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Genetics Analysis And Principles 5th Edition Robert Brooker - Solutions

In the study of plants and animals, it is relatively common for researchers to identify genes using molecular techniques without knowing the function of the gene. In the case of mice, the function of the gene can be investigated by making a gene knockout. A knockout that causes a phenotypic change
According to the methods described in Figure 21.5, can homologous recombination that results in gene replacement cause the integration of both the TK and NeoR genes? Explain why or why not. Describe how the TK gene and NeoR gene are used in a selection scheme that favors gene replacement.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of gene therapy. Because a limited amount of funding is available for gene therapy research, make a priority list of the three top diseases for which you would fund research. Discuss your choices.
A commercially available strain of P. syringae marketed as Frostban B is used to combat frost damage. This is a naturally occurring strain that carries a loss-of-function mutation in a gene that encodes a protein that promotes frost formation. In addition, researchers have used recombinant DNA
Make a list of the types of traits you would like to see altered in transgenic plants and animals. Suggest ways (i.e., what genes would you use?) to accomplish these alterations.
A person with a rare genetic disease has a sample of her chromosomes subjected to in situ hybridization using a probe that is known to recognize band p11 on chromosome 7. Even though her chromosomes look cytologically normal, the probe does not bind to this person's chromosomes. How would you
For each of the following, decide if it could be appropriately described as a genome: A. The E. coli chromosome B. Human chromosome 11 C. A complete set of 10 chromosomes in corn D. A copy of the single-stranded RNA packaged into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Which of the following statements are true about molecular markers? A. All molecular markers are segments of DNA that carry specific genes. B. A molecular marker is a segment of DNA that is found at a specific location in a genome. C. We can follow the transmission of a molecular marker by
Would the following methods be described as linkage, cytogenetic, or physical mapping? A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) B. Conducting dihybrid crosses to compute map distances C. Chromosome walking D. Examination of polytene chromosomes in Drosophila E. Use of RFLPs in crosses F. Using
Describe the molecular features of a BAC cloning vector. What is the primary advantage of a BAC over a plasmid or viral vector?
An experimenter used primers to nine different STSs to test their presence along five different BAC clones. The results are shown here.Alignment of STSs and BACsMake a contig map that describes the alignment of the five BACs.
In the Human Genome Project, researchers have collected linkage data from many crosses in which the male was heterozygous for markers and many crosses where the female was heterozygous for markers. The distance between the same two markers, computed in map units or centiMorgans, is different
Take a look at solved problem SI. Let's suppose a male is heterozygous for two polymorphic sequence-tagged sites. STS-1 exists in two sizes: 211 bp and 289 bp. STS-2 also exists in two sizes: 115 bp and 422 bp. A sample of sperm was collected from this man, and individual sperm were placed into 30
Compared with a conventional plasmid, what additional sequences are required in a YAC vector so it can behave like an artificial chromosome? Describe the importance of each required sequence.
When conducting physical mapping studies, place the following methods in their most logical order: A. Clone large fragments of DNA to make a BAC library. B. Determine the DNA sequence of subclones from a cosmid library. C. Subclone BAC fragments to make a cosmid library. D. Subclone cosmid
Four cosmid clones, which we will call cosmid A, B, C, and D, were subjected to a Southern blot in pairwise combinations. The insert size of each cosmid was also analyzed. The following results were obtained:Draw a map that shows the order of the inserts within these four cosmids.
What is an STS? How are STSs generated experimentally? What are the uses of STSs? Explain how a microsatellite can be a polymorphic STS.
A human gene, which we will call gene X, is located on chromosome 11 and is found as a normal allele and a recessive disease-causing allele. The location of gene X has been approximated on the map shown here that contains four STSs, labeled STS-1, STS-2, STS-3, and STS-4.A. Explain the general
Describe how you would clone a gene by positional cloning. Explain how a (previously made) contig would make this task much easier.
A bacterium has a genome size of 4.4 Mb. If a researcher carries out shotgun DNA sequencing and sequences a total of 19 Mb, what is the probability that a base will be left unsequenced? What percentage of the total genome will be left unsequenced?
Discuss the advantages of next-generation sequencing technologies.
Outline the general strategy of metagenomics.
Describe the technique of in situ hybridization. Explain how it can be use to map genes.
The cells from a malignant tumor were subjected to in situ hybridization using a probe that recognizes a unique sequence on chromosome 14. The probe was detected only once in each of these cells. Explain these results and speculate on their significance with regard to the malignant characteristics
Figure 22.2 describes the technique of FISH. Why is it necessary to "fix" the cells (and the chromosomes inside of them) to the slides? What does it mean to fix them? Why is it necessary to denature the chromosomal DNA?
Explain how the use of DNA probes with different fluorescence emission wavelengths can be used in a single FISH experiment to map the locations of two or more genes. This method is called chromosome painting. Explain why this is an appropriate term.
A researcher is interested in a gene found on human chromosome 21. Describe the expected results of a FISH experiment using a probe that is complementary to this gene. How many spots would you see if the probe was used on a sample from an individual with 46 chromosomes versus an individual with
What is a contig? Explain how you would determine that two clones in a contig are overlapping.
Contigs are often made using BAC or cosmid vectors. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of vectors? Which type of contig would you make first, a BAC or cosmid contig? Explain.
What is a molecular marker? Give two examples. Discuss why it is easier to locate and map many molecular markers rather than functional genes.
Which goals of the Human Genome Project do you think are the most important? Why? Discuss the types of ethical problems that might arise as a result of identifying all of our genes.
What is the gene pool? How is a gene pool described in a quantitative way?
What evolutionary factors can cause allele frequencies to change and possibly lead to a genetic polymorphism? Discuss the relative importance of each type of process.
What is the difference between a random and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be random or adaptive.
What is Darwinian fitness? What types of characteristics can promote high fitness values? Give several examples.
What is the intuitive meaning of the mean fitness of a population? How does its value change in response to natural selection?
Describe the similarities and differences among directional, balancing, disruptive, and stabilizing selection.
Do the following examples describe directional, disruptive, balancing, or stabilizing selection? A. Polymorphisms in snail color and banding pattern as described in Figure 26.12 B. Thick fur among mammals exposed to cold climates C. Birth weight in humans D. Sturdy stems and leaves among plants
In the term genetic drift, what is drifting? Why is this an appropriate term to describe this phenomenon?
Why is genetic drift more significant in small populations? Why does it take longer for genetic drift to cause allele fixation in large populations than in small ones?
A group of four birds flies to a new location and initiates the formation of a new colony. Three of the birds are homozygous AA, and one bird is heterozygous Aa. A. What is the probability that the a allele will become fixed in the population via genetic drift? B. If fixation of the a allele
Describe what happens to allele frequencies as a result of the bottleneck effect. Discuss the relevance of this effect with regard to species that are approaching extinction.
In genetics, what does the term population mean? Pick any species you like and describe how its population might change over the course of many generations.
With regard to genetic drift, are the following statements true or false? If a statement is false, explain why. A. Over the long run, genetic drift leads to allele fixation or loss. B. When a new mutation occurs within a population, genetic drift is more likely to cause the loss of the new allele
When two populations frequently intermix due to migration, what are the long-term consequences with regard to allele frequencies and genetic variation?
Two populations of antelope are separated by a mountain range. The antelope are known to occasionally migrate from one population to the other. Migration can occur in either direction. Explain how migration affects the following phenomena: A. Genetic diversity in the two populations B. Allele
Does inbreeding affect allele frequencies? Why or why not? How does it affect genotype frequencies? With regard to rare recessive diseases, what are the consequences of inbreeding in human populations?
Using the pedigree shown here, answer the following questions for individual VI-1:A. Is this individual inbred? B. If so, who are her common ancestor(s)? C. Calculate the inbreeding coefficient for VI-1. D. Are the parents of VI-1 inbred?
A family pedigree is shown here.A. What is the inbreeding coefficient for individual IV-3? B. Based on the data shown in this pedigree, is individual IV-4 inbred?
A family pedigree is shown here.A. What is the inbreeding coefficient for individual IV-2? Who is/are her common ancestors? B. Based on the data shown in this pedigree, is individual III-4 inbred?
Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This has undermined the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease.
Let's suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a b allele is 10-4. The current allele frequencies are B = 0.6 and b = 0.4. How long will it take for the allele frequencies to equal each other, assuming that no genetic drift is taking place?
State for each of the following whether it is an example of an allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency: A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis. B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%. C.
The term polymorphism can refer to both genes and traits. Explain the meaning of a polymorphic gene and a polymorphic trait. If a gene is polymorphic, does the trait that the gene affects also have to be polymorphic? Explain why or why not.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive autosomal trait. In certain populations of Northern European descent, the number of people born with this disorder is about 1 in 2500. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait: A. What are the frequencies for the normal and CF alleles? B. What are the
In a population, the frequencies of two alleles are B = 0.67 and b = 0.33. The genotype frequencies are BB = 0.50, Bb = 0.37, and bb = 0.13. Do these numbers suggest inbreeding? Explain why or why not.
The ability to roll your tongue is inherited as a recessive trait. The frequency of the rolling allele is approximately 0.6, and the dominant (nonrolling) allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals who can roll their tongues?
You will need to be familiar with the techniques described in Chapter 20 to answer this question. Gene polymorphisms can be detected using a variety of cellular and molecular techniques. Which techniques would you use to detect gene polymorphisms at the following levels? A. DNA level B. RNA
Among a large population of 2 million gray mosquitoes, one mosquito is heterozygous for a body color gene; this mosquito has one gray allele and one blue allele. There is no selective advantage or disadvantage between gray and blue body color. All of the other mosquitoes carry the gray allele. A.
In a donor population, the allele frequencies for the common (HbA) and sickle cell (Hbs) alleles are 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. A group of 550 individuals migrates to a new population containing 10,000 individuals; in the recipient population, the allele frequencies are HbA = 0.99 and Hbs =
Here are traditional DNA fingerprints of five people: a child, mother, and three potential fathers:Which males can be ruled out as being the father? Explain your answer. If one of the males could be the father, explain the general strategy for calculating the likelihood that he could match the
What is DNA fingerprinting? How can it be used in human identification?
When analyzing the automated DNA fingerprints of a father and his biological daughter, a technician examined 50 peaks and found that 30 of them were a perfect match. In other words, 30 out of 50 peaks, or 60%, were a perfect match. Is this percentage too high, or would you expect a value of only
What would you expect to be the minimum percentage of matching peaks in an automated DNA fingerprint for the following pairs of individuals? A. Mother and son B. Sister and brother C. Uncle and niece D. Grandfather and grandson
You will need to understand solved problem S4 to answer this question. The gene for coat color in rabbits can exist in four alleles termed C (full coat color), cch (chinchilla), ch (Himalayan), and c (albino). In a population of rabbits in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the allele frequencies are C =
In a large herd of 5468 sheep, 76 animals have yellow fat, compared with the rest of the members of the herd, which have white fat. Yellow fat is inherited as a recessive trait. This herd is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A. What are the frequencies of the white and yellow fat alleles
The human MN blood group is determined by two codominant alleles, M and N. The following data were obtained from various human populations:A. Calculate the allele frequencies in these five populations.A. Calculate the allele frequencies in these five populations. B. Which populations appear to be
You will need to understand solved problem S4 before answering this question. In an island population, the following data were obtained for the numbers of people with each of the four blood types: Type O ................... 721 Type A ................... 932 Type B ................... 235 Type AB
Resistance to the poison warfarin is a genetically determined trait in rats. Homozygotes carrying the resistance allele (WW) have a lower fitness because they suffer from vitamin K deficiency, but heterozygotes (Ww) do not. However, the heterozygotes are still resistant to warfarin. In an area
Describe, in as much experimental detail as possible, how you would test the hypothesis that snail color distribution is due to predation.
In the Grants' study of the medium ground finch, do you think the pattern of natural selection was directional, stabilizing, disruptive, or balancing? Explain your answer. If the environment remained dry indefinitely (for many years), what do you think would be the long-term outcome?
A recessive lethal allele has achieved a frequency of 0.22 due to genetic drift in a very small population. Based on natural selection, how would you expect the allele frequencies to change in the next three generations? Your calculation can assume that genetic drift is not altering allele
Discuss examples of positive and negative assortative mating in natural populations, human populations, and agriculturally important species.
Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms. Suppose that a genetic polymorphism involves two alleles at frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55. Describe three different scenarios to explain these observed allele frequencies. You can propose that the alleles are neutral, beneficial,
Most new mutations are detrimental, yet rare beneficial mutations can be adaptive. With regard to the fate of new mutations, discuss whether you think it is more important for natural selection to select against detrimental alleles or to select in favor of beneficial ones. Which do you think is
Give several examples of quantitative traits. How are these quantitative traits described within groups of individuals?
When a correlation coefficient is statistically significant, what do you conclude about the two variables? What do the results mean with regard to cause and effect?
What is polygenic inheritance? Discuss the issues that make polygenic inheritance difficult to study.
What is a quantitative trait locus (QTL)? Does a QTL contain one gene or multiple genes? What technique is commonly used to identify QTLs?
Let's suppose that weight in a species of mammal is polygenic, and each gene exists as a heavy and light allele. If the allele frequencies in the population were equal for both types of allele (i.e., 50% heavy alleles and 50% light alleles), what percentage of individuals would be homozygous for
The broad-sense heritability for a trait equals 1.0. In your own words, explain what this value means. Would you conclude that the environment is unimportant in the outcome of this trait? Explain your answer.
From an agricultural point of view, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding. It is common for plant breeders to take two different, highly inbred strains, which are the product of many generations of selective breeding, and cross them to make hybrids. How does this approach
Many beautiful varieties of roses have been produced, particularly in the last few decades. These newer varieties often have very striking and showy flowers, making them desirable as horticultural specimens. However, breeders and novices alike have noticed that some of these newer varieties are not
In your own words, explain the meaning of the term heritability. Why is a heritability value valid only for a particular population of individuals raised in a particular environment?
What is the difference between broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability? Why is narrow-sense heritability such a useful concept in the field of agricultural genetics?
The heritability for egg weight in a group of chickens on a farm in Maine is 0.95. Are the following statements regarding heritability true or false? If a statement is false, explain why. A. The environment in Maine has very little effect on the outcome of this trait. B. Nearly all of the
At the molecular level, explain why quantitative traits often exhibit a continuum of phenotypes within a population. How does the environment help produce this continuum?
In a fairly large population of people living in a commune in the southern United States, everyone cares about good nutrition. All of the members of this population eat very nutritious foods, and their diets are very similar. How do you think the height of individuals in this commune population
When artificial selection is practiced over many generations, it is common for the trait to reach a plateau in which further selection has little effect on the outcome of the trait. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 27.11. Explain why.
Discuss whether a natural population of wolves or a domesticated population of German shepherds is more likely to have a higher heritability for the trait of size.
With regard to heterosis, would the following statements be consistent with the dominance hypothesis, the overdominance hypothesis, or both? A. Strains that have been highly inbred have become monomorphic for one or more recessive alleles that are somewhat detrimental to the organism. B. Hybrid
What is a normal distribution? Discuss this curve with regard to quantitative traits within a population. What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the normal distribution?
Explain the difference between a continuous trait and a discontinuous trait. Give two examples of each. Are quantitative traits likely to be continuous or discontinuous? Explain why.
What is a frequency distribution? Explain how the graph is made for a quantitative trait that is continuous.
The variance for weight in a particular herd of cattle is 484 pounds2. The mean weight is 562 pounds. How heavy would an animal have to be if it was in the top 2.5% of the herd? The bottom 0.13%?
Two different varieties of potatoes both have the same mean weight of 1.5 pounds. One group has a very low variance, and the other has a much higher variance. A. Discuss the possible reasons for the differences in variance. B. If you were a potato farmer, would you rather raise a variety with a low
If an r value equals 0.5 and N = 4, would you conclude that a positive correlation is found between the two variables? Explain your answer. What if N = 500?
What does it mean when a correlation coefficient is negative? Can you think of examples?
Here are data for height and weight among 10 male college students. Height (cm) Weight (kg) 159 ........................ 48 162 ........................ 50 161 ........................ 52 175 ........................ 60 174 ........................ 64 198 ........................ 81 172
You need to understand solved problem S5 before answering this question. The variance in height for fathers (in square inches) was 112, the variance for sons was 122, and the covariance was 144. The mean height for fathers was 68 inches, and the mean height for sons was 69 inches. If a father had a

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