to be most relevant. Explain your reasoning.
An article in Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 130, No. 8) noted that chocolate is rich in flavonoids. The article reports that "regular consumption of foods rich in flavonoids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease." The study received funding from Mars, Inc., the candy company, and the Chocolate
When author Shere Hite wrote Woman and Love: A Cultural Revolution in Progress, she based conclusions about the general population of all women on 4,500 replies that she received after mailing 100,000 questionnaires to various women's groups. Identify and explain at least one source of bias in the
You receive a call in which the caller claims to be conducting a national opinion research poll. You are asked if your opinion about congressional candidate John Sweeney would change if you knew that Sweeney once had a car crash while driving under the influence of alcohol. Identify and explain at
You conduct a survey to find the percentage of people in your state who can name the lieutenant governor, who plans to run for the United States Senate. You obtain addresses from a list of property owners in the state and you mail a survey to 850 randomly selected people from the list. Identify and
Princeton Survey Research Associates did a study for Newsweek magazine illustrating the effects of wording in a survey. Two questions were asked: • Do you personally believe that abortion is wrong? • Whatever your own personal view of abortion, do you favor or oppose a woman in this country
A Gallup poll asked the following two questions: • Do you favor a tax cut or "increased spending on other government programs"? Result: 75% for the tax cut. • Do you favor a tax cut or "spending to fund new retirement savings accounts, as well as increased spending on education, defense,
First question: What percentage of Internet dates lead to marriage? Second question: What percentage of marriages begin with Internet dates? Pose two related questions that might form the basis of a statistical study. Briefly discuss how the two questions differ and how these differences would
First question: What percentage of introductory classes on campus are taught by full-time faculty members? Second question: What percentage of full-time faculty members teach introductory classes? Pose two related questions that might form the basis of a statistical study. Briefly discuss how the
First question: How often do college students do binge drinking? Second question: How often is binge drinking done by college students? Pose two related questions that might form the basis of a statistical study. Briefly discuss how the two questions differ and how these differences would affect
First question: What is the proportion of college graduates who have taken a statistics course? Second question: What is the proportion of statistics courses taken by college students? Pose two related questions that might form the basis of a statistical study. Briefly discuss how the two questions
Drugs shown in 98 percent of movies Story summary: A "government study" claims that drug use, drinking, or smoking was depicted in 98% of the top movie rentals (Associated Press). Give a headline and a brief description of the statistical news story that accompanied the headline. In each case,
"Sex more important than jobs" Story summary: A survey found that 82% of 500 people interviewed by phone ranked a satisfying sex life as important or very important, while 79% ranked job satisfaction as important or very important (Associated Press). Give a headline and a brief description of the
USA Today reports on a Harris poll claiming that the percentage of adults with a "great deal of confidence" in military leaders stands at 54%. Politicians commonly believe that they must make their political statements (often called sound-bytes) very short because the attention span of listeners is
Why are self-selected surveys almost always prone to participation bias?
CNN reports on a Zagat Survey of America's Top Restaurants that found that "only nine restaurants achieved a rare 29 out of a possible 30 rating and none of those restaurants are in the Big Apple." Describe what crucial information is missing in the given statement and what more you would want to
A USA Today headline reported that "China thrown off balance as boys outnumber girls," and an accompanying graph showed that for every 100 girls bom in China, 116.9 boys are bom. Describe what crucial information is missing in the given statement and what more you would want to know before you
What are confounding variables, and what problems can they cause?
A survey involving a larger sample of subjects is always better than one involving a smaller sample. Decide whether the statement makes sense or does not? Explain clearly.
The survey of the use of credit among adult Americans suffered from selection bias because the questionnaires were handed out only on college campuses. Determine which of the eight guidelines appear to be most relevant. Explain your reasoning.
A Harris poll surveyed 2,320 adults in the United States, among which 14% said that they have at least one tattoo. The margin of error is 2 percentage points.a. Interpret the margin of error by identifying the range of values likely to contain the percentage of adults with tattoos.b. Identify the
An important element of this chapter is the concept of a simple random sample.a. What is a simple random sample?b. When the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts a survey, it begins by partitioning the United States adult population into 2,007 groups called primary sampling units. Assume that these
Clinical Trial of Bystolic. In clinical trials of the drug Bystolic used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), 677 Bystolic users were observed for adverse reactions. It was found that among those treated with Bystolic, 7% experienced headaches.a. Based on the given information, can you
In The Superpollsters, David W. Moore describes an experiment in which different subjects were asked if they agree with the following statements:i. Too little money is being spent on welfare.ii. Too little money is being spent on assistance to the poor.Even though it is the poor who receive
In a Harris Interactive poll of 2,303 adults, 26% said that they believe in astrology.a. Find the true number of the poll respondents who believe in astrology.b. Is the number of respondents who believe in astrology from a discrete data set or a continuous data set? Explain.c. Of the 2,303 adults
In an America OnLine poll of 671 people, 36% answered yes when asked if today's NFL games are too long.a. What is the number of respondents who answered yes?b. Among the respondents, 40 answered by saying that they were not sure. What is the percentage of "not sure" responses?c. Given that the
Total spending on health care in the United States rose from $80 billion in 1973 to $2.5 trillion in 2010. The Consumer Price Index was 44.4 in 1973, and it was 218.1 in 2010 (with 1982-1984= 100). Compare the change in health care spending from 1973 to 2010 to the overall rate of inflation as
The accompanying table lists the federal hourly minimum in both actual dollars at the time and 1996 dollars. The table entries correspond to years in which the minimum wage changed (based on data from the Department of Labor).a. According to the table, how much is $0.25 in 1938 dollars worth in
A critic's movie recommendations of "must see," "good," "fair," "poor," or "avoid" Identify the level of measurement(nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio)? Identify the level of measurement.
Classifications of cars by size as subcompact, compact, intermediate, full-size. Identify the level of measurement(nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio)? Identify the level of measurement.
Final course grades of A, B, C, D, F. Identify the level of measurement(nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio)? Identify the level of measurement.
Consumer Reports safety ratings of cars: 0 = unsafe up to 3 = safest. Identify the level of measurement(nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio)? Identify the level of measurement.
A movie with a 4-star rating is twice as good as one with a 2-star rating. Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain. Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of
One subject has an IQ score of 140 while another subject has an IQ score of 70, so the first subject is twice as intelligent as the second subject. Determine whether the given statement represents a meaningful ratio, so that the ratio level of measurement applies. Explain.
Seniority of each employee at the Telektronics Corporation is based on the length of time that has passed since the employee was first hired. Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they
The years in which employees were hired (such as 2000, 1995, 2012) are used to determine their pension plan. Determine whether the data described are qualitative or quantitative and give their level of measurement. If the data are quantitative, state whether they are continuous or discrete. Give a
An iPod battery is supposed to provide 3.7 volts. An aftermarket supplier manufactures 5,000 replacement batteries and finds that they have a mean of 3.7 V, but about half of the batteries have less than 3.7 volts and half have more than 3.7 volts. Does the error appear to be random or systematic?
A survey asks people for the amount of money they donated to charity in the past year. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
The annual incomes of 200 people are obtained from their tax returns. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
Speeds of cars are recorded by a police officer who uses a radar gun. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
The police commissioner in New York City estimates the annual value of counterfeit goods sold in the city. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
The health commissioner of Los Angeles estimates the number of cigarettes smoked in her city from data for taxes collected on sales of cigarettes. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
A standard weight defined to represent exactly l kg is kept by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. If you put this l -kilogram true weight on a scale and the scale says it is 1.002 kg, what is the absolute error and the relative error of the measurement?
A groundskeeper measures the length and width of a school's athletic field using a ruler that is 1 foot long. Identify at least one likely source of random errors and also identify at least one likely source of systematic errors.
Twenty-five people, including yourself, are to measure the length of a room to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Assume that everyone uses the same well-calibrated measuring device, such as a tape measure.a. All 25 measurements are not likely to be exactly the same; thus, the measurements will
When weighing a model 22F car battery, the measuring instrument is very precise, and the weight is obtained 10 consecutive times.a. All 10 measurements are not likely to be exactly the same; thus, the measurements will contain some sources of error. Are these errors systematic or random? Explain.b.
A new Corvette weighs 3,273 lb. A manufacturer's scale that is accurate to the nearest 10 lb gives the weight as 3,250 lb, while the U.S. Department of Transportation uses a scale that is accurate to the nearest 0.1 lb and obtains a weight of 3,298.2 lb. Which measurement is more precise! Which is
Assume that your statistics professor has a height of exactly 175.2 cm. Assume that this height is measured with a tape measure that can be read to the nearest mm (or 1/10 cm) and results from two different measurements are reported as 175 cm and 175.5 cm. Which measurement is more precise! Which
Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 53 kilograms. A digital scale at the gym that gives readings to the nearest 0.01 kilogram gives your weight as 52.88 kilograms. Which measurement is
Using the same standard weight from Exercise 2, assume that you put the weight on a scale and record the weight as 1.2034278 kg. Describe the accuracy and precision of the recorded weight. Explain.
Suppose your weight is 52.55 kilograms. A scale at a health clinic that gives weight measurements to the nearest half kilogram gives your weight as 52j kilograms. A digital scale at the gym that gives readings to the nearest 0.01 kilogram gives your weight as 51.48 kilograms. Which measurement is
Last year there were 38,929 deaths in the United States due to motor vehicle crashes.
Last year, the population of China was 1,339,414,205 people.
The Burj Khalifa in Dubai is 2,717 feet tall, making it the world's tallest building.
The St. Louis Gateway Arch is 630.2377599694 feet tall.
The Newport Chronicle reported that there are now 5 billion cell phones in use.
Wikipedia reports that there are currently 14,261,778 college students in the United States.
The U.S. government now lists 1,879 endangered or threatened species of animals and plants.
At a particular moment, the U.S. Census Bureau population clock shows that the global population is 7,118,233,027 people. Describe the accuracy and precision of that population number.
There are 24,627 species of fish on Earth. Decide whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain clearly; not all of these have definitive answers, so your explanation is more important than your chosen answer.
The relative error that a microbiologist makes in measuring a cell must be less than the relative error that an astronomer makes in measuring a galaxy, because cells are smaller than galaxies. Decide whether the statement make sense or not? Explain clearly.
Last year's budget for the legislative branch of the U.S. government was $4919 million, and this year it is $5333 million. Consider last year's budget of $4919 million to be the reference value.a. What is the absolute change in the budget from last year to this year?b. What is the relative change
Express the following numbers in the three forms of fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 350%b. 2.5c. -0.44d. -200%
A study was conducted of pleas made by 1,348 criminals. Among those criminals, 956 pleaded guilty and 392 of them were sentenced to prison. Among 72 other criminals who pleaded not guilty, 58 were sent to prison (based on data from "Does It Pay to Plead Guilty?" by Brereton and Casper, Law and
A study was conducted to determine whether flipping a penny or spinning a penny has an effect on the proportion of heads. Among 49,437 trials, 29,015 involved flipping pennies, and 14,709 of those pennies turned up heads. The other 20,422 trials involved spinning pennies, and 9,197 of those pennies
The daily circulation of the Wall Street Journal is currently 2.09 million (the largest in the country). The daily circulation of USA Today is currently 1.83 million (the second largest in the country). Use a percentage to express their relative change or difference. Use the second given value as
A Ridgid survey of 1,023 high school students showed that 25% of them plan to enter the field of information technology, and the margin of error is 3 percentage points. Why is it misleading to state that the margin of error is 3% instead of 3 percentage points?
The CEO of the Brandon Marketing Group announces that all employees must take a 5% cut in pay this year, but they will all get a 5% raise next year, so the salaries will then be the same as they are now. Decide whether the statement make sense or not? Explain clearly.
The Jefferson Valley Bank increased its new-car loan rate by 100%. Decide whether the statement make sense or not? Explain clearly.
The Jefferson Valley Bank increased its new-car loan rate (annual) by 100 percentage points. Decide whether the statement make sense or not? Explain clearly.
Express each of the following numbers in the three forms of a fraction, decimal, and percentage.a. 75%b. 3/8c. 0.4d. 80%
Identify the six price indexes in Table 2.1 that result from using the price from 1970 as the reference value.
If it cost $19.52 to fill your gas tank in 1980, how much would it have cost to fill the same tank in 2010?
If it cost $23.40 to fill your gas tank in 2000, how much would it have cost to fill the same tank in 2010?
The average annual cost (tuition, fees, and room and board) at four-year private universities rose from $5,600 in 1980 to $37,000 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost from 1980 to 2010, and compare it with the overall rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index.
The average annual cost (tuition, fees, and room and board) at four-year public universities rose from $2,550 in 1980 to $16,100 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost from 1980 to 2010, and compare it with the overall rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index.
The typical (median) price of a new single-family home in the South (United States) rose from $75,300 in 1990 to $122,000 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost of a home from 1990 to 2010, and compare it with the overall rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index.
The typical (median) price of a new single-family home in the West (United States) rose from $129,600 in 1990 to $235,600 in 2010. Calculate the percentage rise in cost of a home from 1990 to 2010, and compare it with the overall rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index.
If you see a house valued at $300,000 in Denver, find the price of a comparable house in Miami and Cheyenne.
If you see a house valued at $500,000 in Boston, find the price of a comparable house in Baltimore and Phoenix.
If you see a house valued at $250,000 in Cheyenne, find the price of a comparable house in San Francisco and Boston.
If you see a house valued at $1,000,000 in Boston, find the price of a comparable house in San Francisco and Cheyenne.
Suppose the cost of gasoline today is $5.00 per gallon. What is the price index number for gasoline today, with the 1980 price as the reference value?
The average price of a gallon of gas was $2.62 in 2006. What is the price index for gasoline in 2006, with the 1980 price as the reference value?
Identify the six price indices in Table 2.1 that result from using the price from 2000 as the referenc value.
a. Construct a frequency table for the weights of regular Pepsi. Use bins of0.8130-0.81790.8180-0.82290.8230-0.82790.8280-0.83290.8330-0.83790.8380-0.8429b. Construct a frequency table for the weights of diet Pepsi. Use bins of0.7740-0.77790.7780-0.78190.7820-0.78590.7860-0.78990.7900-0.7939c.
a. Construct a relative frequency table for the weights of regular Pepsi. Use bins of0.8130-0.81790.8180-0.82290.8230-0.82790.8280-0.83290.8330-0.83790.8380-0.8429b. Construct a cumulative frequency table for the weights of regular Pepsi.
a. Use the result from Exercise la to construct a histogram for the weights of regular Pepsi,b. Use the result from Exercise lb to construct a histogram for the weights of Diet Pepsi.c. Compare the histograms from parts a and b. How are they similar and how are they different?
In a survey, 1,004 adults were asked to identify the most frustrating sound that they hear in a day. Two hundred seventy-nine chose jackhammers, 388 chose car alarms, 128 chose barking dogs, and 209 chose crying babies (based on data from Kelton Research). Construct a pie chart depicting these data.
Construct a Pareto chart from the data given in Exercise 4. Compare the Pareto chart to the pie chart. Which graph is more effective in showing the numbers of frustrating sounds? Explain.
Figure 3.43 shows the numbers of U.S. adoptions from China in the years 2005 and 2010. What is wrong with this graph? Draw a graph that depicts the data in a fair and objective way.Figure 3.43
What is a frequency table? Explain what we mean by the categories (or classes) and frequencies.
A guidebook for San Francisco lists 2 one-star restaurants, 12 two-star restaurants, 18 three-star restaurants, 6 four-star restaurants, and 2 five-star restaurants. Make a frequency table for these ratings. Include columns for relative frequency and cumulative frequency.
Construct a frequency table for the weights (in pounds) given below of 36 cans of regular Coke. Start the first bin at 0.7900 pound and use a bin width of 0.0050 pound. Discuss your findings.
Construct a frequency table for the weights (in pounds) given below of 36 cans of Diet Coke. Start the first bin at 0.7750 pound and use a bin width of 0.0050 pound. Discuss your findings.
The following data show the ages of all Academy Award-winning male actors at the time when they won their award, through 2012. Make a frequency table for the data, using bins of 20-29, 30-39, and so on. Discuss your findings.
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