Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th edition Laura E. Berk, Adena B. Meyers - Solutions

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One advantage of the various forms of renewable energy, such as solar thermal and wind energy is that they cause no net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Is this true for biomass? Why or why not?
Give an example of how one or more of the alternative energy sources discussed in this chapter could have a negative effect on each of these aspects of ecosystems: soil preservation, natural water flow, foods used by wild plant and animal populations, and preservation of the diversity of organisms
Explain how energy conservation and efficiency are major "sources" of energy.
What are data?
Explain the difference between a dependent and an independent variable.
What is the difference between continuous and discrete data?
What are line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts? Under what circumstances would you use each of these different types of graphs?
Which of the four pollutants illustrated in the bar graphs below shows the greatest decline from Location 1 to Location 2? Suppose a scientist hypothesized that the overall level of air pollution at Location 2 will be lower than at Location 1. Do the data presented in these bar graphs support this
Study the line graph below, and then devise two original questions that further explore some aspect of the patterns revealed by this graph. What would you hypothesize the answer to each of your questions will be, and why? What data would you collect to investigate your questions and test your
Ecologists investigating interactions of two species at a study site first counted individuals of Species A and then removed all Species B individuals. Six months later, the ecologists again counted individuals of Species A. Viewing their results as graphed below, what is the likely ecological
Would you hypothesize that unit pricing would be an effective strategy for decreasing the amount of land filled garbage in poor countries? Explain the reasoning behind your hypothesis, and what you would do to rigorously test it.
What is meant by a stage of development? Provide your own example of stage wise change. What stand do stage theorists take on the issue of continuous versus discontinuous development?
Provide an example of how one domain of development (physical, cognitive, or emotional/social) can affect development in another domain.
Review the field experiment on the impact of the Family Check-Up on page 39. Why is it ethically important for researchers to offer the intervention to the no-intervention control group after completion of the study?
A researcher compares children who went to summer leadership camps with children who attended athletic camps. She finds that those who attended leadership camps are friendlier. Should the investigator tell parents that sending children to leadership camps will cause them to be more sociable? Why or
Anna, a high school counselor, has devised a program that integrates classroom learning with vocational training to help adolescents at risk for school dropout stay in school and transition smoothly to work life. What is Anna's position on stability versus plasticity in development? Explain.
Imagine a debate between John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau on the nature-nurture controversy. Summarize the argument that each historical figure is likely to present.
What do the ideas of Rousseau, Darwin, and Hall have in common?
What aspect of behaviorism made it attractive to critics of psychoanalytic theory? How did Piaget's theory respond to a major limitation of behaviorism?
Although social learning theory focuses on social development and Piaget's theory on cognitive development, each has enhanced our understanding of other domains. Mention an additional domain addressed by each theory.
A 4-year-old becomes frightened of the dark and refuses to go to sleep at night. How would a psychoanalyst and a behaviorist differ in their views of how this problem developed?
Explain how each recent theoretical perspective regards children as active contributors to their own development.
Return to the Biology and Environment box on pages 10-11. How does the story of John and Gary illustrate bidirectional influences within the micro system, as described in ecological systems theory?
Mario wants to find out precisely how children of different ages recall stories. Anna is interested in how adult-child communication in different cultures influences children's storytelling. Which theoretical perspective has Mario probably chosen? How about Anna? Explain.
Why might a researcher choose structured observation over naturalistic observation? How about the reverse? What might lead the researcher to opt for clinical interviewing over systematic observation?
What strengths and limitations do the clinical, or case study, method and ethnography have in common?
A researcher wants to study the thoughts and feelings of children who have a parent on active duty in the military. Which method should she use? Why?
Explain how cohort effects can distort the findings of both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. How does the sequential design reveal cohort effects?
Cite evidence indicating that both heredity and environment contribute to the development of children with PKU and Down syndrome.
How does poverty affect the functioning of the family system, placing all aspects of development at risk?
Check your local newspaper or one or two national news websites to see how often articles appear on the condition of children and families. Why is it important for researchers to communicate with the general public about children's needs?
What is epigenesis, and how does it differ from gene-environment interaction and gene-environment correlation?
Explain how each of the following concepts supports the conclusion that genetic influences on children's traits are not constant but change over time: somatic mutation (page58), niche-picking (page 85), and epigenesist (page 86).
Bianca's parents are accomplished musicians. At age 4, Bianca began taking piano lessons. By age 10, she was accompanying the school choir. At age 14, she asked if she could attend a special music high school. Explain how gene-environment correlation promoted Bianca's talent.
Using your knowledge of X-linked inheritance, explain why males are more vulnerable than females to miscarriage, infant death, genetic disorders, and other problems.
Referring to ecological systems theory (see Chapter 1, pages 26-29), explain why parents of children with genetic disorders often experience increased stress. What factors, within and beyond the family, can help these parents support their children's development?
Gilbert's genetic makeup is homozygous for dark hair. Jan's is homozygous for blond hair. What color is Gilbert's hair? How about Jan's? What proportion of their children arelikely to be dark-haired? Explain.
Why is genetic counseling called a communication process? Who should seek it?
How does research on adoption reveal resilience? Which factor related to resilience (see Chapter 1, pages10-11) is central in positive outcomes for adoptees?
Imagine that you must counsel a couple considering in vitro fertilization using donor ova to overcome infertility. What medical and ethical risks would you raise?
Links between family and community are essential for children's well-being. Provide examples and research findings from our discussion that support this idea.
Explain why the common assumption that larger families reduce child-rearing quality, resulting in less intelligent children, is mistaken.
Nora, pregnant for the first time, believes that a few cigarettes and a glass of wine a day won't be harmful. Provide Nora with research-based reasons for not smoking or drinking.
List psychological factors during pregnancy that predict parenting effectiveness after childbirth.
Megan, who is expecting her first child, recallsher own mother as cold and distant. Suggest steps she can take to form a confident, positive picture of herself as a new parent.
Why is it incorrect for couples who postpone childbearing until age 35 or later to conclude that medical advances can overcome fertility problems?
Rhonda and Mark, a career-oriented couple in their early thirties, are thinking about having a baby. What factors should they keep in mind as they decide whether to add to their family at this time in their lives?
Why is the period of the embryo regarded as the most dramatic prenatal period? Why is the period of the fetus called the "growth and finishing" phase?
How is brain development related to fetal capacities and behavior? What implications do individual differences in fetal behavior have for infant temperament after birth?
Amy, two months pregnant, wonders how the embryo is being fed and what parts of the body have formed. "I don't look pregnant yet, so does that mean not much development has taken place?" she asks. How would you respond to Amy?
Why is it difficult to determine the prenatal effects of many environmental agents, such as drugs and pollution?
How do teratogens illustrate the notion of epigenesis, presented in Chapter 2, that environments can affect gene expression?
Name and briefly describe the three stages of labor.
Cecilia and Annaeach gave birth to a 3-pound baby seven weeks preterm. Cecilia is single and on welfare. Annaand her husband are happily married and earn a good income. Plan an intervention appropriate for helping each baby develop.
What can newborn sleep patterns and crying tell us about the health of the central nervous system?
How do the diverse capacities of newborn babies contribute to their first social relationships? Provide as many examples as you can.
After a difficult delivery, Jackie observes her 2-day-old daughter, Kelly, being given the NBAS. Kelly scores poorly on many items. Seeing this, Jackie wonders if Kelly will develop normally. How would you respond to Jackie's concern?
Explain how persisting postpartum depression seriously impairs children's development.
Explain how generous employment leave for childbirth-at least 12 weeks of paid time off available to either the mother or father-can ease the transition to parenthood and promote positive parent-infant interaction. (Hint: Consult the Social Issues: Health box on pages 138-139.)
Derek, father of a 3-year-old and a newborn, reported that he had a harder time adjusting to the birth of his second child than to that of his first. Explain why this might be so.
Contrast the positive impact of the baby's production of high levels of stress hormones during childbirth with the negative impact of severe maternal stress on the fetus, discussed on page 113 in Chapter 3.
On seeing her newborn baby for the first time, Caroline exclaimed, "Why is she so out of proportion?" What observations prompted Caroline to ask this question? Explain why her baby's appearance is adaptive.
Describe the features and benefits of natural childbirth. What aspect contributes greatly to favorable outcomes, and why?
How might use of epidural analgesia negatively affect the parent-newborn relationship? Explain how your answer illustrates bidirectional influences between parent and child, emphasized in ecological systems theory.
Sharon, a heavy smoker, has just arrived at the hospital in labor. Which one of the medical interventions discussed in the preceding sections is her doctor justified in using? (For help in answering this question, review the prenatal effects of tobacco on pages 105-106 in Chapter 3.)
Sensitive care can help preterm infants recover, but they are less likely than full-term newborns to receive such care. Explain why.
List factors discussed in this chapter and in Chapter 3 that increase the chances that an infant will be born underweight. How many of these factors could be prevented by better health care for expectant mothers?
How do overproduction of synapses and synaptic pruning support infants' and children's ability to learn?
Which learning capacities contribute to an infant's first social relationships? Explain, providing examples.
Nine-month-old Byron has a toy with large, colored push buttons on it. Each time he pushes a button, he hears a nursery tune. Which learning capacity is the manufacturer of this toy taking advantage of? What can Byron's play with the toy reveal about his perception of sound patterns?
Cite evidence that motor development is a joint product of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
Provide several examples of how motor development influences infants' and toddlers' social experiences. How do social experiences, in turn, influence motor development?
List everyday experiences that support mastery of reaching, grasping, sitting, and crawling. Why should caregivers place young infants in a variety of waking-time body positions?
Using examples, explain why intermodal stimulation is vital for infants' developing understanding of their physical and social worlds.
According to differentiation theory, perceptual development reflects infants' active search for invariant features. Provide examples from research on hearing, pattern perception, and intermodal perception.
After several weeks of crawling, Ben learned to avoid going headfirst over a drop-off. Now he has started to walk. Can his mother trust him not to step over a risky drop-off? Explain, using the concept of affordances.
Explain how inappropriate stimulation-either too little or too much-can impair cognitive and emotional development in the early years.
Which infant enrichment program would you choose: one that emphasizes gentle talking and touching and social games, or one that includes reading and number drills and classical music lessons? Explain.
Explain why breastfeeding can have lifelong consequences for the development of babies born in poverty-stricken regions of the world.
How are bidirectional influences between parent and child involved in the impact of malnutrition on psychological development? After her adoption, how did those influences change for Grace?
Eight-month-old Shaun is well below average in height and painfully thin. He cries during feedings and is listless and irritable. Shaun's single mother feels overwhelmed and discouraged. Why do Shaun and his mother need intervention quickly? What should health professionals do?
Provide an example of classical conditioning, of operant conditioning, and of habituation/recovery in young infants. Why is each type of learning useful?
Using what you learned about brain development in Chapter 5, explain why it is best to initiate intervention for poverty-stricken children in the first two years rather than later.
Fifteen-month-old Joey's developmental quotient (DQ) is 115. His mother wants to know exactly what this means and what she should do to support his intellectual development. How would you respond?
Why is the social-interactionist perspective attractive to many investigators of language development? Cite evidence that supports it.
Cognition and language are interrelated. List examples of how cognition fosters language development. Next, list examples of how language fosters cognitive development.
Fran frequently corrects her 17-month-old son Jeremy's attempts to talk and-fearing that he won't use words-refuses to respond to his gestures. How might Fran be contributing to Jeremy's slow language progress?
Recall from Chapter 5 (pages195-196) that around the middle of the first year, infants identify objects by their features and by their paths of movement, even when they cannot observe the entire path. How might these attainments contribute to infants' understanding of object permanence?
Several times, after her father hid a teething biscuit under a red cup, 12-month-old Mimi retrieved it easily. Then Mimi's father hid the biscuit under a nearby yellow cup. Why did Mimi persist in searching for it under the red cup?
What impact does toddlers' more advanced play have on the development of attention?
List techniques that parents can use to scaffold the development of categorization in infancy and toddlerhood, and explain why each is effective.
When Timmy was 18 months old, his mother stood behind him, helping him throw a large ball into a box. As his skill improved, she stepped back, letting him try on his own. Using Vygotsky's ideas, explain how Timmy's mother is supporting his cognitive development.
What probably accounts for the finding that speed of habituation and recovery to visual stimuli predicts later IQ better than an infant mental test score?
Why do many infants show stranger anxiety in the second half of the first year? What factors can increase or decrease wariness of strangers?
Review research on emotional self-regulation on pages 252-253. How do the caregiving experiences of securely attached infants promote the development of emotional self-regulation?
What attachment pattern did Timmy display when Vanessa picked him up from child care, and what factors probably contributed to it?
Why is insisting that infants comply with parental directives inappropriate? What competencies are necessary for the emergence of compliance and self-control?
What type of early parenting fosters the development of emotional self-regulation, secure attachment, and self-control? Why, in each instance, is it effective?
Len, a caregiver of 1- and 2-year-olds, wonders whether toddlers recognize themselves. List signs of self-recognition in the second year that Len can observe. What behaviors reveal that toddlers are still forming objective representations of their own physical features?
Why do children of depressed parents have difficulty regulating emotion (see page 153 in Chapter 4)? What implications do their weak self-regulatory skills have for their response to cognitive and social challenges?

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Infants and Children Prenatal through Middle Childhood 8th edition Laura E. Berk, Adena B. Meyers - Solutions

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