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medical sciences
biology
Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology 14th edition David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis - Solutions
Distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system.
Trace the path of blood through the pulmonary circuit.
Explain why the alveoli normally do not fill with fluid.
Describe the aorta, and name its principal branches.
List and discuss changes in the aging cardiovascular system.
Draw a heart and label the chambers and valves.
List the vessels through which blood flows from the aorta to the myocardium and back to the right atrium.
Given the way capillary blood flow is regulated, do you think it is wiser to rest or to exercise following a heavy meal? Cite a reason for your answer.
Why is injecting a substance into the skin like injecting it into the lymphatic system?
Describe the primary functions of lymph.
Why does vaccination provide long-lasting protection against disease, whereas gamma globulin (IgG) provides only short-term protection?
Draw a lymph node, and label its parts.
On a drawing of the body locate the major body regions containing lymph nodes.
Explain the functions of a lymph node.
Indicate the locations of the thymus and spleen.
Compare and contrast the functions of the thymus and spleen.
Trace the general pathway of lymph from the interstitial spaces to the bloodstream.
Define species resistance.
Distinguish among the chemical barriers (interferons, defensins, collectins, and complement proteins), and give examples of their different actions.
List the major effects of inflammation and explain why each occurs.
List possible causes of fever, and explain the benefits of fever.
Distinguish between an antigen and a hapten.
How can removal of enlarged lymph nodes for microscopic examination aid in diagnosing certain diseases?
Define done of lymphocytes.
Explain the cellular immune response including the activation of T cells.
Define cytokine.
List three types of T cells, and describe the function of each in the immune response.
Explain the humoral immune response, including the activation of B cells.
Draw and label the parts of an antibody molecule.
Distinguish between the variable region and the constant region of an antibody molecule.
Match the types of antibodies with their function and/or where each is found.
Describe three ways in which an antibody's direct attack on an antigen helps remove that antigen.
List the various effects of complement activation.
Contrast a primary and a secondary immune response.
Contrast active and passive immunity.
Explain how a vaccine produces its effect.
Explain the relationship between an allergic reaction and an immune response.
Describe how an immediate-reaction allergic response may occur.
List the major events leading to a delayed-reaction allergic response.
What functions of the lymphatic system would be affected in a person born without a thymus?
Explain the relationship between autoimmunity and an immune response.
Explain the causes for a decline in the strength of the immune response in the elderly.
Explain why physical exercise promotes lymphatic circulation.
The immune response is specific, diverse, and has memory. Give examples of each of these characteristics.
Explain how a lymphatic obstruction leads to edema.
Describe the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal.
Discuss the functions of the mouth and its parts.
Distinguish among lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal tonsils.
Compare the primary and secondary teeth.
Discuss the digestive functions of saliva.
Describe the locations of the major salivary glands.
Explain how secretions of the salivary glands differ.
Name and locate the three major regions of the pharynx.
List the major parts of the alimentary canal, then separately list the accessory organs of the digestive system.
Discuss the mechanism of swallowing.
Describe the structure of the stomach.
List the components of gastric juice, and describe the function of each component.
Describe the mechanism that controls the emptying of the stomach.
Explain the mechanism of vomiting.
Describe the location of the pancreas and the pancreatic duct.
Explain how pancreatic secretions are regulated.
How would removal of 95% of the stomach (subtotal gastrectomy) to treat severe ulcers or cancer affect digestion and absorption? How would the patients have to alter eating habits? Why? Do you think that people should have this type of surgery to treat life-threatening obesity?
Describe the structure of the liver.
List the major functions of the liver.
Explain how gallstones form.
Explain the regulation of bile release.
Describe the location of the parts of the small intestine.
Describe the functions of the intestinal villi.
Match the organ or gland with the enzyme(s) it secretes. Enzymes may be used more than once. An organ or gland may secrete more than one enzyme.
Contrast the composition of the four layers in the wall of the alimentary canal.
Explain the regulation of the secretions of the small intestine.
Discuss absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, electrolytes, and water from substances in the small intestine.
Explain control of the movement of the intestinal contents.
Describe the locations of the parts of the large intestine.
Explain the general functions of the large intestine.
How does digestive function change with age?
What are the effects of altered rates of absorption, due to aging, in the small intestine?
Distinguish between mixing movements and propelling movements.
Why might a person with inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) also develop inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)?
If a person decided to avoid eating meat and other animal products, such as milk, cheese, and eggs, what foods might be included in the diet to provide essential amino acids?
Explain how fats may provide energy.
Review the major functions of cholesterol.
Define deamination, and explain its importance.
Which of the diets described in the following chart would be most appropriate for an athlete training for a triathlon (biking, swimming, running event)? What is a problem with all of these diets for such a person?
Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins.
Explain why a protein deficiency may accompany edema.
Explain how the caloric values of foods are determined.
Define basal metabolic rate.
List some of the factors that affect the BMR.
Distinguish among desirable weight, overweight, and obesity.
Match the vitamins with their general functions, and indicate if the vitamin is fat-soluble or water- soluble. Functions may be used more than once, and more than one function may be applied to a vitamin.
Match the minerals/elements with their functions, and indicate whether each is a major mineral or a trace element required for nutrition. Functions may be used more than once, and more than one function may be applied to a mineral or trace element.
Explain various methods to eat an adequate diet.
Contrast primary and secondary malnutrition.
Discuss bodily changes during starvation.
Distinguish among marasmus, kwashiorkor, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia.
Name some medical conditions that affect the ability to obtain adequate nutrition as a person ages.
Using nutrient tables, calculate the number of grams of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein that you eat in a typical day. and the total eateries in these foods. Suggest ways to improve your diet.
List the general functions of the respiratory system.
Certain respiratory disorders, such as emphysema, reduce the capacity of the lungs to recoil elastically. Which respiratory volumes will this condition affect? Explain the impact on gas exchange.
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