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physics
modern physics
Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions
How many red wavelengths (λ = 705 nm) tall are you?
An electric charge on the x axis oscillates sinusoidally about the origin. A distant observer is located at a point on the + z axis. (a) In what direction will the electric field oscillate at the observer's location? (b) In what direction will the magnetic field oscillate at the observer's
A cell phone transmits at a frequency of 1.94 × 109 Hz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave used by this phone?
If a microwave oven produces electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 2.45 GHz, what is their wavelength?
Under normal conditions, humans radiate electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of about 9.0 microns.(a) What is the frequency of these waves?(b) To what portion of the electromagnetic spectrum do these waves belong?
Ultraviolet light is typically divided into three categories. UV-A, with wavelengths between 400 nm and 320 nm, has been linked with malignant melanomas. UV-B radiation, which is the primary cause of sunburn and other skin cancers, has wavelengths between 320 nm and 280 nm. Finally, the region
Normal radiofrequency waves cannot penetrate more than a few meters below the surface of the ocean. One method of communicating with submerged submarines uses very low frequency (VLF) radio waves. What is the wavelength (in air) of a 10.0-kHz VLF radio wave?
When an electromagnetic wave travels from one medium to another with a different speed of propagation, the frequency of the wave remains the same. Its wavelength, however, changes. (a) If the wave speed decreases, does the wavelength increase or decrease? Explain. (b) Consider a case where the
(a) Which color of light has the higher frequency, red or violet? (b) Calculate the frequency of blue light with a wavelength of 470 nm, and red light with a wavelength of 680 nm.
ULF (ultra low frequency) electromagnetic waves, produced in the depths of outer space, have been observed with wavelengths in excess of 29 million kilometers. What is the period of such a wave?
A television is tuned to a station broadcasting at a frequency of 2.04 × 108 Hz. For best reception, the rabbit-ear antenna used by the TV should be adjusted to have a tip-to-tip length equal to half a wavelength of the broadcast signal. Find the optimum length of the antenna.
An AM radio station's antenna is constructed to be λ/4 tall, where λ is the wavelength of the radio waves. How tall should the antenna be for station broadcasting at a frequency of 810 kHz?
An electric charge on the y axis oscillates sinusoidally about the origin. A distant observer is located at a point on the +x axis. (a) In what direction will the electric field oscillate at the observer's location? (b) In what direction will the magnetic field oscillate at the observer's
As you drive by an AM radio station, you notice a sign saying that its antenna is 112 m high. If this height represents one quarter-wavelength of its signal, what is the frequency of the station?
Find the difference in wavelength (λ1 - λ2) for each of the following pairs of radio waves:(a) f1 = 50 kHz and f2 = 52 kHz,(b) f1 = 500 kHz and f2 = 502 kHz.
In one portion of a synchrotron, electrons traveling at 2.99 × 108 m/s enter a region of uniform magnetic field with a strength of 0.599 T. (a) What is the acceleration of an electron in this region? (Ignore the effects of relativity.) (b) The largest amount of light is emitted by the
If the rms value of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave is doubled, (a) By what factor does the rms value of the magnetic field change? (b) By what factor does the average intensity of the wave change?
The radiation pressure exerted by beam of light 1 is half the radiation pressure of beam of light 2. If the rms electric field of beam 1 has the value E0, what is the rms electric field in beam 2?
The maximum magnitude of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave is 0.0675 V/m. What is the maximum magnitude of the magnetic field in this wave?
What is the rms value of the electric field in a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave that has a maximum electric field of 99 V/m?
The magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave has a peak value given by B = 2.9μT. For this wave, find (a) The peak electric field strength, (b) The peak intensity, (c) The average intensity.
What is the maximum value of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave whose maximum intensity is 7.55 W/m2?
What is the maximum value of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave whose average intensity is 7.55 W/m2?
Give the direction (N, S, E, W, up, or down) of the missing quantity for each of the four electromagnetic waves listed in Table 25-1.In table 25-1
Electromagnetic wave 1 has a maximum electric field of E0 = 52 V/m, and electromagnetic wave 2 has a maximum magnetic field of B0 = 1.5 μT.(a) Which wave has the greater intensity?(b) Calculate the intensity of each wave.
A 75-kW radio station broadcasts its signal uniformly in all directions. (a) What is the average intensity of its signal at a distance of 250 m from the antenna? (b) What is the average intensity of its signal at a distance of 2500 m from the antenna?
At what distance will a 45-W lightbulb have the same apparent brightness as a 120-W bulb viewed from a distance of 25 m? (Assume that both bulbs convert electrical power to light with the same efficiency, and radiate light uniformly in all directions.)
What is the ratio of the sunlight intensity reaching Pluto compared with the sunlight intensity reaching Earth? (On average, Pluto is 39 times as far from the Sun as is Earth.)
In the following, assume that lightbulbs radiate uniformly in all directions and that 5.0% of their power is converted to light. (a) Find the average intensity of light at a point 2.0 m from a 120-W red lightbulb (λ = 710 nm). (b) Is the average intensity 2.0 m from a 120-W blue lightbulb (λ =
A 7.7-mW laser produces a narrow beam of light. How much energy is contained in a 1.0-m length of its beam?
What length of a 7.7-mW laser's beam will contain 9.5 mJ of energy?
After filtering through the atmosphere, the Sun's radiation illuminates Earth's surface with an average intensity of 1.0 kW/m2. Assuming this radiation strikes the 15-m × 45-m black, flat roof of a building at normal incidence calculate the average force the radiation exerts on the roof.
(a) Find the electric and magnetic field amplitudes in an electromagnetic wave that has an average energy density of 1.0 J/m3.(b) By what factor must the field amplitudes be increased if the average energy density is to be doubled to 2.0 J/m3?
Some of the most powerful lasers in the world are used in nuclear fusion experiments. The NOVA laser produced 40.0 kJ of energy in a pulse that lasted 2.50 ns, and the NIF laser produces a 20.0-ns pulse with 4.20 MJ of energy. (a) Which laser produces more energy in each pulse? (b) Which laser
Give the direction (±x, ±y, ±z) of the missing quantity for each of the four electromagnetic waves listed in Table 25-2.In table 25-2
You are standing 2.5 m from a 150-W lightbulb.(a) If the pupil of your eye is a circle 5.0 mm in diameter, how much energy enters your eye per second? (Assume that 5.0% of the lightbulb's power is converted to light.)(b) Repeat part (a) for the case of a 1.0-mm-diameter laser beam with a power of
A 0.75-mW laser emits a narrow beam of light that enters the eye, as shown in FIGURE 25-41.In Figure 25-41(a) How much energy is absorbed by the eye in 0.2 s? (b) The eye focuses this beam to a tiny spot on the retina, perhaps 5.0 mm in diameter. What is the average intensity of light (in W/cm2)
Find the rms electric and magnetic fields at a point 2.50 m from a lightbulb that radiates 115 W of light uniformly in all directions.
A 0.50-mW laser produces a beam of light with a diameter of 1.5 mm. (a) What is the average intensity of this beam? (b) At what distance does a 150-W lightbulb have the same average intensity as that found for the laser beam in part (a)? (Assume that 5.0% of the bulb's power is converted to
A laser emits a cylindrical beam of light 3.4 mm in diameter. If the average power of the laser is 2.5 mW, what is the rms value of the electric field in the laser beam?
(a) If the laser in Problem 64 shines its light on a perfectly absorbing surface, how much energy does the surface receive in 12 s? (b) What is the radiation pressure exerted by the beam? In Problem 64 A 0.50-mW laser produces a beam of light with a diameter of 1.5 mm.
Each pulse produced by an argon-fluoride excimer laser used in PRK and LASIK ophthalmic surgery lasts only 10.0 ns but delivers an energy of 2.50 mJ. (a) What is the power produced during each pulse? (b) If the beam has a diameter of 0.850 mm, what is the average intensity of the beam during each
A pulsed laser produces brief bursts of light. One such laser emits pulses that carry 0.350 J of energy but last only 225 fs. (a) What is the average power during one of these pulses? (b) Assuming the energy is emitted in a cylindrical beam of light 2.00 mm in diameter calculate the average
Consider the two polarization experiments shown in FIGURE 25-42.In figure 25-42(a) If the incident light is unpolarized, is the transmitted intensity in case A greater than, less than, or the same as the transmitted intensity in case B?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. The
Consider the two polarization experiments shown in Figure 25-42.In figure 25-42(a) If the incident light is polarized in the horizontal direction, is the transmitted intensity in case A greater than, less than, or the same as the transmitted intensity in case B? (b) Choose the best explanation from
Three electromagnetic waves have electric and magnetic fields pointing in the directions shown in FIGURE 25-37. For each of the three cases, state whether the wave propagates in the +x, -x, +y, -y, +z, or -z direction.In figure 25-37
An incident beam of light with an intensity I0 passes through a polarizing filter whose transmission axis is at an angle θ to the vertical. As the angle is changed from θ = 0 to θ = 90°, the intensity as a function of angle is given by one of the curves in FIGURE 25-43. Give the color
Vertically polarized light with an intensity of 0.55 W/m2 passes through a polarizer whose transmission axis is at an angle of 85.0° with the vertical. What is the intensity of the transmitted light?
A person riding in a boat observes that the sunlight reflected by the water is polarized parallel to the surface of the water. The person is wearing polarized sunglasses with the polarization axis vertical. If the wearer leans at an angle of 21.5° to the vertical, what fraction of the reflected
Unpolarized light passes through two polarizers whose transmission axes are at an angle of 30.0° with respect to each other. What fraction of the incident intensity is transmitted through the polarizers?
In Problem 73, what should be the angle between the transmission axes of the polarizers if it is desired that one-tenth of the incident intensity be transmitted? In Problem 73 Unpolarized light passes through two polarizers whose transmission axes are at an angle of 30.0° with respect to each
Unpolarized light is incident with intensity I0 on a polarizer whose transmission axis is vertical, as in Figure 25-26. It then falls on an analyzer whose transmission axis is at an angle u to the vertical. Which of the graphs in FIGURE 25-44 depicts the transmitted intensity as u is changed from
A beam of vertically polarized light encounters two polarizing filters, as shown in FIGURE 25-45.In Figure 25-45(a) Rank the three cases, A, B, and C, in order of increasing transmitted intensity. Indicate ties where appropriate. (b) Calculate the transmitted intensity for each of the cases in
Repeat Problem 76, this time assuming that the polarizers to the left in Figure 25-45 are at an angle of 22.5° to the vertical rather than 45°. The incident intensity is again 55.5 W/m2.In Figure 25-45In Repeat Problem 76, (a) Rank the three cases, A, B, and C, in order of increasing
Optically active molecules have the property of rotating the direction of polarization of linearly polarized light. Many biologically important molecules have this property, some causing a counterclockwise rotation (negative rotation angle), others causing a clockwise rotation (positive rotation
A helium-neon laser emits a beam of unpolarized light that passes through three Polaroid filters, as shown in FIGURE 25-46.In Fig 25-46The intensity of the laser beam is I0. (a) What is the intensity of the beam at point A? (b) What is the intensity of the beam at point B? (c) What is the
The light-year (ly) is a unit of distance commonly used in astronomy. It is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in one year.(a) Express 1 ly in km.(b) Express the speed of light, c, in units of ly per year.(c) Express the speed of light in feet per nanosecond.
Referring to Figure 25-46, suppose that filter 3 is at a general angle θ with the vertical, rather than the angle 90°.In Fig 25-46(a) Find an expression for the transmitted intensity as a function of θ.(b) Plot your result from part (a), and determine the maximum transmitted intensity.(c)
Suppose the magnitude of the electric field in an electromagnetic wave is doubled.(a) By what factor does the magnitude of the magnetic field change?(b) By what factor does the maximum intensity of the wave change?
If "sailors" of the future use radiation pressure to propel their ships, should the surfaces of their sails be absorbing or reflecting? Explain.
A typical medical X-ray has a frequency of 1.50 × 1019 Hz. What is the wavelength of such an X-ray?
In radiofrequency (RF) ablation, a small needle is inserted into a cancerous tumor. When radiofrequency oscillating currents are sent into the needle, ions in the neighboring tissue respond by vibrating rapidly, causing local heating to temperatures as high as 100 °C. This kills the cancerous
At a particular instant of time, a light beam traveling in the positive z direction has an electric field given by E̅ = (6.22 N/C)x` + (2.87 N/C)y`. The magnetic field in the beam has a magnitude of 2.28 × 10-8 T at the same time.(a) Does the magnetic field at this time have a z component that is
A light beam traveling in the negative z direction has a magnetic field B̅ = (13.02 × 10-9 T)x` + (-5.28 × 10-9 T)y` at a given instant of time. The electric field in the beam has a magnitude of 1.82 N/C at the same time.(a) Does the electric field at this time have a z component that is
FIGURE 25-47 shows four polarization experiments in which unpolarized incident light passes through two polarizing filters with different orientations. Rank the four cases in order of increasing amount of transmitted light. Indicate ties where appropriate.In Fig 25-47
During a thunderstorm a bolt of lightning strikes 2.41 km away from you. (a) How much time elapses between when the lightning strikes and when the light reaches your eyes? (b) If the speed of sound is 343 m/s, how much time elapses before the sound of thunder reaches your ears?
One of the experiments placed on the Moon's surface by Apollo 11 astronauts was a reflector that is used to measure the Earth-Moon distance with high accuracy. A laser beam on Earth is bounced off the reflector, and its roundtrip travel time is recorded. If the travel time can be measured to within
Alpha Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, is 4.3 ly away. How far is this in meters?
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an altitude of 422 km. (a) What is its orbital speed? (b) What is the speed of a receiving antenna on Earth's equator? (c) Suppose the ISS is moving directly toward the antenna, and the antenna is moving directly away from the ISS. If the ISS
Suppose the distance to the fixed mirror in Figure 25-39 is decreased to 20.5 km.In Fig 25-39(a) Should the angular speed of the rotating mirror be increased or decreased to ensure that the experiment works as described in Problem 16?(b) Find the required angular speed, assuming the speed of light
Consider the physical situation illustrated in Figure 25-41.In Fig 25-41(a) Is Erms in the incident laser beam greater than, less than, or the same as Erms where the beam hits the retina? Explain.(b) If the intensity of the beam at the retina is equal to the damage threshold, 1.0 × 10-2 W/cm2,
Experiments show that the ground spider Drassodes cupreus uses one of its several pairs of eyes as a polarization detector. In fact, the two eyes in this pair have polarization directions that are at right angles to one another. Suppose linearly polarized light with an intensity of 775 W/m2 shines
A state highway patrol car radar unit uses a frequency of 9.00 × 109 Hz. What frequency difference will the unit detect from a car approaching a parked patrol car with a speed of 28.6 m/s?
What is the ratio of the sunlight intensity reaching Mercury compared with the sunlight intensity reaching Earth? (On average, Mercury's distance from the Sun is 0.39 that of Earth's.)
What area is needed for a solar collector to absorb 45.0 kW of power from the Sun's radiation if the collector is 75.0% efficient? (At the surface of Earth, sunlight has an average intensity of 1.00 × 103 W/m2.)
Light in the near-infrared (close to visible red) can penetrate surprisingly far through human tissue, a fact that is being used to "illuminate" the interior of the brain in a noninvasive technique known as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In this procedure, illustrated in FIGURE 25-48, an
Three polarizers are arranged as shown in Figure 25-46. If the incident beam of light is unpolarized and has an intensity of 1.60 W/m2, find the transmitted intensityIn figure 25-46(a) When θ2 = 25.0° and θ3 = 50.0°,(b) When θ2 = 50.0° and θ3 = 25.0°.
Glare Reduction The light that reaches a person's eyes is a combination of 625 W/m2 of unpolarized light and 282 W/m2 of horizontally polarized light. The person puts on sunglasses that are ideal polarizers with a vertical transmission axis, but also darkening lenses that absorb 33.0% of all light.
The photograph in FIGURE 26-56 shows eyedroppers partially immersed in oil (left) and water (right). Explain why the dropper is invisible in the oil.In figure 26-56
The top of FIGURE 26-57 shows the words SECRET CODE written in different colors. If you place a cylindrical rod of glass or plastic just above the words, you find that SECRET appears inverted, but CODE does not. Explain.In figure 26-57
Two plane mirrors meet at right angles at the origin, as indicated in Figure 26-54. Suppose an L-shaped object has the position and orientation labeled B. Draw the location and orientation of all the images of object B formed by the two mirrors.In figure 26-54
Dish receivers for satellite TV always use the concave side of the dish, never the convex side. Explain.
When light propagates from one medium to another, does it always bend toward the normal? Explain.
When you observe a mirage on a hot day, what are you actually seeing when you gaze at the "pool of water" in the distance?
A laser beam is reflected by a plane mirror. It is observed that the angle between the incident and reflected beams is 28°. If the mirror is now rotated so that the angle of incidence increases by 5.0°, what is the new angle between the incident and reflected beams?
If you view a clock in a mirror, as in FIGURE 26-60, do the hands rotate clockwise or counterclockwise?In figure 26-60
A convex lens with ƒ1 = 20.0 cm is mounted 40.0 cm to the left of a concave lens. When an object is placed 30.0 cm to the left of the convex lens, a real image is formed 60.0 cm to the right of the concave lens. What is the focal length ƒ2 of the concave lens?
Two thin lenses, with focal lengths ƒ1 and ƒ2, are placed in contact. What is the effective focal length of the double lens?
When an object is placed a distance do in front of a curved mirror, the resulting image has a magnification m. Find an expression for the focal length of the mirror, ƒ, in terms of do and m.
Give a symbolic expression for the sideways displacement d of a light ray passing through the slab of glass shown in FIGURE 26-77. The thickness of the glass is t, its index of refraction is n, and the angle of incidence is θ.In FIGURE 26-77
A beam of light propagates from point A in medium 1 to point B in medium 2, as shown in FIGURE 26-78. The index of refraction is different in these two media; therefore, the light follows a refracted path that obeys Snell's law.In FIGURE 26-78(a) Calculate the time required for light to travel from
The ray of light shown in FIGURE 26-79 passes from medium 1 to medium 2 to medium 3. The index of refraction in medium 1 is n1, in medium 2 it is n2 > n1, and in medium 3 it is n3 > n2. Show that medium 2 can be ignored when calculating the angle of refraction in medium 3; that is, show that n1 sin
A beam of light enters the sloping side of a 45°-90°-45° glass prism with an index of refraction n = 1.66. The situation is similar to that shown in Figure 26-68, except that the angle of incidence of the incoming beam can be varied.In figure 26-68(a) Find the angle of incidence for which
A converging lens with a focal length in air of ƒ = +5.25 cm is made from ice. What is the focal length of this lens if it is immersed in benzene? A. -20.7 cm B. -18.1 cm C. -12.8 cm D. -11.2 cm
A diverging lens with ƒ = -12.5 cm is made from ice. What is the focal length of this lens if it is immersed in ethyl alcohol? A. 102 cm B. 105 cm C. 118 cm D. 122 cm
Calculate the focal length of a lens in water, given that the index of refraction of the lens is nlens = 1.52 and its focal length in air is 25.0 cm. A. 57.8 cm B. 66.0 cm C. 91.0 cm D. 104 cm
A 13.5-foot-long, nearsighted python is stretched out perpendicular to a plane mirror, admiring its reflected image. If the greatest distance to which the snake can see clearly is 28.0 ft, how close must its head be to the mirror for it to see a clear image of its tail?
Suppose a lens is made from fused quartz (glass), and that its focal length in air is -7.75 cm. What is the focal length of this lens if it is immersed in benzene? A. -130 cm B. 134 cm C. 141 cm D. -145 cm
Suppose the radius of curvature of the mirror is 5.0 cm.(a) Find the object distance that gives an upright image with a magnification of 1.5.(b) Find the object distance that gives an inverted image with a magnification of -1.5.
An object is 4.5 cm in front of the mirror. (a) What radius of curvature must the mirror have if the image is to be 2.2 cm in front of the mirror? (b) What is the magnification of the image? (c) If the object is moved closer to the mirror, does the magnification of the image increase in magnitude,
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