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medical sciences
biology
Human Biology 13th edition Sylvia S. Marder, Michael Windelspecht - Solutions
Label this diagram of the human respiratory tract?
Describe the structure of an alveolus, and explain how it is suited for gas exchange?
What are the steps of inspiration and expiration? How is breathing controlled?
Using Figure 9.9, list and define the volumes and capacities of air movement?
Describe what occurs during external respiration, using two important equations. What is the driving force for the gas exchange?
Describe what occurs during internal respiration, using two important equations. What is the driving force for the gas exchange?
Describe several upper and lower respiratory tract disorders (other than cancer). If appropriate, explain why breathing is difficult with these conditions?
List the steps by which lung cancer develops?
What is the role of the prostate in the male reproductive system?
Why is it possible to grow bladders in the lab, but not a kidney?
Given how alpha-blockers function, what other applications might they have in humans?
What do you think are some possible extensions of this technology in other parts of the body?
What might be the difference between the levels of water soluble and fat-soluble chemicals in the urine?
Why does diabetes result in high levels of glucose in the urine?
In what ways do the four functions of the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?
Explain how the process of dialysis cleanses the blood?
Which of these is found in the renal medulla? a. Loop of the nephron. b. Collecting ducts. c. Peritubular capillaries. d. All of these are correct.
Which of these functions of the kidneys are mismatched? a. Excretes metabolic wastes-rids the body of urea. b. Maintains the water-salt balance-helps regulate blood pressure. c. Maintains the acid-base balance-rids the body of uric acid. d. Secretes hormones-secretes erythropoietin. e. All of these
Which of the following is not correct? a. Uric acid is produced from the breakdown of amino acids. b. Creatinine is produced from breakdown reactions in the muscles. c. Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste of humans. d. Ammonia results from the deamination of amino acids.
When tracing the path of filtrate, the loop of the nephron follows which structure? a. Collecting duct. b. Distal convoluted tubule. c. Proximal convoluted tubule. d. Glomerulus. e. Renal pelvis.
When tracing the path of blood, the blood vessel that follows the renal artery is the a. Peritubular capillary. b. Efferent arteriole. c. Afferent arteriole. d. Renal vein. e. Glomerulus.
The function of the descending limb of the loop of the nephron in the process of urine formation isa. Reabsorption of water.b. Production of filtrate.c. Reabsorption of solutes.d. Secretion of solutes.
Which of the following materials would not be maximally reabsorbed from the filtrate? a. Water b. Glucose c. Sodium ions d. Urea e. Amino acids
Reabsorption of the glomerular filtrate occurs primarily at the a. Proximal convoluted tubule. b. Distal convoluted tubule. c. Loop of the nephron. d. Collecting duct.
Describe the path of urine and the structure and function of each organ mentioned?
Sodium is actively extruded from which part of the nephron?a. Descending portion of the proximal convoluted tubuleb. Ascending portion of the loop of the nephron.c. Ascending portion of the distal convoluted tubule.d. Descending portion of the collecting duct.
Which of these hormones is most likely to directly cause a drop in blood pressure? a. Aldosterone b. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. Erythropoietin d. Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
The presence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes an individual to excrete? a. Sugars. b. Less water. c. More water. d. Both a and c are correct.
To lower blood acidity. a. Hydrogen ions are excreted and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. b. Hydrogen ions are reabsorbed and bicarbonate ions are excreted. c. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. d. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted. e. Urea, uric acid, and ammonia are
The function of erythropoietin is? a. Reabsorption of sodium ions. b. Excretion of potassium ions. c. Reabsorption of water. d. To stimulate red blood cell production. e. To increase blood pressure.
Label this diagram of a nephron.
What is the role of the prostate in the male reproductive system? Discuss.
Describe the macroscopic structure of the kidney. How does the structure aid in the function?
Trace the path of blood into and out of the kidney. Why is the kidney so highly vascularized?
Name the parts of a nephron, and describe the structure of each part?
Why would it be proper to associate glucose with the first two processes invoked in urine formation, glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, but not the third process, tubular secretion?
Explain how hypertonic urine can be formed, detailing where and how salt and water move, and the influence of hormones on the process?
Describe three ways that the body maintains the acid-base balance of body fluids?
How do the kidneys assist other body systems?
Why do you think that compact bones are most often found by forensic investigators?
How does an examination of bone ossification provide an indication of age?
What specifically in a joint does rheumatoid arthritis target?
How may long-term digestive system problems promote the chances of developing osteoporosis?
Why are individuals at risk for osteoporosis encouraged to increase their exercise regimes, including toad-bearing exercises?
What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
Name the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb?
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints, and what type of movement do cartilaginous joints have?
Describe the different types of movements made by synovial joints?
What is the function of osteoclasts and why are they needed?
Provide the rationale for the four steps of bone repair?
Spongy bone a. Contains osteons. b. Contains red bone marrow, where blood cells ate formed. c. Weakens bones. d. Takes up most of a leg bone. e. All of these are correct.
The bone cell responsible for breaking down bone tissue is the___, whereas the bone cell that produces new bone tissue is the______.a. Osteoclast, osteoblastb. Osteocyte, osteoclastc. Osteoblast, osteocyted. Osteocyte, osteoblaste. Osteoc last, osteocyte
All blood cells-red, white, and platelets-are produced by which of the following? a. Yellow bone marrow b. Red bone marrow c. Periosteum d. Medullary cavity
This bone is the only movable bone of the skull. a. Sphenoid b. Frontal c. Mandible d. Maxilla e. Temporal
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?a. Production of blood cellsb. Storage of mineralsc. Involved in movementd. Storage of fate. Production of body heat
Which of the following is not a bone of the appendicular skeleton? a. The scapula b. A rib c. A metatarsal bone d. The patella
Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. A growth plate occurs between the primary ossification center and a secondary center. b. Each temporal bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear. c. Intervertebral disks are composed of fibrocartilage. d. Bone cells are rigid and hard
Indicate whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). The pectoral girdle is specialized for weight bearing and the pelvic girdle is specialized for flexibility of movement?
Indicate whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). Bones synthesize vitamin D for the body?
Indicate whether the statement is hue (T) or false (F). Bones store minerals and fat?
Differentiate between compact and spongy bone?
Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage. Where can it be found in the body?
List the bones that make up the cranium and the face?
What are the types of vertebrae, and how many of each are there?
Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb?
Considering that botulism is caused by a preformed toxin, how do you suppose it can be treated?
Do you think companies should be allowed to patent a naturally occurring molecule like botulinum toxin? Why or why not?
Should recognitions such as admission to the Hall of Fame be denied to athletes if steroid abuse is alleged but cannot be proven?
At the level of the muscle fiber, how does exercise increase muscle strength?
At the level of the sarcomere, explain what is happening during the onset of rigor mortis?
Do you believe the techniques athletes use to train and enhance performance should be regulated? If so, who can or should enforce regulation?
How might an overly ambitious workout damage muscle fibers?
Which muscle types would obtain rigor mortis first, cardiac, smooth, or skeletal?
What are the characteristics of the three types of muscles in the human body? Where is each type found?
Impulses that move doom the T system of a muscle fiber most directly cause a. Movement of tropomyosin. b. Attachment of the cross bridges to myosin. c. Release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. d. Splitting of ATP.
Which of the following statements about cross-bridges is false? a. They are composed of myosin. b. They bind to ATP after they detach from actin. c. They contain an ATPase. d. They split ATP before they attach to actin.
Which statement about sarcormere contraction is incorrect? a. The A bands shorten. b. The 11 zones shorten. c. The l bands shorten. d. The sarcormeres shorten.
The th ick filaments of a muscle fiber are made up of a. Actin. b. Troponin. c. Fascia. d. Myosin.
As ADP and p are released from a myosin head, a. Actin filaments move toward the H zone. b. Myosin cross-bridges pull the thin laments. c. A sarcomere shortens. d. Only a and c are correct. e. All of these are correct.
When muscles contract, a. Sarcomeres increase in length. b. Actin breaks down ATP. c. Myosin slides past actin. d. The H zone disappears. e. Calcium is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Nervous stimulation of muscles a. Occurs at a neuromuscular junction. b. Results in an impulse that travels down the T system. c. Causes calcium to be released from expanded regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. d. All of these are correct.
Lack of calcium in muscles a. Results in no contraction. b. Causes weak contraction. c. Causes strong contraction. d. Has no effect. e. None of these correct.
Give an example to show that skeletal muscles work in antagonistic pairs? Explain.
Can you identify the structures of a neuron in Figure 13Aa and b?
What are the three functions of the nervous system?
What are association areas, and what roles do they play?
What is the limbic system? What are the two main parts and their functions?
Describe the various types of memory?
What types of nerves make up the PNS? How many of each type are there, and what areas of the body do each serve7
Distinguish between the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems as to structure, effectors, neurotransmitters, and functions?
Trace the path of a reflex arc?
Describe the physiological effects and mode of action of alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and marijuana?
What type of neuron lies completely in the CNS? a. Motor neuron b. Interneuron c. Sensory neuron
Which of the following neuron parts receive/s signals from sensory receptors of other neurons? a. Cell body b. Axon c. Dendrites d. Both a and c are correct
What are the functions performed by the three types of neurons? Describe the structure and functions of the three parts of a neuron?
The neuroglial cells that form myelin sheaths in the PNS are a. oligodendrocytes. b. ganglionic cells. c. Schwann cells. d. astrocytes. e. microglia.
Which of these correctly describes the distribution of ions on either side of an axon when it is not conducting a nerve signal? a. More sodium ions (Na+) outside and more potassiumions (K+) inside b. More K+ outside and less Na+ inside c. Charged protein outside; Na+ and K+ inside d. Na+ and K+
When the action potential begins, sodium gates open, allowing Na+ to cross the membrane. Now the polarity changes to a. Negative outside and positive inside. b. Positive outside and negative inside. c. Neutral outside and positive inside. d. All of these are correct.
Repolarization of an axon during an action potential is produced by a. Inward diffusion of Na+. b. Outward diffusion of K+. c. Inward active transport of Na+. d. Active extrusion of K+.
Transmission of the nerve signal across a synapse is accomplished by the a. Movement of Na+ and K+. b. Release of a neurotransmitter by a dendrite. c. Release of a neurotransmitter by an axon. d. Release of a neurotransmitter by a cell body. e. All of these are correct.
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