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physics
modern physics

Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions

The Picard approaches star-base Faraway Point with a speed of 0.806c, and the La Forge approaches the star-base with a speed of 0.906c. Suppose the Picard now launches a probe toward the star-base. (a) What velocity must the probe have relative to the Picard if it is to be at rest relative to the
Faraway Point star-base launches a probe toward the approaching starships. The probe has a velocity relative to the Picard of -0.906c. The Picard approaches star-base Faraway Point with a speed of 0.806c, and the La Forge approaches the star-base with a speed of 0.906c. (a) What is the velocity of
How does Planck's hypothesis of energy quantization resolve the "ultraviolet catastrophe"?
How can an understanding of blackbody radiation allow us to determine the temperature of distant stars?
A source of light is monochromatic. What can you say about the photons emitted by this source?
Why does the existence of a cutoff frequency in the photoelectric effect argue in favor of the photon model of light?
The blackbody spectrum of blackbody A peaks at a longer wavelength than that of blackbody B. (a) Is the temperature of blackbody A higher than or lower than the temperature of blackbody B? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. Blackbody A has the higher temperature because
An incandescent light-bulb contains a tungsten filament that reaches a temperature of about 3020 K, roughly half the surface temperature of the Sun. (a) Treating the filament as a blackbody, determine the frequency for which its radiation is a maximum. (b) Do you expect the light-bulb to radiate
For light emitted from a different vent, the energy of a photon at the peak frequency is 0.160 eV. What is the temperature of the vent, assuming this vent is also a black body? a. 160 °C b. 280 °C c. 380 °C d. 660 °C
An X-ray photon with ( = 0.6500 nm scatters from an electron, giving the electron a kinetic energy of 7.750 eV.(a) Is the scattering angle of the photon greater than, less than, or equal to 152°?(b) Find the scattering angle?
An X-ray photon with ( = 0.6500 nm scatters from an electron. The wavelength of the scattered photon is 0.6510 nm.(a) Is the scattering angle in this case greater than, less than, or equal to 152°?(b) Find the scattering angle?
An oxygen molecule (O2) vibrates with an energy identical to that of a single particle of massm = 1.340 Ã— 10-26 kg attached to a spring with a force constant of k = 1215 N / m. The energy levels of the system are uniformly spaced, as indicated in FIGURE 30-25, with a separation given by
A source of red light, a source of green light, and a source of blue light each produce beams of light with the same power. Rank these sources in order of increasing (a) Wavelength of light, (b) Frequency of light, and (c) Number of photons emitted per second. Indicate ties where appropriate?
A source of red light has a higher wattage than a source of green light. (a) Is the energy of photons emitted by the red source greater than, less than, or equal to the energy of photons emitted by the green source? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The photons emitted by
A source of yellow light has a higher wattage than a source of blue light. (a) Is the number of photons emitted per second by the yellow source greater than, less than, or equal to the number of photons emitted per second by the blue source? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the
Light of a particular wavelength does not eject electrons from the surface of a given metal. (a) Should the wavelength of the light be increased or decreased in order to cause electrons to be ejected? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The photons have too little energy to
Light of a particular wavelength and intensity does not eject electrons from the surface of a given metal. Can electrons be ejected from the metal by increasing the intensity of the light? Explain.
When people visit the local tanning salon, they absorb photons of ultraviolet (UV) light to get the desired tan. What are the frequency and wavelength of a UV photon whose energy is 5.9 × 10-19 J?
An AM radio station operating at a frequency of 810 kHz radiates 290 kW of power from its antenna. How many photons are emitted by the antenna every second?
A photon with a wavelength of less than 50.4 nm can ionize a helium atom. What is the ionization potential of helium?
Betelgeuse, a red-giant star in the constellation Orion, has a peak in its radiation at a frequency of 1.82 × 1014 Hz. What is the surface temperature of Betelgeuse?
A flashlight emits 2.9 W of light energy. Assuming a frequency of 5.2 × 1014 Hz for the light, determine the number of photons given off by the flashlight per second?
Light of frequency 9.95 × 1014 Hz ejects electrons from the surface of silver. If the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons is 0.180 × 10-19 J, what is the work function of silver?
The work function of platinum is 6.35 eV. What frequency of light must be used to eject electrons from a platinum surface with a maximum kinetic energy of 2.88 × 10-19 J?
(a) How many 350-nm (UV) photons are needed to provide a total energy of 2.5 J? (b) How many 750-nm (red) photons are needed to provide the same energy?
(a) How many photons per second are emitted by a monochromatic light-bulb (( = 650 nm) that emits 45 W of power? (b) If you stand 15 m from this bulb, how many photons enter each of your eyes per second? Assume your pupil is 5.0 mm in diameter and that the bulb radiates uniformly in all directions?
The energy required to separate a hydrogen molecule into its individual atoms is 104.2 kcal per mole of H2.(a) If the dissociation energy for a single H2 molecule is provided by one photon, determine its frequency and wavelength.(b) In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum does the photon
(a) How many photons are emitted per second by a He-Ne laser that emits 2.2 mW of power at a wavelength ( = 632.8 nm? (b) What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves emitted by a He-Ne laser?
You have two light-bulbs of different power and color, as indicated in FIGURE 30-26. One is a 150-W red bulb, and the other is a 40-W blue bulb.(a) Which bulb emits more photons per second?(b) Which bulb emits photons of higher energy?(c) Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by each
The maximum wavelength an electromagnetic wave can have and still eject an electron from a copper surface is 264 nm. What is the work function of a copper surface?
Aluminum and calcium have photoelectric work functions of WAl = 4.08 eV and WCa = 2.87 eV, respectively.(a) Which metal requires higher-frequency light to produce photoelectrons? Explain.(b) Calculate the minimum frequency that will produce photoelectrons from each surface?
The average surface temperature of Earth is 288 K. What is the wavelength of the most intense radiation emitted by Earth into outer space? This radiation plays a major role in the cooling of the surface and atmosphere at night.
Two beams of light with different wavelengths ((A > (B) are used to produce photoelectrons from a given metal surface.(a) Which beam produces photoelectrons with greater kinetic energy? Explain.(b) Find Kmax for cesium (W0 = 2.14 eV) if (A = 620 nm and (B = 410 nm?
Zinc and cadmium have photoelectric work functions given by WZn = 4.33 eV and WCd = 4.22 eV, respectively. (a) If both metals are illuminated by UV radiation of the same wavelength, which one gives off photoelectrons with the greater maximum kinetic energy? Explain. (b) Calculate the maximum
White light, with frequencies ranging from 4.00 × 1014 Hz to 7.90 × 1014 Hz, is incident on a barium surface. Given that the work function of barium is 2.52 eV, find(a) The maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from this surface and(b) The range of frequencies for which no electrons are
Electromagnetic waves, with frequencies ranging from 4.00 × 1014 Hz to 9.00 × 1016 Hz, are incident on an aluminum surface. Given that the work function of aluminum is 4.08 eV, find(a) The maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from this surface and(b) The range of frequencies for which no
Platinum has a work function of 6.35 eV, and iron has a work function of 4.50 eV. Light of frequency 1.88 × 1015 Hz ejects electrons from both of these surfaces.(a) From which surface will the ejected electrons have a greater maximum kinetic energy? Explain.(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy
When light with a frequency ƒ1 = 547.5 THz illuminates a metal surface, the most energetic photoelectrons have 1.260 × 10-19 J of kinetic energy. When light with a frequency ƒ2 = 738.8 THz is used instead, the most energetic photoelectrons have 2.480 × 10-19 J of kinetic energy. Using these
Owls have large, sensitive eyes for good night vision. Typically, the pupil of an owl's eye can have a diameter of 8.5 mm (as compared with a maximum diameter of about 7.0 mm for humans). In addition, an owl's eye is about 100 times more sensitive to light of low intensity than a human eye,
A child with a fever has an innerear temperature of 37.9 °C. Treat the eardrum as a blackbody with a radius of 2.5 mm.(a) At what frequency ƒpeak is the most intense radiation emitted by the ear?(b) At what rate is energy emitted by the child's ear into surroundings with the temperature 293 K?
The photons used in microwave ovens have a momentum of 5.1 × 10-33 kg ( m / s. (a) What is their wavelength? (b) How does the wavelength of the microwaves compare with the size of the holes in the metal screen on the door of the oven?
What speed must an electron have if its momentum is to be the same as that of an X-ray photon with a wavelength of 0.25 nm?
The Sun has a surface temperature of about 5800 K. At what frequency does the Sun emit the most radiation?
What is the wavelength of a photon that has the same momentum as an electron moving with a speed of 1500 m/s?
What is the frequency of a photon that has the same momentum as a neutron moving with a speed of 1200 m/s?
A hydrogen atom, initially at rest, emits an ultraviolet photon with a wavelength of ( = 122 nm. What is the recoil speed of the atom after emitting the photon?
A blue-green photon (( = 486 nm) is absorbed by a free hydrogen atom, initially at rest. What is the recoil speed of the hydrogen atom after absorbing the photon?
A hydrogen atom, initially at rest, absorbs an ultraviolet photon with a wavelength of ( = 102.6 nm. What is the atom's final speed if it now emits an identical photon in a direction that is(a) Perpendicular or(b) Opposite to the direction of motion of the original photon?
A plutonium atom with a mass of 4.05 × 10-25 kg emits a gamma photon with a wavelength of 0.0282 nm from its nucleus. What is the recoil speed of the atom after emitting the photon?
A person with a surface temperature of 35 °C emits about 1.36 × 1022 photons per second into an environment at 20 °C. Suppose the person has a mass of 70.0 kg and stands on a frictionless surface. Find the recoil speed of the person after 1.00 h assuming all the photons are emitted in the same
Lasers can cool a group of atoms by slowing them down, because the slower the atoms, the lower their temperature (see Equation 17-12). A rubidium atom of mass 1.42 × 10−25 kg and speed 212 m/s undergoes laser cooling when it absorbs a photon of wavelength 781 nm that is traveling in a direction
A laser produces a 5.00-mW beam of light, consisting of photons with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. (a) How many photons are emitted by the laser each second? (b) The laser beam strikes a black surface and is absorbed. What is the change in the momentum of each photon that is absorbed? (c) What force
A laser produces a 7.50-mW beam of light, consisting of photons with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. (a) How many photons are emitted by the laser each second? (b) The laser beam strikes a mirror at normal incidence and is reflected. What is the change in momentum of each reflected photon? Give the
(a) What is the frequency of the most intense radiation emitted by your body? Assume a skin temperature of 91 °F. (b) What is the wavelength of this radiation?
(a) An X-ray photon scatters from a free electron at an angle u from its initial direction of motion. As the scattering angle u increases, does the change in wavelength Δ ( of the photon increase, decrease, or remain the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. A larger
An X-ray photon has 38.0 keV of energy before it scatters from a free electron, and 33.5 keV after it scatters. What is the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron?
In the Compton effect, an X-ray photon scatters from a free electron. Find the change in the photon's wavelength if it scatters at an angle of(a) u = 30.0°,(b) u = 90.0°, and(c) u = 180.0° relative to the incident direction?
An X-ray scattering from a free electron is observed to change its wavelength by 3.03 pm. At what angle to the incident direction does the scattered X-ray move?
The maximum Compton shift in wavelength occurs when a photon is scattered through 180°. What scattering angle will produce a wavelength shift of one-fourth the maximum?
Consider two different photons that scatter through an angle of 180° from a free electron. One is a visible-light photon with ( = 520 nm, the other is an X-ray photon with ( = 0.030 nm.(a) Which (if either) photon experiences the greater change in wavelength as a result of the scattering?
An X-ray photon with a wavelength of 0.240 nm scatters from a free electron at rest. The scattered photon moves at an angle of 125° relative to its incident direction. Find(a) The initial momentum and(b) The final momentum of the photon?
An X-ray photon scatters from a free electron at rest at an angle of 115° relative to the incident direction.(a) If the scattered photon has a wavelength of 0.320 nm, what is the wavelength of the incident photon?(b) Determine the energy of the incident and scattered photons.(c) Find the kinetic
A photon has an energy E and wavelength ( before scattering from a free electron. After scattering through a 135° angle, the photon's wavelength has increased by 10.0%. Find the initial wavelength and energy of the photon?
Find the direction of propagation of the scattered electron in Problem 53, given that the incident X-ray has a wavelength of 0.525 nm and propagates in the positive x direction?
Outer space is filled with a sea of photons, created in the early moments of the universe. The frequency distribution of this "cosmic background radiation" matches that of a blackbody at a temperature near 2.7 K. (a) What is the peak frequency of this radiation? (b) What is the wavelength that
(a) As you accelerate your car away from a stoplight, does the de Broglie wavelength of the car increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. The de Broglie wavelength will increase because the momentum of the car has increased.II. The momentum of
By what factor does the de Broglie wavelength of a particle change if(a) Its momentum is doubled or(b) Its kinetic energy is doubled? Assume the particle is non-relativistic.
A particle with a mass of 6.69 × 10-27 kg has a de Broglie wavelength of 7.42 pm. What is the particle's speed?
What speed must a neutron have if its de Broglie wavelength is to be equal to the interionic spacing of table salt (0.282 nm)?
A 71-kg jogger runs with a speed of 4.2 m/s. If the jogger is considered to be a particle, what is her de Broglie wavelength?
Find the kinetic energy of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is 2.5 Å?
A beam of neutrons with a de Broglie wavelength of 0.250 nm diffracts from a crystal of table salt, which has an interionic spacing of 0.282 nm.(a) What is the speed of the neutrons?(b) What is the angle of the second interference maximum?
An electron and a proton have the same speed.(a) Which has the longer de Broglie wavelength? Explain.(b) Calculate the ratio ((e / (p)?
An electron and a proton have the same de Broglie wavelength.(a) Which has the greater kinetic energy? Explain.(b) Calculate the ratio of the electron's kinetic energy to the kinetic energy of the proton?
A researcher uses laser cooling (see Problem 47) to build an atomic trap that contains rubidium atoms of mass 1.42 × 10-25 kg. If the atoms are separated by 75 nm on average, what speed should they have so that their de Broglie wavelengths are equal to their average separation? (In general,
(a) By what factor does the peak frequency change if the Kelvin temperature of an object is doubled from 20.0 K to 40.0 K? (b) By what factor does the peak frequency change if the Celsius temperature of an object is doubled from 20.0 °C to 40.0 °C?
Diffraction effects become significant when the width of an aperture is comparable to the wavelength of the waves being diffracted.(a) At what speed will the de Broglie wavelength of a 65-kg student be equal to the 0.76-m width of a doorway?(b) At this speed, how much time will it take the student
A particle has a mass m and an electric charge q. The particle is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V. What is the particle's de Broglie wavelength, expressed in terms of m, q, and V?
A baseball (0.15 kg) and an electron both have a speed of 38 m/s Find the uncertainty in position of each of these objects, given that the uncertainty in their speed is 5.0%?
The uncertainty in position of a proton confined to the nucleus of an atom is roughly the diameter of the nucleus. If this diameter is 5.7 × 10-15 m, what is the uncertainty in the proton's momentum?
The measurement of an electron's energy requires a time interval of 1.0 × 10-8 s. What is the smallest possible uncertainty in the electron's energy?
An excited state of a particular atom has a mean lifetime of 0.60 × 10-9 s, which we may take as the uncertainty Δt. What is the minimum uncertainty in any measurement of the energy of this state?
A quantum well is a region of semiconductor or metal film that confines particles to a small region, resulting in quantized energies that are useful for the operation of a variety of electronic devices. If an electron in a quantum well is confined to an area that is 510 nm wide, what is the
The uncertainty in an electron's position is 0.010 nm.(a) What is the minimum uncertainty Δp in its momentum?(b) What is the kinetic energy of an electron whose momentum is equal to this uncertainty (Δp = p)?
The uncertainty in a proton's position is 0.010 nm.(a) What is the minimum uncertainty Δp in its momentum?(b) What is the kinetic energy of a proton whose momentum is equal to this uncertainty (Δp = p)?
An electron has a momentum p ≈ 1.7 × 10-25 kg ( m / s. What is the minimum uncertainty in its position that will keep the relative uncertainty in its momentum (Δp / p) below 1.0%?
Albireo in the constellation Cygnus, which appears as a single star to the naked eye, is actually a beautiful double-star system, as shown in FIGURE 30-24. The brighter of the two stars is referred to as A (or Beta-01 Cygni), with a surface temperature of TA = 4700 K; its companion is B (or Beta-02
Suppose you perform an experiment on the photoelectric effect using light with a frequency high enough to eject electrons. If the intensity of the light is increased while the frequency is held constant, describe whether the following quantities increase, decrease, or stay the same: (a) The maximum
Suppose you perform an experiment on the photoelectric effect using light with a frequency high enough to eject electrons. If the frequency of the light is increased while the intensity is held constant, describe whether the following quantities increase, decrease, or stay the same: (a) The maximum
An electron that is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V0 has a de Broglie wavelength (0. What potential difference will double the electron's wavelength? (Express your answer in terms of V0.)
Studies have shown that some people can detect 545-nm light with as few as 100 photons entering the eye per second. What is the power delivered by such a beam of light?
You want to construct a photocell that works with visible light. Three materials are readily available: aluminum (W0 = 4.08 eV), lead (W0 = 4.25 eV), and cesium (W0 = 2.14 eV). Which material (s) would be suitable?
The latent heat for converting ice at 0 °C to water at 0 °C is 80.0 kcal/kg.(a) How many photons of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz must be absorbed by a 1.0-kg block of ice at 0 °C to melt it to water at 0 °C?(b) How many molecules of H2O can one photon convert from ice to water?
A microwave oven can heat 205 mL of water from 20.0 °C to 90.0 °C in 2.00 min. If the wavelength of the microwaves is ( = 12.2 cm, how many photons were absorbed by the water? (Assume no loss of heat by the water.)
At the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, laser pulses of 532-nm light containing 0.115 J of energy are aimed at the Moon. (a) How many photons of light are in each pulse? (b) The laser pulse spreads out to a spot of radius 2.0 km at the Moon's surface. The retro reflector mirror array left by
Light with a frequency of 1.14 × 1015 Hz ejects electrons from the surface of sodium, which has a work function of 2.28 eV. What is the minimum de Broglie wavelength of the ejected electrons?
An electron moving with a speed of 2.1 × 106 m / s has the same momentum as a photon. Find (a) The de Broglie wavelength of the electron and (b) The wavelength of the photon.
Halogen light-bulbs allow their filaments to operate at a higher temperature than the filaments in standard incandescent bulbs. For comparison, the filament in a standard light-bulb operates at about 2900 K, whereas the filament in a halogen bulb may operate at 3400 K.(a) Which bulb has the higher
Fireflies are often said to give off "cold light." Given that the peak in a firefly's radiation occurs at about 5.4 × 1014 Hz, determine the temperature of a blackbody that would have the same peak frequency. From your result, would you say that firefly radiation is well approximated by blackbody
When light with a wavelength of 545 nm shines on a metal surface, electrons are ejected with speeds of 3.10 × 105 m / s or less.(a) Give a strategy that allows you to use the preceding information to calculate the work function and cutoff frequency for this surface.(b) Carry out your strategy and

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