Human Biology 13th edition Sylvia S. Marder, Michael Windelspecht - Solutions

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Why is it impossible, under normal circumstances, for a person to hold the breath tong enough to pass out?
Name and describe the functions of the cartilages of the larynx.
What problem might a person with a serious respiratory disorder encounter flying in the passenger compartment of a commercial aircraft that has an air pressure equivalent to an altitude of 8,000 feet?
Match the following structures with their descriptions:
Name the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the main bronchi to the alveoli and identify their functions
Describe how the structure of the respiratory tubes changes as the branches become finer.
Describe the following structures that are part of the respiratory tubes and state their locations. a. Pseudostratified epithelium b. Cuboidal epithelium c. Simple squamous epithelium d. Goblet cells e. Cartilage f. Smooth muscle g. Elastic fibers h. Cilia
Name the lobes of the lungs and identify their locations.
Compare the muscles used in a resting inspiration with those used in a forced inspiration.
Define surface tension, and explain how it works against the breathing mechanism.
Define surfactant, and explain its function.
Compare the muscles used (if any) in a resting expiration with those used in a forced expiration.
Match the air volumes with their descriptions:
Distinguish between vital capacity and total lung capacity.
Calculate both minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation given the following: Respiratory rate = 12 breaths per minute Tidal volume = 500 mL per breath Physiologic dead space = 150 mL per breath
Explain why oxygen is required at the cellular level.
Explain the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and give the functions of each.
Locate the respiratory areas and name their major components.
Explain control of the basic rhythm of breathing.
Explain the effect increasing CO2 levels have on the central chemoreceptors.
Describe the inflation reflex.
Describe the effects of emotions on breathing.
Describe the respiratory membrane.
Summarize the exchange of oxygen and CO2 across the respiratory membrane.
Patients experiencing asthma attacks are often advised to breathe through pursed (puckered) lips. How might this help reduce the symptoms of asthma?
List three factors that increase the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
Explain why carbon monoxide is toxic.
Give the percentages of the three ways CO2 is transported in blood.
Describe the changes that make it harder to breathe with advancing years.
Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Explain how the nose and nasal cavity fitter incoming air.
If a tracheostomy bypasses the upper respiratory passages, how might the air entering the trachea differ from air normally passing through this tube? What problems might this cause for the patient?
Distinguish between a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Name in correct order the structures through which fluid passes from the glomerulus to the collecting duct.
Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Describe the location and structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Distinguish among filtration, tubular reabsorption. and tubular secretion as they relate to urine formation.
Define net filtration pressure.
Explain how the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the rate of glomerular filtration.
Explain how changes in the osmotic pressure of blood plasma affect the glomerular filtration rate.
Describe the two mechanisms by which the body regulates glomerular filtration rate.
Explain how the peritubular capillary is adapted for tubular reabsorption.
Discuss how tubular reabsorption is selective.
Explain why active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities.
Define renal plasma threshold, and explain its significance in tubular reabsorption.
Explain how amino acids and proteins are reabsorbed.
Describe the effect of sodium reabsorption on the reabsorption of negatively charged ions.
Identify the organs of the urinary system and list their general functions.
Explain how sodium reabsorption affects water reabsorption.
Explain how potassium ions may be passively secreted.
Explain how hypotonic fluid is produced in the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
Explain why fluid in the descending limb of the nephron loop is hypertonic.
Explain how urine may become concentrated as it moves through the collecting duct.
Compare the processes by which urea and uric acid are absorbed.
List the common constituents of urine and their sources.
Describe the structure and function of a ureter.
If the blood pressure of a patient in shock as a result of a severe injury decreases greatly, how would you expect the volume of urine to change? Why?
Describe what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed.
Describe the location and structure of the urinary bladder.
Define detrusor musde.
Distinguish between the internal and external urethral sphincters.
Describe the micturition reflex.
Describe changes in the urinary system with age.
List the functions of the kidneys.
If a patient who has had major abdominal surgery receives intravenous fluids equal to the volume of blood lost during surgery, would you expect the volume of urine produced to be greater than or less than normal? Why?
Describe the external and internal structure of a kidney.
A physician prescribes oral penicillin therapy for a patient with an infection of the urinary bladder. How would you describe for the patient the route the drug follows to reach the bladder?
List in correct order the vessels through which blood passes as it travels from the renal artery to the renal vein.
What other environments do you think could be studied to look for examples of human adaptation?
In addition to hemoglobin levels, do you think that people at high elevations may exhibit other adaptations?
How does Koch's procedure relate to the scientific method?
Name the subatomic particles of the atom. Describe their charge, atomic mass, and location in the atom.
Why might an HIVADS vaccine actually give some people 3 false sense of security?
What cultural factors may be inhibiting the development of a vaccine?
Name and describe the basic characteristics of life?
Human heart rate increases when the person is scared. (a) Life is organized. (b) Living things reproduce and grow. (c) Living things respond to stimuli. (e) Living things have an evolutionary history. (e) Living things acquire materials and energy.
Humans produce only humans. (a) Life is organized. (b) Living things reproduce and grow. (c) Living things respond to stimuli. (d) Living things have an evolutionary history. (e) Living things acquire materials and energy.
Humans need to eat for building blocks and energy. (a) Life is organized. (b) Living things reproduce and grow. (c) Living things respond to stimuli. (d) Living things have an evolutionary history. (e) Living things acquire materials and energy.
Similar cells form tissues in the human body. (a) Life is organized. (b) Living things reproduce and grow. (c) Living things respond to stimuli. (d) Living things have an evolutionary history. (e) Living things acquire materials and energy.
The level of organization most responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis is the level. (a) Cellular (b) Organ system (c) Organ (d) Tissue
In an experiment, the ________________ is exposed to the experimental variable. (a) Test group (b) Control group (c) Both a and b are correct. (d) Neither a nor b is correct
Humans belong to all of the following groups, except (a) The animal kingdom. (b) Domain Eukarya. (c) Invertebrates. (d) Mammals.
The level of organization that includes two or more tissues that work together is a/an (a) Organ. (b) Tissue. (b) Organ system. (c) Organism.
What is homeostasis, and why is it important? Give some examples that show how systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
What are the major domains and kingdoms of life?
How do human activities threaten the biosphere?
Discuss the importance of a scientific theory, and describe several theories basic to understanding biological principles?
With reference to the steps of the scientific method, explain how scientists arrive at a theory?
What are Koch's postulates, and what are they used for?
What is a control group, and what is the importance of a control group in a controlled study?
How do science and technology improve our lives?
How might a diet that is high in fiber also prevent a person from overeating?
Why would you want to vary the types of fiber in your diet?
Why might physicians resort to calling HDLs and LDLs "good" and "bad"?
Why might a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids also be low in cholesterol?
Why would a high HDL level result in a low LDL level?
Why would omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Name the subatomic particles of the atom. Describe their charge, atomic mass, and location in the atom?
What are the building blocks of proteins? How do these components bond together to make a protein?
Discuss the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins. Why are these structures so important?

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Human Biology 13th edition Sylvia S. Marder, Michael Windelspecht - Solutions

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