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medical sciences
biology
Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 14th edition David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis - Solutions
List three functions of membrane proteins.
State a way that cellular adhesion is essential to health and a way that abnormal cellular adhesion harms health.
Watch the following structures with their descriptions:
How can the same molecule be both a reactant (starting material) and a product of a biochemical pathway?
Explain the importance of ATP and its relationship to ADP.
Explain how the oxidation of molecules inside cells differs from the burning of substances outside cells.
Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic phases of cellular respiration.
Explain why DNA replication is essential.
Describe the events of DMA replication.
List three ways that RNA differs from DNA
Distinguish the functions of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
Describe the function of a ribosome in protein synthesis.
List the steps of protein synthesis
Discuss two major ways that mutation occurs.
Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Discuss three ways that the genetic code protects against the persistence of a mutation.
What effect might changes in the pH of body fluids or body temperature that accompany illness have on cells?
Give examples of a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction.
Michael P. was very weak from birth, with poor muscle tone, difficulty breathing, and great fatigue. By his third month, he began having seizures. Michael's medical tests were normal except for ore: his cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord) was unusually high in
De-scribe how an enzyme interacts with its substrate.
In cyanide poisoning, levels of ATP in the brain plummet, but levels of lactic acid increase markedly. Explain how both effects occur
Consider the following DNA sequence: CATGTGTAGTCTAAA a. Write the sequence of the DMA strand that would be repeated from this one b. Write the sequence of the RMA molecule that would be transcribed from the DMA strand c. State how many codons the sequence specifies d. State how many amino acids the
Describe how negative feedback involving a rate-limiting enzyme controls a metabolic pathway.
Answer the following questions with respect to the presented micrograph (80x). (a) Identify the organ depicted, (b) What type of tissue is depicted (green arrow, yellow arrow)? (c) To what cell does the arrow point (red arrow, black arrow)?
Discuss the general characteristics of connective tissue.
Define extracellular matrix and ground substance.
Describe three major types of connective tissue cells.
Explain how the amount of adipose tissue in the body reflects diet.
Contrast dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.
Tissue engineering combines Irving cells with synthetic materials to create functional substitutes for human tissues. What components would you use to engineer replacement (a) Skin, (b) Bone, (c) Muscle, and (d) Blood?
Explain why injured dense regular connective tissue and cartilage are usually slow to heal.
Distinguish between reticular and elastic connective tissues.
Name the major types of cartilage, and describe their differences and similarities.
Describe how bone cells are organized in bone tissue.
Identify locations in the body of the four types of membranes.
Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues in terms of location, cell appearance, and control.
Distinguish between the functions of neurons and neuroglia.
Sometimes, in response to irritants, mucous cells secrete excess mucus. What symptoms might this produce if it occurred in the (a) Digestive tract or (b) Respiratory passageway?
Explain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium provides its function.
Everyone's skin contains about the same number of melanocytes even though people come in many different colors. How is this possible?
Describe the function of melanocytes.
Using the rule of nines, estimate the extent of damage for an individual whose body, clad only in a short nightgown, was burned as she was leaving the burning room. What special problems might result from the toss of the individual's functional skin surface? How might this individual's environment
Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color.
Review the functions of dermal nervous tissue.
Describe how nails are formed.
Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle.
What methods might be used to cool the skin of a child experiencing a high fever? For each method you list, identify the means by which it promotes heat toss-radiation, conduction, convection, or evaporation.
Explain the function of sebaceous glands.
Describe the role of the skin in promoting the toss of excess body heat.
Match each means of losing body heat with its description.
Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature.
Distinguish between the healing of shallow and deeper breaks in the skin.
Distinguish among first-, second-, and third-degree bums.
Discuss three effects of aging on skin.
Distinguish between the epidermis and the dermis.
Why would collagen and elastin added to skin creams be unlikely to penetrate the skin-as some advertisements imply they do?
Explain the functions of the subcutaneous layer.
Explain what happens to epidermal cells as they undergo keratinization.
Place the layers of the epidermis in order (1-5) from the outermost layer to the layer attached to the dermis by the basement membrane. __________stratum spinosum __________stratum comeum __________stratum basale __________stratum lucidum _________stratum granutosum
List four groups of bones based on their shapes, and give an example from each group.
Explain how the development of intramembranous bone differs from that of endochondral bone.
Why do elderly persons often develop bowed backs and appear to lose height?
Explain the function of an epiphyseal plate.
Place the zones of cartilage in an epiphyseal plate in order (1-4), with the first zone attached to the epiphysis. ___________zone of hypertrophic cartilage ___________zone of calcified cartilage ___________zone of resting cartilage ___________zone of perforating cartilage
Explain how osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulate bone mass
Describe the effects of vitamin deficiencies on bone development and growth.
Explain the causes of pituitary dwarfism and gigantism.
Describe the effects of thyroid and sex hormones on bone development and growth.
How might the condition of an infant's fontanels be used to evaluate skeletal development? How might the fontanels be used to estimate intracranial pressure (pressure in the cranial cavity)?
Provide several examples to illustrate how bones support and protect body parts.
Describe the functions of red and yellow bone marrow.
Explain the mechanism that regulates the concentration of blood calcium ions.
Name the bones of the cranium and the facial skeleton.
Explain the importance of fontanels.
Describe a typical vertebra, and distinguish among the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
Describe the locations of the sacroiliac joint, the sacral promontory, and the sacral hiatus.
Explain the major differences between the male and female skeletons.
Match the parts listed on the left with the bones listed on the right.
Describe the changes brought about by aging in trabecular bone.
Discuss the functions of the parts labeled in the sketch you made for question.
Explain how central canals and perforating canals are related.
Draw the general structure of a synovial joint labeling all the mail parts.
Describe how a joint capsule may be reinforced.
Explain the function of a synovial membrane.
Describe the six types of synovial joints, and name an example of each type.
Describe the movements permitted by each type of synovial joint.
Match the movements listed on the left with the descriptions listed on the right.
How would you explain to an athlete why damaged joint ligaments and cartilages are so slow to heal following an injury?
Explain why the shoulder joint permits a wide range of movements.
Name the major ligaments associated with the shoulder joint.
Name the major ligaments associated with the elbow join.
Describe the movements permitted by the elbow joint.
Describe how the articular surfaces of the hip joint are held together.
Name the parts that comprise the knee joint.
Describe the major ligaments associated with the knee joint
Describe the locations of the bursae associated with the knee joint.
Describe the process of aging as it contributes to the stiffening of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints.
Describe a gomphosis and name an example.
Based upon your knowledge of joint structures, which do you think could be more satisfactory replaced by a prosthetic device-a hip joint or a knee joint? Why?
Compare the structures of a synchondrosis and a symphysis.
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