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Visualizing Environmental Science 4th Edition Linda R. Berg, David M. Hassenzahl, Mary Catherine Hager - Solutions
What is one example of mutualism? Of parasitism?
What is one example of a predator-prey interaction? Of competition?
How does a keystone species affect its ecosystem?
How might behaviors animals use to avoid predators be the same around the world? What predator avoidance behaviors might animals in your environment show that are different than animals in the African desert?
What is the difference between an ecosystem and a landscape? Between community and ecosystem?
What is the first law of thermodynamics? What is the second?
Why is a balanced ecosystem unlikely to contain only producers and consumers? Only consumers and decomposers? Explain your answers.
How does energy move through a food web?
How does gross primary productivity differ from net primary productivity?
What are the differences and similarities among the five biogeochemical cycles, particularly in the roles organisms play in them?
What is resource partitioning?
From which trophic level will decomposers gain the highest percentage of the sun's original energy input? Why?
After an organism uses energy, what happens to the energy? Is all the energy captured through gross primary productivity available to organisms higher in a food chain? Explain.
What is a biogeochemical cycle? Why is the cycling of matter essential to the continuance of life? Why, specifically, is the cycling of nitrogen important to humans?
Are food chains important in biogeochemical cycles? Explain why or why not.
What components of a typical phosphorus cycle were affected by pollution in Lake Washington? What cooperative efforts were involved in correcting this pollution?
Analyze the data and infer if the average monthly temperature in the Alaskan tundra is at or near freezing. Give the number of months, if any, that the average monthly temperature is within this range.
What is the range of average monthly temperatures in this temperate rain forest? How does this compare to the range of average monthly temperatures in the deciduous forest (facing page)?
What is the range of average monthly precipitation in this temperate deciduous forest? How does this compare to precipitation fluctuations in a temperate rain forest (facing page)?
Using monthly averages, what is the approximate average annual precipitation in the California chaparral?
Would you be warm year round in this desert? Do you think it could snow there? Why or why not?
In terms of ranges shown across the year, how does the pattern of average monthly precipitation differ from the pattern of average monthly temperature in this savanna? Use data to support your answer.
How do you distinguish between temperate rain forest and tropical rain forest? Between savanna and desert?
Which environmental factors shape flowing-water ecosystems? Standing water ecosystems?
How do the characteristics of a freshwater wetland differ from those of an estuary? How does a mangrove swamp differ from a salt marsh?
How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
Explain why evolution, by definition, cannot take place within one individual and during that individual's lifespan.
Describe the process and stages of ecological succession.
Which type of ecological succession do you think occurred in the region surrounding Mount St. Helens after the volcano erupted in 1980? Explain your choice by comparing primary and secondary succession.
Which biome discussed in this chapter is depicted by the information in this graph? Explain your answer.
Is it possible for spruce trees to grow directly on the rocks deposited by glaciers? Why or why not?
Why do you think that weeds can initially establish sites undergoing secondary succession, rather than the lichens that must initially colonize environments undergoing primary succession?
Distinguish between freshwater wetlands and estuaries and between flowing-water and standing-water ecosystems.
Name and compare temperate and tropical estuaries. What types of plants are characteristic of each?
During the mating season, male giraffes slam their necks together in fighting bouts to determine which male is stronger and can therefore mate with females. Explain how the long necks of giraffes may have evolved, using Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
What is population ecology?
What is the relationship between fertility and educational opportunities for women?
What are some of the problems caused by rapid urban growth in developing countries?
How does compact development affect city living?
Find your location on the world map showing population density. What is the approximate population density per square km in this area? Are there other areas of the world with greater population densities? Where?
How do each of the following affect population size: birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration?
How do biotic potential and/or carrying capacity produce the J-shaped and S-shaped population growth curves?
How would you describe human population growth for the past 200 years?
Who was Thomas Malthus, and what were his views on human population growth?
When determining Earth's carrying capacity for humans, why is it not enough to just consider human numbers? What else must be considered?
What is family planning? Is family planning effective in reducing fertility rates?
Is the type of growth exhibited by Paramecium more likely to be seen in the laboratory or in nature? Why?
What is carrying capacity? Do you think carrying capacity only applies to people as well as to other organisms? Why or why not?
What can the governments of developing countries do to help their countries experience the demographic transition?
If you were to draw an age structure diagram for Poland, with a total fertility rate of 1.3, which of the following overall shapes would the diagram have? Explain why a country like Poland faces a population decline even if its fertility rate were to start increasing today.
Explain the rationale behind this statement: It is better for highly developed countries to spend millions of dollars on family planning in developing countries now than to have to spend billions of dollars on relief efforts later.
Which factor do you think would have a larger effect on total fertility rate: the increased education of men or of women? Explain your answer.
What are two serious problems associated with the rapid growth of large urban areas. Explain why they are serious.
Should the rapid increase in world population be of concern to the average citizen in the United States? Why or why not?
Urbanization varies from one country to another (see figure) Local and national government agencies in the three countries represented below strive to provide services to their populations. How might each of their efforts differ, and why? How do you think the United States compares to these
Why are brown fields such a problem in developed countries?
Why are many developers reluctant to redevelop brown field areas?
How does the study of population ecology help us understand why some populations grow, some remain stable, and others decline?
The human population has grown as we have increased our global carrying capacity. In your opinion, can the global carrying capacity continue to increase? Explain your answer.
Malthus originally suggested that the population of England would collapse because they could not continue to increase their production of food. Why did this not happen?
What are the major sources of air pollution where you live?
What was the average temperature from 1992 to 1993? From 1996 to 1998? From 1987 to 1998?
What two layers of the atmosphere are closest to Earth's surface? How do they differ from one another?
What factors cause wind, and how do they relate to the Coriolis effect?
What is the difference between primary and secondary air pollutants?
What are the seven main classes of air pollutants, and what are some of their effects?
What are some of the health effects of exposure to air pollution?
What are urban heat islands? What are dust domes?
What is the U.S. Clean Air Act and how has it reduced outdoor air pollution?
Where is air pollution worse: in highly developed nations or in developing countries? Why?
Would you expect the Coriolis Effect to lead to greater wind speeds near the poles or near the equator? Explain.
These graphs represent air pollutant measurements taken at two different locations. Which location is indoors, and which is outdoors? Explain your answer.
One of the most effective ways to reduce the threat of radon-induced lung cancer is to quit smoking. Explain.
During a formal debate on the hazards of air pollution, one team argues that ozone is helpful to the atmosphere, and the other team argues that it is destructive. Under which conditions is each team's arguments are correct?
This figure shows phase 1 vapor recovery from an underground gasoline storage tank. Before phase 1 vapor recovery was developed, gasoline vapors were vented directly into the air. Now the vapor is vented through Hose B into the truck and returned to the gasoline depot, where it is condensed or
The graph below shows air pollutant levels in a city in the Northern Hemisphere, measured throughout a year. Is this city likely to be found in a developing country? Why?
Identify the major sources of particulate matter near where you live. What actions could you take to reduce particulate matter? What laws or regulations limit particulate matter in your region?
The atmosphere of Earth has been compared to the peel covering an apple. Explain the comparison.
What basic forces determine the circulation of the atmosphere? Describe the general directions of atmospheric circulation.
Distinguish between primary and secondary air pollutants. Give examples of each.
Distinguish between mobile and stationary sources of air pollution.
What is acid deposition, and what are the main sources of the atmospheric acid?
What are the harmful effects of acid deposition on materials, aquatic organisms, and soils?
How might plants and animals where you live be affected by a 2C increase in the lowest winter temperature each year? The same increase in the highest summer temperature?
Does this reduction appear to be constant, accelerating, or decelerating? Explain.
If this rate of CO2 increase continues, in what year will the concentration exceed 450 ppm? Explain your answer.
Which factors contribute most to climate change? What is the total radiative forcing all factors on this graph combined?
How will climate change affect agriculture? Wildlife?
What are two examples of each of the approaches to global climate change: mitigation and adaptation?
What is the stratospheric ozone layer and how does it protect life on Earth?
How have governments responded to ozone thinning?
Ice is highly reflective compared to water and land. How will this diagram change as ice caps and glaciers melt?
In what ways might the projected changes in precipitation in the next 100 years impact U.S. agriculture? The U.S. economy?
Consider the figures below, which depict total annual CO2 production and per person CO2 production for the United States, China, India, and Brazil over the past 30 years. Some people argue that China and India have the biggest responsibility to cut emissions, because they represent the greatest
How does the Sun affect temperature at different latitudes?
On the basis of what you know about the nature of science, can we say with certainty that the increased production of greenhouse gases is causing global climate change? Explain.
Biologists who study plants growing high in the Alps found that plants adapted to cold-mountain conditions migrated up the peaks as fast as 3.7 m (12.1 ft) per decade during the 20th century, apparently in response to climate warming. Assuming that warming continues during the 21st century, what
Will it be easier for societies to mitigate climate change or to adapt to it? Explain your answer.
Distinguish between the benefits of the ozone layer in the stratosphere and the harmful effects of ozone at ground level.
What is the Montreal Protocol and what environmental problem is it designed to correct?
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