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medical sciences
biology
Human Biology 13th edition Sylvia S. Marder, Michael Windelspecht - Solutions
What structural differences are there between DNA and RNA?
What type of reaction releases the energy of an ATP molecule?
The atomic number gives the (a) Number of neutrons in the nucleus. (b) Number of protons in the nucleus. (c) Weight of the atom. (d) Number of protons in the outer shell.
Isotopes differ in their (a) Number of protons. (b) Atomic number. (c) Number of neutrons. (d) Number of electrons.
Which type of bond results from the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another? (a) Covalent (b) Ionic (c) Hydrogen (d) Neutral
What is true of a solution that goes from pH 5 to pH 8? a. The H+ concentration decreases as the solution becomes more basic. b. The H+ concentration increases as the solution becomes more acidic. c. The H+ concentration decreases as the solution becomes more acidic.
An example of a polysaccharide used for energy storage in humans is a. Cellulose, b. Glycogen, c. Cholesterol. d. Starch.
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ in the a. Number of carbon-to-carbon double bonds. b. Consistency at room temperature. c. Number of hydrogen atoms present. d. ALL of these are correct
Why can a radioisotope be used as a tracer in the human body? Give an example?
An RNA nucleotide differs from a DNA molecule in that RNA has a. Ribose sugar, b. A Phosphate molecule, c. A uracil base. d. Both a and c are correct.
Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
Relate the properties of water to its polarity and hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
On the pH scale, which numbers indicate a basic solution? An acidic solution? A neutral solution? What makes a solution basic, acidic, or neutral?
What are buffers, and why are they important to life?
Name, describe, and give an example of each class of carbohydrate. What is the main function of each of the three classes?
What are the subunits of a triglyceride? What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid? What are the functions of fats in the body?
How does the structure of a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride? Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
Which type of microscope would you use to observe the swimming behavior of a flagellated protozoan?
The active site of an enzyme a. Is identical to that of any other enzyme. b. Is the part of the enzyme where the substrate can fit. c. Can be used over and over. d. Is where the coenzyme binds. e. BOTH b and c are correct.
Which of the following pathways is anaerobic? a. Electron transport chain b. Citric acid cycle c. Glycolysis d. All of these pathways are aerobic
Use these terms to label the following diagram of the plasma membrane: carbohydrate chain, filaments of the cytoskeleton, hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, protein (used twice), phospholipid bilayer.
How do studies such as these support the idea that preserving the diversity of life on the planet is important?
Describe how the eukaryotic cell gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Invagination of plasma membrane produced what structures in eukaryotic cells not present in prokaryotic cells?
How does the organization of the plasma membrane relate to its function?
Describe four different ways materials can enter and or leave a cell?
For the following cell organelles, describe the structure and function of each: nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles, and mitochondria?
Explain the purpose of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
Describe an enzyme and coenzyme. Explain the mechanism of enzyme function, particularly the relationship of shape to its activity?
Discuss how a researcher might use a GFP-labeled protein in a study of a disease, such as cancer?
How do studies such as these support the idea that preserving the diversity of life on the planet is important? Discuss.
How might a meal of a cheeseburger and fries be processed by the cellular respiration pathways?
How much time and money should be spent on a therapy that may work only after "years of intensive research"? Would this money be better spent on therapies that have a higher likelihood of success?
While Figure 3B does not indicate the need for water, it is an important component of our diet. Where would water interact with these pathways?
Should the president remove the ban on certain types of stem cells so that this research can proceed faster?
What criteria and ethical considerations should be used to select Parkinson patients for stem-cell therapy?
Explain the three key concepts of the cell theory?
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? Explain?
The small size of cells is best correlated with a. The fact that they are self-reproducing. b. An adequate surface area for exchange of materials. c. Their vast versatility. d. ALL of these are correct.
Which of the following is not part of the fluid-mosaic model? a. Phospholipids b. Proteins c. Cholesterol d. Chromatin
Facilitated diffusion differs from diffusion in that facilitated diffusion a. Involves the passive use of a carrier protein. b. Involves the active use of a carrier protein. c. Moves a molecule from a low to a high concentration. d. Involves the use of ATP molecules.
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, a. Solute exits the cell to equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane. b. Water exits the cell toward the area of lower solute concentration. c. Water enters the cell toward the area of higher solute concentration. d. Solute exits and
Vesicles carrying proteins for secretion move from the ER to the a. Smooth ER. b. Lysosomes. c. GOLGI apparatus. d. Nucleolus.
Why do you think that neurons cannot simply be transplanted from other areas of the body? Neurons cannot be transplanted from other areas of the body:
How might this research also help patients who suffer from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease?
What area of the skin do you think would be the hardest for the surgeon to reattach? Why?
What functions of the skin might be impaired in the recipient of a face transplant?
What are the functions of the four major tissue types?
Why is homeostasis defined as the "relative constancy of the internal environments? Does negative feedback or positive feedback tend to promote homeostasis?
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? a. Hyaline cartilage b. Areolar tissue c. Tendons and ligaments d. Adipose tissue
Blood is a/an ________ tissue because it has a ________ a. Connective: gap junction b. Muscular, ground substance c. Epithelial: gap junction d. Connective: ground substance
This type of muscle contains striations. a. Smooth muscle b. Skeletal muscle c. Cardiac muscle d. Both b and c e. All of the above
Which of the following forms the myelin sheath around nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord? a. Microglia b. Neurons c. Schwann cells d. Astrocytes
Which of these is not a type of epithelial tissue? a. Simple cuboidal and stratified columnar b. Bone and cartilage c. Stratified squamous and simple squamous d. Pseudostratified and transitional e. All of these are epithelial tissues.
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the walls of the urinary bladder to provide it with the ability to distend? a. Simple cuboidal epithelium b. Transitional epithelium c. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium
Without melanocytes, skin would a. Be too thin. b. Lack nerves. c. Not tan. d. Not be waterproof.
Which of the following is a function of skin? a. Temperature regulation b. Manufacture of vitamin D c. Protection from invading pathogens d. All of these are correct.
Which system helps control pH balance? a. Digestive b. Urinary c. Respiratory d. Both b and c are correct
What features do all connective tissues have in common?
Which type of membrane is found lining systems open to the outside environment, such as the respiratory system? a. Serous b. Mucous c. Synovial d. Meningeal
Which allows rapid change in one direction and does not achieve stability? a. Homeostasis b. Positive feedback c. Negative feedback d. All of these are correct
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? a. Uterine contractions increase as labor progresses. b. Insulin decreases blood sugar levels after a meal is eaten. c. Sweating increases as body temperature drops. d. Platelets continue to plug an opening in a blood vessel until blood
Explain why skeletal muscle is voluntary and cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are involuntary?
What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue? Briefly describe the structure and function of each,
How are epithelial tissues classified? Describe each major type, and give at least one location for each type and the reason why it is found in that location,
Explain why the skin is sometimes referred to as the integumentary system?
Referring to Figuring 4.12, list each organ system, the major organs, major functions of each, and how each aids in homeostasis,
What organs of the body are found in the thoracic cavity? The abdominal cavity?
List the types of membranes found in the body, their functions, and their locations?
Would you support charging higher insurance premiums or taxes to people who don't practice a healthy lifestyle?
Would you be helping your health if you decided to eat mackerel every day and drink two glasses of red wine with it? Why or why not?
Should public funding be used for prevention programs if money could be saved in the future?
What would be some difficulties in trying to determine the true cause of the "French paradox'?
The public does subsidize health care that disproportionately benefits the less healthy, so do you believe that financial interest trumps personal freedom in this matter? Why or why not?
What are the two parts of the cardiovascular system, and what are the functions of each part?
Explain why skeletal muscle contraction has an effect on venous flow but not arterial flow?
Distinguish between the two cardiovascular pathways?
Trace the pathway of blood to and from the brain in the systemic circuit?
Describe the process by which nutrients are exchanged for wastes across a capillary, using glucose and carbon dioxide as examples?
What is the most probable association between high blood pressure and a heart attack? With this association in mind, what type of diet might help prevent a heart attack?
Match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once. Key: a. Venules b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Arteries e. Arterioles Drain blood from capillaries
Match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once. a. Venules b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Arteries e. Arterioles Empty into capillaries
Match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once. Key: a. Venules b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Arteries e. Arterioles May contain valves
Match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once. Key: a. Venules b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Arteries e. Arterioles Take blood away from the heart
Match the descriptions to the blood vessel in the key. Answers may be used more than once. Key: a. Venules b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Arteries e. Arterioles Sites for exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid
Explain where exchanges occur in the body and the importance of those exchanges?
When the atria contract, the blood flows a. Into the attached blood vessels. b. Into the ventricles. c. Through the atrioventricular valves. d. To the lungs. e. Both b and c are correct.
Which of these associations is mismatched? a. Left ventricle-aorta b. Right ventricle-pulmonary trunk c. Right atrium-vena cava d. Left atrium-pulmonary artery e. Both b and c are incorrectly matched.
Which statement is not correct concerning the heartbeat? a. The atria contract at the same time. b. The ventricles relax at the same time. c. The AV valves open at the same time. d. The semilunar valves open at the same time. e. First the right side contracts; then the left side contracts.
Accumulation of plaque in an artery wall is a. An aneurysm. b. Angina pectoris. c. Atherosclerosis. d. Hypertension. e. A thromboembolism.
Label the following diagram of the cardiovascular system using this alphabetized list:AortaCarotid arteryIliac arteryIliac veinInferior vena cavaJugular veinMesenteric arteriesHepatic portal veinHepatic veinPulmonary arteryPulmonary veinRenal ArteryRenal VeinSuperior vena cava
Which of the three types of blood vessels are most numerous? Explain.
Describe the structure of the heart, including the chambers and valves?
What is the function of the septum in the heart? What would happen if the heart had no septum?
Trace the path of blood through the heart, including chambers, vessels is the blood travels through,
Describe the cardiac cycle, using the terms systole and diastole. What are the roles of the SA node and the AV node in the cardiac cycle?
Distinguish between the internal and external controls of the heartbeat. Explain how an ECG relates to the cardiac cycle?
In what vessel is the blood pressure the highest? The lowest? In what vessel is blood flow rate the fastest? The slowest7 Why are the pressure and rate in the capillaries important to capillary function?
As a medical researcher what other areas of the blood-clotting pathway would you target for inhibition to decrease the risks of stroke?
Why would individuals be restricted from donating if they have had a sexually-transmitted disease in the past 12 months, even if they have been treated?
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