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physics
modern physics

Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions

Lightning As a crude model for lightning, consider the ground to be one plate of a parallel-plate capacitor and a cloud at an altitude of 550 m to be the other plate. Assume the surface area of the cloud to be the same as the area of a square that is 0.50 km on a side.(a) What is the capacitance of
A parallel-plate capacitor is made from two aluminum-foil sheets, each 3.00 cm wide and 10.0 m long. Between the sheets is a mica strip of the same width and length that is 0.0225 mm thick. What is the maximum charge that can be stored in this capacitor?
Calculate the work done by a 9.0-V battery as it charges a 7.2-(F capacitor in the flash unit of a camera?
An automatic external defibrillator (AED) delivers 135 J of energy at a voltage of 725 V. What is the capacitance of this device?
The membrane of a living cell can be approximated by a parallel-plate capacitor with plates of area 4.75 × 10-9 m2, a plate separation of 8.5 × 10-9 m, and a dielectric with a dielectric constant of 4.5.(a) What is the energy stored in such a cell membrane if the potential difference across it is
A capacitor with plate area 0.0440 m2 and plate separation 85.0 (m is to be charged to 12.0 V and store 7.50 (J of energy. What should be the dielectric constant of the material between the plates?
Find the electric energy density between the plates of a 225-(F parallel-plate capacitor. The potential difference between the plates is 345 V, and the plate separation is 0.223 mm?
When an ion accelerates through a potential difference of -1880 V, its electric potential energy increases by 6.02 × 10-16 J. What is the charge on the ion?
What electric field strength would store 17.5 J of energy in every 1.00 mm3 of space?
An electronic flash unit for a camera contains a capacitor with a capacitance of 750 (F. When the unit is fully charged and ready for operation, the potential difference between the capacitor plates is 360 V.(a) What is the magnitude of the charge on each plate of the fully charged capacitor?(b)
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates with an area of 405 cm2 and an air-filled gap between the plates that is 2.25 mm thick. The capacitor is charged by a battery to 575 V and then is disconnected from the battery.(a) How much energy is stored in the capacitor?(b) The separation between the plates
A proton is released from rest in a region of space with a nonzero electric field.(a) As the proton moves, does the electric potential energy of the system increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation:I. As the proton begins to move, its kinetic energy increases. The
The plates of a parallel-plate capacitor have constant charges of +Q and -Q. Do the following quantities increase, decrease, or remain the same as the separation of the plates is increased?(a) The electric field between the plates;(b) The potential difference between the plates;(c) The
A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery that maintains a constant potential difference V between the plates. If the plates of the capacitor are pulled farther apart, do the following quantities increase, decrease, or remain the same?(a) The electric field between the plates;(b) The
The plates of a parallel-plate capacitor have constant charges of +Q and -Q. Do the following quantities increase, decrease, or remain the same as a dielectric is inserted between the plates?(a) The electric field between the plates;(b) The potential difference between the plates;(c) The
A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery that maintains a constant potential difference V between the plates. If a dielectric is inserted between the plates of the capacitor, do the following quantities increase, decrease, or remain the same?(a) The electric field between the plates;(b)
Find the difference in electric potential, ΔV = VB - VA, between the points A and B for the following cases:(a) The electric field does 0.052 J of work as you move a +5.7-(C charge from A to B.(b) The electric field does -0.052 J of work as you move a -5.7-(C charge from A to B.(c) You perform
A 0.32-(F capacitor is charged by a 1.5-V battery. After being charged, the capacitor is connected to a small electric motor. Assuming 100% efficiency, (a) To what height can the motor lift a 7.5-g mass? (b) What initial voltage must the capacitor have if it is to lift a 7.5-g mass through a height
The Earth has a vertical electric field with a magnitude of approximately 100 V/m near its surface. What is the magnitude of the potential difference between a point on the ground and a point on the same level as the top of the Washington Monument (555 ft high)?
A charge of 22.5 (C is located at (4.40 m, 6.22 m), and a charge of -14.2 (C is located at (-4.50 m, 6.75 m). What charge must be located at (2.23 m, -3.31 m) if the electric potential is to be zero at the origin?
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom what is the smallest amount of work that must be done on the electron to move it from its circular orbit, with a radius of 0.529 × 10-10 m, to an infinite distance from the proton? This value is referred to as the ionization energy of hydrogen.
A +1.2-(C charge and a -1.2-(C charge are placed at (0.50 m, 0), and (-0.50 m, 0), respectively.(a) In FIGURE 20-37, at which of the points A, B, C, or D is the electric potential smallest in value? At which of these points does it have its greatest value? Explain.(b) Calculate the electric
How much work is required to bring three protons, initially infinitely far apart, to a configuration where each proton is 1.5 × 10-15 m from the other two? (This is a typical separation for protons in a nucleus.)
A point charge Q = +87.1 (C is held fixed at the origin. A second point charge, with mass m = 0.0576 kg and charge q = -2.87 (C, is placed at the location (0.323 m, 0).(a) Find the electric potential energy of this system of charges.(b) If the second charge is released from rest, what is its speed
An electron is at rest just above the surface of a sphere with a radius of 2.7 mm and a uniformly distributed positive charge of 1.8 × 10-15 C. Like a rocket blasting off from the Earth, the electron is given an initial speed (e radially outward from the sphere. If the electron coasts to infinity,
According to the quark model of fundamental particles, neutrons-the neutral particles in an atom's nucleus-are composed of three quarks. Two of these quarks are "down" quarks, each with a charge of -e>3; the third quark is an "up" quark, with a charge of +2e>3. This gives the neutron a net charge
A parallel-plate capacitor is charged to an electric potential of 305 V by moving 3.75 × 1016 electrons from one plate to the other. How much work is done in charging the capacitor?
The three charges shown in Figure 20-33 are held in place as a fourth charge, q, is brought from infinity to the point P. The charge q starts at rest at infinity and is also at rest when it is placed at the point P.Figure 20-33,(a) If q is a positive charge, is the work required to bring it to the
(a) In Figure 20-36 we see that the electric potential increases by 10.0 V as one moves 4.00 cm in the positive x direction. Use this information to calculate the x component of the electric field. (Ignore the y direction for the moment.)Figure 20-36,(b) Apply the same reasoning as in part (a) to
A uniform electric field with a magnitude of 6860 N/C points in the positive x direction. Find the change in electric potential energy when a +14.5-(C charge is moved 5.75 cm in(a) The positive x direction,(b) The negative x direction, and(c) The positive y direction?
The electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus) is an aggressive fish, 1.0 m in length, found today in tropical Africa. The catfish is capable of generating jolts of electricity up to 350 V by producing a positively charged region of muscle near the head and a negatively charged region near the
Many electric cars can capture the kinetic energy of the car and store it in a capacitor or a battery by means of an electric generator. If a 1380-kg electric car brakes from 11.0 m/s to rest and charges a capacitor to 202 V, what capacitance is needed to store all of the car's kinetic energy?
Many computer keyboards operate on the principle of capacitance. As shown in Figure 20-18, each key forms a small parallel-plate capacitor whose separation is reduced when the key is depressed.Figure 20-18,(a) Does depressing a key increase or decrease its capacitance? Explain.(b) Suppose the
A point charge of mass 0.081 kg and charge +6.77 (C is suspended by a thread between the vertical parallel plates of a parallel-plate capacitor, as shown in FIGURE 20-38.Figure 20-38,(a) If the charge deflects to the right of vertical, as indicated in the figure, which of the two plates is at the
Many cells in the body have a cell membrane whose inner and outer surfaces carry opposite charges, just like the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor. Suppose a typical cell membrane has a thickness of 8.1 × 10-9 m, and its inner and outer surfaces carry charge densities of -0.58 × 10-3 C/m2 and
Every cell in the body has organelles called mitochondria that can generate a voltage difference between their interior and exterior. (a) If the capacitance of a mitochondrion is 4.3 × 10-11 F and the potential difference between the interior and exterior is 0.18 V, how much electrical energy does
Long, long ago, on a planet far, far away, a physics experiment was carried out. First, a 0.250-kg ball with zero net charge was dropped from rest at a height of 1.00 m. The ball landed 0.552 s later. Next, the ball was given a net charge of 7.75 (C and dropped in the same way from the same height.
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford developed a planetary model of the atom, in which a small positively charged nucleus is orbited by electrons. The model was motivated by an experiment carried out by Rutherford and his graduate students, Geiger and Marsden. In this experiment, they fired alpha particles
(a) One of the -Q charges in Figure 20-34 is given an outward "kick" that sends it off with an initial speed (0 while the other three charges are held at rest. If the moving charge has a mass m, what is its speed when it is infinitely far from the other charges?Figure 20-34,(b) Suppose the
Figure 20-38 shows a charge q = + 6.77 (C with a mass m = 0.081 kg suspended by a thread of length L = 0.022 m between the plates of a capacitor.Figure 20-38,(a) Plot the electric potential energy of the system as a function of the angle u the thread makes with the vertical. (The electric field
Explain why birds can roost on high-voltage wires without being electrocuted?
Explain how electrical devices can begin operating almost immediately after you throw a switch, even though individual electrons in the wire may take hours to reach the device?
A flashlight bulb carries a current of 0.38 A for 98 s. How much charge flows through the bulb in this time? How many electrons?
When a potential difference of 12 V is applied to a given wire, it conducts 0.45 A of current. What is the resistance of the wire?
A 15.0-V battery is connected to terminals A and B in Figure 21-52.Figure 21-52,(a) Given that C = 15.0 (F, find the charge on each of the capacitors.(b) Find the total energy stored in this system.(c) If the 7.22-(F capacitor is increased in value, will the total energy stored in the circuit
When two resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in series across a 6.0-V battery, the potential difference across R1 is 4.0 V. When R1 and R2 are connected in parallel to the same battery, the current through R2 is 0.45 A. Find the values of R1 and R2?
The circuit shown in FIGURE 21-62 is known as a Wheatstone bridge. Find the value of the resistor R such that the current through the 85.0-Î© resistor is zero?Figure 21-62,
Suppose the voltmeter measures a potential difference of 3.70 V across the resistor. What is the current that flows through the person's body? a. 3.70 × 10-6 A b. 5.00 × 10-5 A c. 0.0740 A d. 3.70 A
What is the resistance of the person and footwear when the voltmeter reads 3.70 V?a. 1.25 × 107 b. 1.35 × 107c. 4.63 × 107d. 1.71 × 108
The resistance of a given person and footwear is 4.00 × 107. What is the reading on the voltmeter when this person is tested? a. 0.976 V b. 1.22 V c. 1.25 V d. 50.0
The standard specifies that footwear should be tested three times: with the person standing on only the left shoe; with the person standing on only the right shoe; and with the person standing on the pair. Do you expect the resistance of the person standing on the left shoe alone to be larger than,
Suppose the three resistors in this circuit have the values R1 = 100.0(, R2 = 200.0(, and R3 = 300.0(, and the emf of the battery is 12.0 V. (The resistor numbers are given in the Interactive Figure.)(a) Find the potential difference across each resistor.(b) Find the current that flows through
Suppose R1 = R2 = 225( and R3 = R. The emf of the battery is 12.0 V. (The resistor numbers are given in the Interactive Figure.)(a) Find the value of R such that the current supplied by the battery is 0.0750 A.(b) Find the value of R that gives a potential difference of 2.65 V across resistor 2?
Suppose the resistance of the 126-( resistor is reduced by a factor of 2. The other resistor is 275 (, the capacitor is 182 (F, and the battery has an emf of 3.00 V.(a) Does the final value of the charge on the capacitor increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) Does the time for the
The tungsten filament of a light-bulb has a resistance of 0.07 Ω. If the filament is 27 cm long, what is its diameter?
Suppose the capacitance of the 182-(F capacitor is reduced by a factor of 2. The two resistors are 126 and 275 , and the battery has an emf of 3.00 V. (a) Find the final value of the charge on the capacitor. (b) Does the time for the capacitor to charge to 80.0% of its final value increase,
A wire is made out of aluminum with a cross-sectional area of 5.25 × 10−4 m2 and a length of 65 km. What is its resistance?
In a tDCS treatment procedure, 0.85 mA of current flows through a patient's brain when there is a 7.4-V potential difference between the electrodes. What is the equivalent resistance between the electrodes?
The four conducting cylinders shown in FIGURE 21-38 are all made of the same material, though they differ in length and/or diameter. They are connected to four different batteries, which supply the necessary voltages to give the circuits the same current, I. Rank the four voltages, V1, V2, V3, and
A bird lands on a bare copper wire carrying a current of 32 A. The wire is 6 gauge, which means that its cross-sectional area is 0.13 cm2.(a) Find the difference in potential between the bird's feet, assuming they are separated by a distance of 6.0 cm.(b) Will your answer to part (a) increase or
A current of 0.86 A flows through a copper wire 0.74 mm in diameter when it is connected to a potential difference of 15 V. How long is the wire?
A typical cell membrane is 8.0 nm thick and has an electrical resistivity of 1.3 × 107 Ω ( m.(a) If the potential difference between the inner and outer surfaces of a cell membrane is 75 mV, how much current flows through a square area of membrane 1.0 (m on a side?(b) Suppose the thickness of the
When a potential difference of 12 V is applied to a wire 6.9 m long and 0.33 mm in diameter, the result is an electric current of 2.1 A. What is the resistivity of the wire?
(a) What is the resistance per meter of a gold wire with a cross-sectional area of 1.6 × 10-7 m2?(b) Would your answer to part (a) increase, decrease, or stay the same if the diameter of the wire were increased? Explain.(c) Repeat part (a) for a wire with a cross-sectional area of 2.2 × 10-7 m2.
A car battery does 360 J of work on the charge passing through it as it starts an engine.(a) If the emf of the battery is 12 V, how much charge passes through the battery during the start?(b) If the emf is doubled to 24 V while the work remains the same, does the amount of charge passing through
The interior of the human body has an electrical resistivity of 0.15 Ω ( m. (a) Estimate the resistance for current flowing the length of your index finger. (For this calculation, ignore the much higher resistivity of your skin.) (b) Your muscles will contract when they carry a current greater
Consider a rectangular block of metal of height A, width B, and length C, as shown in FIGURE 21-39. If a potential difference V is maintained between the two A Ã— B faces of the block, a current IAB is observed to flow. Find the current that flows if the same potential difference V is applied
Light A has four times the power rating of light B when operated at the same voltage.(a) Is the resistance of light A greater than, less than, or equal to the resistance of light B? Explain.(b) What is the ratio of the resistance of light A to the resistance of light B?
Two light-bulbs operate on the same potential difference. Bulb A has four times the power output of bulb B.(a) Which bulb has the greater current passing through it? Explain.(b) What is the ratio of the current in bulb A to the current in bulb B?
Two light-bulbs operate on the same current. Bulb A has four times the power output of bulb B.(a) Is the potential difference across bulb A greater than or less than the potential difference across bulb B? Explain.(b) What is the ratio of the potential difference across bulb A to that across bulb B?
A 65-V generator supplies 4.8 kW of power. How much current does the generator produce?
A portable CD player operates with a current of 18 mA at a potential difference of 4.3 V. What is the power usage of the player?
Find the power dissipated in a 22-Ω electric heater connected to a 120-V outlet?
The current in a 120-V reading lamp is 2.6 A. If the cost of electrical energy is $0.075 per kilowatt-hour, how much does it cost to operate the light for an hour?
Circuit A in a house has a voltage of 208 V and is limited by a 40.0-A circuit breaker. Circuit B is at 120.0 V and has a 20.0-A circuit breaker. What is the ratio of the maximum power delivered by circuit A to that delivered by circuit B?
Highly sensitive ammeters can measure currents as small as 10.0 fA. How many electrons per second flow through a wire with a 10.0-fA current?
A 65-W light-bulb operates on a potential difference of 95 V. Find (a) The current in the bulb and (b) The resistance of the bulb. (c) If this bulb is replaced with one whose resistance is half the value found in part (b), is its power rating greater than or less than 65 W? By what factor?
Car batteries are rated by the following two numbers: (1) Cranking amps = current the battery can produce for 30.0 seconds while maintaining a terminal voltage of at least 7.2 V and (2) Reserve capacity = number of minutes the battery can produce a 25-A current while maintaining a terminal voltage
A dozen identical light-bulbs are connected to a given emf.(a) Will the lights be brighter if they are connected in series or in parallel?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. When connected in parallel each bulb experiences the maximum emf and dissipates the maximum power.II.
A circuit consists of three resistors, R1 < R2 < R3, connected in series to a battery. Rank these resistors in order of increasing(a) Current through them and(b) Potential difference across them. Indicate ties where appropriate?
Two resistors are connected in parallel. (a) If a third resistor is now connected in parallel with the original two, does the equivalent resistance of the circuit increase, decrease, or remain the same? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. Adding a resistor generally tends
What is the minimum number of 88-Ω resistors that must be connected in parallel to produce an equivalent resistance of 12 Ω or less?
Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B for the group of resistors shown in FIGURE 21-40.
A 9.00-V battery is connected across the terminals A and B for the group of resistors shown in Figure 21-40. What is the potential difference across each resistor?
In a string of holiday lights, 50 lights-with a resistance of 13.5 Ω each-are connected in series. (a) If the string of lights is plugged into a 120.0-V outlet, what current flows through it? (b) Three of the lights burn out and activate their shunt resistors, effectively reducing the resistance
Your toaster has a power cord with a resistance of 0.020 Ω connected in series with a 9.6-Ω nichrome heating element. If the potential difference between the terminals of the toaster is 120 V, how much power is dissipated in(a) The power cord and(b) The heating element?
A television set connected to a 120-V outlet consumes 21 W of power.(a) How much current flows through the television?(b) How much time does it take for 10 million electrons to pass through the TV?
A circuit consists of a 12.0-V battery connected to three resistors (37 Ω, 22 Ω, and 141 Ω) in series. Find(a) The current that flows through the battery and(b) The potential difference across each resistor?
Three resistors, 11 Ω, 53 Ω, and R, are connected in series with a 24.0-V battery. The total current flowing through the battery is 0.16 A.(a) Find the value of resistance R.(b) Find the potential difference across each resistor.(c) If the voltage of the battery had been greater than 24.0 V,
A circuit consists of a battery connected to three resistors (65 Ω, 25 Ω, and 170 Ω) in parallel. The total current through the resistors is 2.8 A. Find(a) The emf of the battery and(b) The current through each resistor?
Three resistors, 22 Ω, 67 Ω, and R, are connected in parallel with a 12.0-V battery. The total current flowing through the battery is 0.88 A.(a) Find the value of resistance R.(b) Find the current through each resistor.(c) If the total current in the battery had been greater than 0.88 A, would
A 99-Ω resistor has a current of 0.82 A and is connected in series with a 110-Ω resistor. What is the emf of the battery to which the resistors are connected?
The equivalent resistance between points A and B of the resistors shown in FIGURE 21-41 is 33 Î©. Find the value of resistance R.
Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B shown in FIGURE 21-42.
How many 23-W light-bulbs can be connected in parallel across a potential difference of 92 V before the total current in the circuit exceeds 3.0 A?
The circuit in FIGURE 21-43 includes a battery with a finite internal resistance, r = 0.50 Î©.Figure 21-43,(a) Find the current flowing through the 7.1-Î© and the 3.2-Î© resistors.(b) How much current flows through the battery?(c) What is the potential difference between the terminals of the
A 12-V battery is connected to terminals A and B in Figure 21-41.Figure 21-41,(a) Given that R = 85 Î©, find the current in each resistor.(b) Suppose the value of R is increased. For each resistor in turn, state whether the current flowing through it increases or decreases. Explain.
Pacemakers designed for long-term use commonly employ a lithium-iodine battery capable of supplying 0.42 A ( h of charge.(a) How many coulombs of charge can such a battery supply?(b) If the average current produced by the pacemaker is 5.6 (A, what is the expected lifetime of the device?
The terminals A and B in Figure 21-42 are connected to a 9.0-V battery.Figure 21-42,(a) Find the current flowing through each resistor.(b) Is the potential difference across the 6.3-Î© resistor greater than, less than, or the same as the potential difference across the 1.5-Î© resistor? Explain.
Suppose the battery in Figure 21-43 has an internal resistance r = 0.25 Î©.Figure 21-43,(a) How much current flows through the battery?(b) What is the potential difference between the terminals of the battery?(c) If the 3.2-Î© resistor is increased in value, will the current in the battery

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