Microbiology A Human Perspective 7th edition Eugene Nester, Denise Anderson, Evans Roberts - Solutions

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Why is the immunoblot (Western blot) procedure used to confirm screening tests that are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative PCR.
Describe the mode of action of a β-lactam antibiotic. Why are these antibiotics generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria than against gram-negative bacteria?
Distinguish between the modes of action of three of the protein synthesis–inhibiting antibiotics.
Identify the targets that allow the selective toxicity of antifungal agents.
Identify six mechanisms responsible for antibiotic resistance.
Healthcare environments are conducive to the spread of infectious diseases. Review the reasons for the enhanced spread of infection in healthcare facilities. What are the sources of most healthcare-associated infections?
Explain how selection for metabolic mutants can extend traditional methods of natural product selection for antibiotic discovery.
Describe the standard procedure for obtaining and culturing a throat culture and a blood sample. What special precautions must be taken while obtaining the blood sample?
Why is it important to process clinical specimens as rapidly as possible? What special procedures and precautions are necessary for the isolation and culture of anaerobes?
Differentiate between selective and differential media. Is eosin–methylene blue agar a selective medium or a differential medium? How and why is it used in a clinical laboratory?
Describe the disc diffusion test for antibiotic susceptibility. Why should potential pathogens from patient isolates be tested for antibiotic susceptibility?
Why does the antibody titer rise after infection? Is a high antibody titer indicative of an ongoing infection? Explain. Why is it necessary to obtain an acute and a convalescent blood sample to monitor infections?
How are fluorescent antibodies used for the diagnosis of viral diseases? What advantages do fluorescent antibodies have over other tests for viral infections?
A blood culture is positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Explain the finding. Is it likely that the patient has S. epidermidis bacteremia? Prepare a list of possibilities and questions for a discussion with the physician in charge. What additional information will be needed to confirm or rule
Define the procedures you would use to isolate and identify a new pathogen. Keep in mind Koch’s postulates as you form your answer. Be sure to include growth-dependent assays, immunoassays, and molecular assays. Where would you report your findings? Which of your assays could be adapted to be
Viruses and fungi present special problems for drug therapy. Explain the issues inherent in drug treatment of both groups and explain whether or not you agree with the preceding statement. Give specific examples and suggest at least one group of agents that might target both types of infectious
Explain the genetic basis of acquired resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. Design laboratory experiments to reverse resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics. Can your experiment be applied “in the field” to promote deselection of antibiotic-resistant organisms?
Distinguish between acute and chronic, mortality and morbidity, prevalence and incidence, and epidemic and pandemic, as these terms relate to infectious disease.
Review the current cholera pandemic. Where and when did the pandemic start?
Why is influenza H5N1 considered a very important biological threat?
How does herd immunity protect the nonimmune members of the population from acquiring a disease? Will herd immunity work for diseases that have a common source, such as water? Why or why not?
Give examples of host- to- host transmission of disease via direct contact. Also give examples of indirect host- to- host transmission of disease via vector agents and fomites.
Identify the disease reservoirs for the diseases botulism, gonorrhea, and plague. How do the reservoirs influence our ability to control or eradicate the disease?
Describe the major medical and public health measures developed in the twentieth century that were instrumental in controlling the spread of infectious diseases in developed countries.
Review the major reasons for the emergence of new infectious diseases. What methods are available for identifying and controlling the emergence of new infectious diseases?
Describe the general properties of an effective biological warfare agent. How do smallpox and Bacillus anthracis meet these criteria? Identify other organisms that meet the basic requirements for a bioweapon.
Identify the major risk factors for acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States. Does this pattern hold for other geographic regions?
Smallpox, a disease that was limited to humans, was eradicated. Plague, a disease with a zoonotic reservoir in rodents, can never be eradicated. Explain this statement and why you agree or disagree with the possibility of eradicating plague on a global scale. Devise a plan to eradicate plague in a
Human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) is a disease that can be eliminated because it is propagated by person- to- person contact and there are no known animal reservoirs. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer. Design a program for
H5N1 avian influenza has high potential for causing an influenza pandemic under certain circumstances. Discuss conditions in which avian influenza may spread in humans as an epidemic. If such a human– avian strain were to evolve in Asia, from the perspective of a national public health official,
Why do gram-positive bacteria cause respiratory diseases more frequently than gram-negative bacteria?
Describe the evidence linking Helicobacter pylori to gastric ulcers. How can these ulcers be cured?
Describe the major pathogenic hepatitis viruses. How are they related to one another? How is each spread?
Why did the incidence of gonorrhea rise dramatically in the mid-1960s, while the incidence of syphilis actually decreased at the same time?
For the sexually transmitted infections of chlamydia, herpes, and human papillomavirus, describe the organism that causes each. In each case, is treatment possible, and if so, is it an effective cure? Why or why not?
Describe how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) effectively shuts down both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. What is HAART therapy?
What are the typical symptoms of a streptococcal respiratory infection? Why should streptococcal infections be treated promptly?
Describe the causal agents and the symptoms of diphtheria and pertussis. Why has diphtheria incidence declined in the United States, while pertussis incidence is higher than a decade ago?
Describe the process of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Does infection always lead to active tuberculosis? Why or why not? How is exposure to M. tuberculosis detected in humans?
Describe the symptoms of meningococcemia and meningitis. How are these diseases treated? What is the prognosis for each?
Compare and contrast measles, mumps, and rubella. Include a description of the pathogen, major symptoms encountered, and any potential consequences of these infections. Why is it important that women be vaccinated against rubella before puberty?
Why are colds such common respiratory diseases and why are vaccines not used to prevent colds?
Why is influenza such a common respiratory disease? How are influenza vaccines chosen?
Distinguish between pathogenic staphylococci and those that are part of the normal flora.
Why is it that you get a cold or two each year but if you had a case of measles, it was a one-time occurrence?
Why does active tuberculosis often lead to a permanent reduction in lung capacity, whereas most other respiratory diseases cause only temporary respiratory problems? Worldwide, the prevalence of tuberculosis infection is very high, but active disease is much lower. Explain.
Your college roommate goes home for the weekend, becomes extremely ill, and is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis at a local hospital. Because he was away, university officials are not aware of his illness. What should you do to protect yourself against meningitis? Should you notify university
Contrast an HIV infection with an infection by any other viral pathogen considered in this chapter, regardless of mode of transmission. Why do untreated cases of HIV infection inevitably lead to death whereas untreated cases of chicken pox, influenza, or even hepatitis typically do not?
Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift in influenza viruses and comment on the immunological consequences for the host. Why does antigenic shift prevent the production of a single universally effective vaccine for influenza control? Next, compare antigenic shift to antigenic drift. Which
As the director of your dormitory’s public health advisory group, you are charged to present information on chlamydia, herpes, trichomoniasis (see Chapter 32), and human papillomavirus infection, all STIs. Besides this textbook, where can you get reliable information about STIs and what
Identify the animals most likely to carry rabies in the United States. Why is rabies so rare in humans and domesticated animals in developed countries?
Describe the conditions that may cause emergence of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). How can HPS be prevented?
Identify the three major categories of organisms that cause rickettsial diseases. For typhus, spotted fever rickettsiosis, and ehrlichiosis, identify the most common reservoir and vector.
Identify the most common reservoir and vector for Lyme disease in the United States. How can the spread of Lyme disease be controlled? How can Lyme disease be treated?
In what ways are yellow fever and dengue fever similar? In what ways do they differ?
Describe the spread of West Nile virus infections in the United States. Which animals are the primary hosts? Are humans productive alternate hosts?
For a potentially serious disease like bubonic plague, vaccines are not routinely recommended for the general population; why not? Identify the public health measures used to control plague.
Which key feature of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis allows this organism to persist for extended periods on animal hides or other environments where growth may not occur? Which form of anthrax is the most serious?
Discuss the major mechanism of pathogenesis for tetanus and define measures for prevention and treatment. Why is it possible that a traumatic puncture wound could end up causing both tetanus and gas gangrene?
Describe the sequence of steps you would take if your child received a bite (provoked or unprovoked) from a stray dog with no collar and record of rabies immunization. Present one scenario in which you were able to capture and detain the dog and another for a dog that escaped. How would these
Discuss at least three common properties of the disease agents and review the disease process for spotted fever rickettsiosis, typhus,and ehrlichiosis. Why is ehrlichiosis emerging as an important rickettsial disease? Compare its emergence to that of Lyme disease.
Devise a plan to prevent the spread of West Nile virus to humans in your community. Identify the relative costs involved in such a plan, both at the individual level and at the community level. Find out if a mosquito abatement program is active in your community. What methods, if any, are used in
What are the two main classes of water and how is water from a surface source, for example, from a lake, made safe to drink?
Identify the two major types of clostridial food poisoning. Which is most prevalent? Which is most dangerous and why?
Identify the food sources of Listeria monocytogenes infections. How does Listeria evade the immune system?
What is the causative agent of vCJD? How does the structure of this agent differ from that of the agent of noro foodborne illness?
Define the term fecal coliform and explain the coliform test. Why is the coliform test used to assess the purity of drinking water?
Why are antibiotics ineffective for the treatment of cholera? What methods are useful for treating cholera victims?
What are the major reservoirs for the pathogen that causes legionellosis? What aspects of pathogenesis distinguish this disease from other waterborne diseases?
Contrast the diseases typhoid and salmonellosis. How are they similar and how do they differ? Which is the more serious disease?
Identify and define the three major categories of food perishability. Why is milk more perishable than sugar even though both are rich in organic matter?
Identify the major methods used to preserve food and the major categories of fermented foods.
Distinguish between food infection and food poisoning and give an example of each.
What causes the symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning? Why are cases of staph food poisoning often linked to a food preparer with an open hand wound?
As a visitor to a country in which cholera is an endemic disease, what specific steps would you take to reduce your risk of cholera exposure? Will these precautions also prevent you from contracting other waterborne diseases? If so, which ones? Identify waterborne diseases for which your
Argue a case for why perfringens foodborne illness can be considered both a food poisoning and a food infection.
Improperly handled potato salads are often the source of both staphylococcal food poisoning and salmonellosis. List some reasons why this might be the case.
What are the most common systemic mycoses in the United States and which populations are most susceptible to such infections?
Contrast leishmaniasis with the two types of trypanosomiasis in terms of causative agents, symptoms, and transmission vectors.
Contrast schistosomiasis with all other parasitic infections covered in this chapter. In what major way does it differ?
Malaria eradication has been a goal of public health programs for at least 100 years. What factors preclude our ability to eradicate malaria? If an effective vaccine was developed, could malaria be eradicated?
In terms of public health, what is a common problem that unites many of the visceral parasitic infections covered in this chapter? How could this problem be attacked? Why are these diseases rare in developed countries?
Explain why the diseases malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis are primarily diseases of tropical regions. How could humans be affecting the future geographical ranges of these diseases?
Explain why systemic fungal infections are typically seen only in certain individuals even though many people have contact with the pathogen, whereas an outbreak of giardiasis affects virtually everyone that has come in contact with the pathogen.
Why is the bacterium that causes anthrax such an effective agent of bioterrorism?
Describe two microbial activities essential to life and three that make our lives more comfortable.
Describe three reasons why some diseases re-emerge.
Why would it seem logical, even inevitable, that at least some bacteria would attack the human body and cause disease?
The binomial system of classification uses both a genus and a species name. Why are two names used?
The American Society for Microbiology is preparing a "Microbe-Free" banquet to emphasize the importance of microorganisms in the diet. What foods could not be on the menu?
Name three non-living groups in the microbial world and describe their major properties.
Give three reasons why life could not exist without the activities of microorganisms.
List five beneficial applications of bacteria.
State three reasons why there is a resurgence of infectious diseases today.
Distinguish between structural isomers and stereoisomers.
What is the general name given to a single sugar? How can single sugars differ from another?
How does the structure of DNA differ from that of RNA?
What is the "octet rule" and its biologically important exception?
What features in the chemical composition of phospholipids make them ideal components of the cytoplasmic membrane?

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Microbiology A Human Perspective 7th edition Eugene Nester, Denise Anderson, Evans Roberts - Solutions

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