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Visualizing Environmental Science 4th Edition Linda R. Berg, David M. Hassenzahl, Mary Catherine Hager - Solutions
What are shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and intercropping?
What is happening to the number of domesticated plant and animal varieties? Why?
What is the green revolution? What are some of its benefits and problems?
What are the major environmental problems associated with industrialized agriculture?
What is sustainable agriculture? What are some features of a sustainable farm?
Why are some people opposed to GM crops?
Industrialized agriculture requires a lot of capital. Why is it so expensive?
What was the green revolution? Describe a few of its successes and shortcomings and compare those to changes that have occurred in the recent "second green revolution.
Name two environmental problems associated with industrialized agriculture, and give at least three examples of ways that industrialized agriculture could be made more sustainable.
Contrast the use of the following in industrialized and sustainable agriculture - water resources, fertilizers, and chemical pesticides.
How is developing new genetically modified crops and livestock promising in feeding the world's people? What are some concerns associated with growing genetically modified crops?
Which type of pesticide has fewer deleterious environmental effects, broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum? Explain your answer.
Overall, do you think the benefits of pesticide use outweigh its disadvantages? Give at least two reasons for your answer.
How and why is a pesticide's effectiveness altered by its heavy, long term use?
How might your choosing to consume only organic foods affect environmental problems associated with food production?
How does the bacterium Agro bacterium help scientists produce genetically modified plants?
Many organic producers and consumers avoid GM organisms, yet GM material has been inadvertently introduced into some otherwise organic U.S. crops and animals. How do you think this has taken place without the deliberate action of the farmers involved?
Compare under nutrition and over nutrition. Describe the types of people and the regions of the world most likely to be affected by each.
How and why do (a) population growth and (b) the rising consumption of meat affect world grain carryover stocks and world food security?
Based on the graph, what conclusion can you make about how the level of education people attain in a region is related to that region's prevalence of under nutrition? Give examples of data from specific regions to support your conclusion.
How do these results fit in with our understanding of the role that poverty plays in the world's hunger problems?
Distinguish between shifting cultivation and slash-and-burn agriculture.
What are the environmental impacts of urban/suburban sprawl on agricultural land?
What are two determinants of species richness? Give an example of each.
What are some specific human activities that have likely harmed wildlife habitats around the world? In environments near you?
Which threat (or threats) appears to affect threatened species differently than non threatened ones?
Are any of the ecosystems services provided by all of the listed ecosystems? If yes, identify. How does each ecosystem contribute to pollution control?
How might increased use of technology contribute to declining biological diversity?
What are ecosystem services? How do ecosystem services provided by forests compare to those provided by coasts?
What is background extinction? Mass extinction?
What is the difference between a threatened species and an endangered species?
What is conservation biology? When is in situ conservation used? Ex situ conservation?
What are the goals of the Endangered Species Act? Why is the ESA considered controversial?
Is biological diversity a renewable or nonrenewable resource? Could it be seen both ways? Explain.
Why do you suppose the Svalbard Seed Vault in Norway is called the "Doomsday vault"? How is this name reflected in the vault's location, buried in a frozen hillside?
What are the goals of restoration ecology? Are there any disadvantages associated with restoring disturbed areas?
On which global region have humans had the greatest impact - polar, temperate, or tropical? Suggest why human impact has been greatest in this region, and describe specifically how this impact likely affects biodiversity there.
Which biome has had the lowest percentage of habitat disturbance? Suggest two possible reasons why human impacts on this biome may increase greatly in the future.
List at least five important ecosystem services provided by living organisms.
Describe factors affecting species richness and explain how and why the species richness of a wheat field might differ from that of a coral reef.
What are the four main causes of species endangerment and extinction? Which do biologists consider most important?
What are invasive species? How might their presence particularly affect biodiversity hotspots?
Incorporate what you have learned about disappearing frogs and other declining species to compare threatened and endangered species and define extinction.
If you had the assets and authority to take any measure to protect and preserve biological diversity, but could take only one, what would it be?
In A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, Aldo Leopold wrote, "To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering." How does his statement relate to this chapter?
How do municipal and non municipal solid waste differ?
How are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act alike, and what is the focus of each act?
Would it be more likely to find this type of hazardous waste landfill in the United States or Russia? Why?
In what year did the number of cars and trucks peak? Do you think the number will go up or down over the next decade?
In what year did total waste reach a maximum? What about per capita waste? What accounts for the difference?
Which material do you think has the greatest potential for recycling? Why? How many tons of it were recycled in 2010?
What are some features of sanitary landfills? What problems are associated with them?
What are the main features of a mass burn incinerator? What problems are associated with incinerators?
How do source reduction, reuse, and recycling reduce the volume of solid waste?
What are two sources of dioxins? Of PCBs?
What is integrated waste management? Why must a sanitary landfill always be included in any integrated waste management plan?
What is hazardous waste, and how does green chemistry help address the problem of hazardous waste?
Estimate the total amount of material collected before and after unit pricing went into effect. Did the policy change consumption, or just encourage citizens to sort their waste? What other policies might encourage people to reduce consumption? What would be the pros and cons of such a policy?
Why should bottom ash and fly ash be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill?
How could source reduction efforts reduce the volume of waste that arises from abandoned automobiles?
Explain why reducing consumption is the surest way to reduce production of wastes.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of disposing of municipal solid waste in sanitary landfills and by incineration.
List what you think are the best ways to treat each of the following types of solid waste, and explain the benefits of the processes you recommend: paper, plastic, glass, metals, food waste, and yard waste.
What are dioxins, and how are they produced? What harm do they cause?
Suppose hazardous chemicals were suspected to be leaking from an old dump near your home. Outline the steps you would take to (1) have the site evaluated to determine whether there is a danger and (2) mobilize the local community to get the site cleaned up.
What are the goals, strengths, and weaknesses of the Superfund Act?
How does per person energy consumption compare in highly developed and developing countries?
There are currently 435 nuclear power plants operating worldwide. How many additional nuclear plants would be needed for the world to produce as much commercial energy using nuclear power as we currently do using coal?
Why does surface mining of coal typically cause more environmental harm than does subsurface mining?
What are the environmental impacts of mining and burning coal?
What technologies can make coal a cleaner fuel?
Where are oil and natural gas reserves most abundant?
What are three environmental problems associated with using oil and natural gas as energy resources?
How does a nuclear reactor produce electricity?
What are the environmental effects of generating electricity with conventional nuclear fission, and how do they compare to the environmental effects associated with burning coal?
Distinguish among coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy, and compare the environmental impacts of each.
When major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon occur, many people place the blame on the owners or operators. Consider whether people who benefit from petroleum products (gasoline-powered automobiles, plastic water bottles, diesel farm equipment) are also to blame? Should knowing
What economic priorities and environmental concerns might be shared by coal-mining regions in West Virginia and in China?
Some environmental analysts think that the latest war in Iraq was related in part to gaining control over the supply of Iraqi oil. Do you think this is plausible? Explain why or why not.
Do you think oil drilling should be permitted in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge? Why or why not?
Which major consumer of oil is most vulnerable to disruption in the event of another energy crisis: electric power generation, motor vehicles, heating and conditioning, or industry? Why?
India, China, and the United States all have large coal reserves. Do you think any or all of them should build more coal-fired power plants over the next 20 years? If so, what technologies will help them minimize environmental impacts?
Describe the major impacts of the accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima Daiichi. Do additional research if necessary.
Some scholars think the Industrial Revolution may have been concentrated in Europe and North America because coal is located there. Explain the connection between coal and the Industrial Revolution.
What is active solar energy? Passive solar energy?
What was the world wind energy-generating capacity in 1998? 2008? If the trend in this figure continues, what will it be in 2018?
What are the advantages of producing electricity by solar thermal energy? Hydrogen by photovoltaic (PV) solar cells?
How do fuel cells work?
What is biomass and how is it used?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using wind to produce electricity? Of using hydropower to produce electricity?
What are the pros and cons of using geothermal energy to produce electricity? What are the pros and cons of using tidal power to produce electricity?
How can you conserve energy at home?
How much firewood is used for household heating where you live? For cooking? Is it a necessity?
Where do you use hot water at home? How is it heated?
Evaluate which forms of energy, other than fossil fuels and nuclear power, have the greatest potential where you live.
Consider Figure 18.4, which shows dramatic improvements in the efficiency of refrigerators over time. Have there been similar improvements in other technologies? How much can we rely on technological improvements to reduce our energy demand if energy prices continue to rise?
List energy conservation measures you could adopt in each of the following aspects of your life: washing laundry, lighting, bathing, cooking, buying a car, and driving a car.
Do you think that a vehicle fuel efficiency of 60 miles per gallon could be reasonably achieved at present? Explain your answer.
In response to the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, Japan is considering eliminating all of its nuclear power plants by 2040. What combination of fossil fuels, renewable energy resources, efficient technologies and conservation measures could best achieve this?
Explain the following statement: Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is not resource limited but is technology limited.
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