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physics
thermodynamics

Thermodynamics for Engineers 1st edition Kenneth A. Kroos, Merle C. Potter - Solutions

A gas mixture of 4 kg of O2, 6 kg of N2, and 8 kg of CO2 is contained at a pressure of 120 kPa and 20 8 C in a rigid container. Calculate: i) The mass fraction of each component ii) The mole fraction of each component iii) The gas constant for this mixtureiv) iv) The amount of heat needed to
The partial pressures in a mixture of N2 and O2 are 40 kPa and 60 kPa, respectively. If the temperature is 30 8C, find the volume of 10 kg of the mixture. How much heat would be required to raise the temperature to 100 8C if the volume is held constant? The initial state is shown in Fig. 11.26.
A mixture contains 4 moles of N2 and 6 moles of O2. If the temperature is 30 8C, find the volume of the mixture if the pressure is 200 kPa. How much heat would be needed to raise the temperature to 100 8C at constant pressure?
A gas mixture of 4 moles of O2, 6 moles of N2, and 8 moles of CO2 are contained at 80 8 F. Calculate: i) The mole fraction of each component ii) The mass fraction of each component iii) The gas constant for this mixture iv) The amount of heat needed to raise the mixture temperature to 200 8F at
Show that the water vapor in atmospheric air does not significantly influence the change in enthalpy if air with water vapor undergoes a temperature change from 20 8C to 400 8C at constant pressure. Consider atmospheric air to be composed of 22.5% oxygen, 76% nitrogen, and 1.5% water vapor (all by
A molar analysis of a mixture of ideal gases contained in an 8-m3 rigid volume at 40 8C shows 60% N2, 30% O2, and 10% H2. Determine the pressure of the 10-kg mixture and the heat transfer needed to raise the temperature to 400 8C.
A gravimetric analysis of a mixture of ideal gases contained at 40 8C and 200 kPa shows 40% N2, 35% O2, and 25% CO2. Determine the volume of the 10-kg mixture and the work required to increase the temperature to 350 8C. The volume is insulated.
A tank at 400 kPa and 25 8 C contains 10 kg of nitrogen and 5 kg of oxygen. The partial pressure of the nitrogen is nearest: (A) 251 kPa (B) 266 kPa (C) 278 kPa (D) 291 kPa
The cylinder of Fig. 11.27 contains a 4-kg mixture of ideal gases at 40 8C and 200 kPa, with a molar analysis of 30% N2, 15% O2, and 55% H2. It undergoes a constant-pressure expansion until the volume doubles. Determine the heat transfer and the entropy change.
A cylinder contains a 10-lbm mixture of ideal gases at 80 8F and 40 psia with a molar analysis of 40% N2, 25% O2, and 35% H2. It undergoes a constant-pressure expansion until the volume doubles to 60 ft 3. Determine the heat transfer and the entropy change.
A mixture of gases at 40 8C and 400 kPa is contained in a cylinder with an initial volume of 0.2 m3. The mixture contains 2 kg of CO2 and 4 kg of air. The pressure is reduced during an isothermal expansion to 100 kPa. Determine the heat transfer and the entropy change for that process.
The insulated rigid mixing chamber of Fig. 11.28 accepts a 4 kg/min flow of O2 at 120 kPa and 40 8C in one inlet and a 6 kg/min flow of N2 at 120 kPa and 120 8C. Estimate the temperature of the exiting mixed flow, which exits at 120 kPa.
An ideal-gas turbine receives a gas mixture which is 70% CO2, 20% O2, and 10% N2 by mass at 600 kPa and 250 8C. The volume flow rate of the entering mixture is 1.5 m 3/s. This mixture exits the turbine at 20 8C. If the turbine is adiabatic, calculate the rate of power production.
A mixture of ideal gases flowing at 50 kg/min is compressed from 100 kPa and 20 8 C to 600 kPa in an insulated compressor. Determine the minimum horsepower requirement if the gravimetric analysis of the mixture is: a) 80% N2 and 20% O2 b) 20% N2 and 80% O2 c) 60% N2, 30% O2, and 10% CO2 d)
A mixture of 40% N2 and 60% O2 by mass enters the insulated nozzle of Fig. 11.29 at 180 8C and 200 kPa with a velocity of 20 m/s. If it exits the nozzle at 60 8C, determine the exiting pressure and velocity.
A mixture of 60% N2 and 40% O2 by mass enters an insulated nozzle at 200 8F and 30 psia with a velocity of 10 fps. If it exits the nozzle at 80 8F, determine the exiting pressure and velocity.
Calculate the relative humidity, the humidity ratio, and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 20 8C, Tdp 5 15 8C, P atm 5 100 kPa b) Tdb 5 30 8C, Tdp 5 20 8C, P atm 5 104 kPa
Calculate the relative humidity, the humidity ratio, and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 90 8F, Tdp 5 60 8F, P atm 5 14.5 psia b) Tdb 5 70 8F, Tdp 5 60 8F, P atm 5 14.7 psia
In what state would you least likely have dew on the grass in a summer morning? (A) Alaska (B) Florida (C) Iowa (D) New Mexico
Determine the humidity ratio and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 20 8C, P atm 5 100 kPa, and f 5 50% b) Tdb 5 40 8C, P atm 5 105 kPa, and f 5 20%
Determine the humidity ratio and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 60 8F, P atm 5 14.7 psia, and f 5 60% b) Tdb 5 120 8F, P atm 5 14.4 psia, and f 5 15%
Determine the relative humidity and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 20 8C, P atm 5 95 kPa, and v 5 0.01 kg v /kg a b) Tdb 5 40 8C, P atm 5 98 kPa, and v 5 0.02 kg v /kg a
Determine the relative humidity and the partial pressure of the dry air if, for the atmospheric air: a) Tdb 5 60 8F, P atm 5 14.5 psia, and v 5 0.01 lbm v /lbm a b) Tdb 5 95 8F, P atm 5 14.3 psia, and v 5 0.02 lbm v /lbm a
Determine the dew-point temperature of atmospheric air if: a) Tdb 5 40 8 C, P atm 5 100 kPa, and f 5 30% b) Tdb 5 20 8 C, P atm 5 100 kPa, and f 5 60%
Determine the dew-point temperature of atmospheric air if: a) Tdb 5 60 8 F, P atm 5 14.7 psia, and f 5 70% b) Tdb 5 90 8 F, P atm 5 14.7 psia, and f 5 40%
Air at 20 8C and 60% relative humidity enters a heater and exits at 70 8C. Calculate the exiting relative humidity assuming a constant pressure of 100 kPa through the heater.
Air at 14.7 psia and 70 8F has a relative humidity of 70%. The air is cooled in a constant-pressure process until the water begins to condense. Determine the final temperature of this mixture.
The air outside is at 20 8C. Calculate the humidity ratio and the surface temperature at which water begins to condense for a humidity of a) 50%, b) 65%, and c) 90%.
Verify that Eq. 11.28 follows from the preceding equations.
A glass of soda-pop with ice in it is sitting on the table of Figure 11.23. What would you expect if the humidity is 40%, the outside of the glass is at 15 8C, and the temperature in the room is 22 8C? You are near sea level.(A) Moisture would collect on the glass. (B) The glass would remain dry.
A psychrometer is used to measure a dry-bulb temperature of 22 8C and a wet-bulb temperature of 15 8C in a 95 kPa atmosphere. Determine the relative humidity and the humidity ratio for this air. What is the specific enthalpy of this air? Do not use the psychrometric chart.
Rework the following problems using the psychrometric chart where helpful: a) Problem 11.38 a b) Problem 11.38 b c) Problem 11.40 a d) Problem 11.42 a e) Problem 11.42 b f) Problem 11.50
Rework the following problems using the psychrometric chart where helpful: a) Problem 11.39 a b) Problem 11.39 b c) Problem 11.41 a d) Problem 11.43 a e) Problem 11.43 b f) Problem 11.45 a
Use the psychrometric chart to determine the dew point and humidity ratio for air at atmospheric pressure, a temperature of 65 8 F, and a relative humidity of i) 50%, ii) 70%, iii) 90%.
Use the psychrometric chart to provide the missing entries in the following table.
Two engineering students wanted to determine the humidity in their dorm room. They decided to fill several glasses with tap water and add a little ice to the first glass, a little more to the second glass, and the most to the last of six glasses, as shown in Fig. 11.30. The temperature of the water
Twenty kilograms of air at 30 8C and a humidity of 90% enter a window air-conditioning unit each minute, illustrated in Fig. 11.31. The air leaves the air conditioner at 18 8C with a humidity of 40%. What is the change in the humidity ratio for this process? What mass of water is removed from this
For the data given in Problem 11.56, calculate the rate of change in enthalpy of the air traveling through the air conditioner. Use the psychrometric chart.In problem 11.56
Moist air at 20 8C and 100 kPa flows into a dehumidifier at a mass flow rate of 75 kg/min, as shown in Fig. 11.32. If the air is completely dehumidified, how much water will drain from the dehumidifier per hour if the inlet relative humidity isa) 50%, b) 70%, and c) 90%? Use the psychrometric
Air with a mass flux of 2 kg/s enters a humidifier at 100 kPa and 20 8C with a wet-bulb temperature of 15 8C. It leaves the humidifier at 100 kPa and 18 8C with a wet-bulb temperature of 17 8C. What is the humidity ratio at each of these states? How much water is being added per hour? Use the
The dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are measured in atmospheric air to be 25 8C and 20 8C, respectively. If the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, the humidity ratio is nearest: (A) 0.0129 kg vapor/kg dry air (B) 0.0128 kg vapor/kg dry air (C) 0.0127 kg vapor/kg dry air (D) 0.0126 kg
Dry air flows in an insulated duct at 70 8F and 14.7 psia at a flow rate of 100 cfm. Superheated steam with a mass flux of 20lbm/hr is injected into the air flow so that the downstream humidity is 40%. What is the temperature of the downstream moist air? Use the psychrometric chart.
A 100-m3 room contains air at 100 kPa and 20 8C. What is the mass fraction and the mole fraction of water in the room if the relative humidity is a) 40%, b) 60%, and c) 90%? Use the psychrometric chart.
An air-conditioning system reduces the temperature of the air in a basement area from 80 8F to 68 8F. No significant amount of moisture is removed from the basement air. If the initial humidity in the basement is 60%, estimate the humidity after the temperature is lowered.
Air in a typical house (Fig. 11.33) is completely exchanged with outside air about every two hours unless care is taken to seal cracks. If the outside air is at 0 8C with 60% humidity and the inside air is maintained at 22 8C, estimate the humidity of the inside air if no humidiï¬er
Air in a typical house is completely exchanged with outside air about every two hours unless care is taken to seal cracks. If the outside air is at 20 8F with 80% humidity and the inside air is maintained at 72 8F, estimate the humidity of the inside air if no humidifier is operating and other
One type of ultrasonic humidifier uses a vibrating piezoelectric crystal actuator to produce tiny water droplets in the air. If 20 lbm/min of air at 70 8F enters the humidifier with a relative humidity of 20% and leaves at the same temperature with a relative humidity of 60%, how much water is
A large air-conditioning unit processes 5 kg/s of air. The air enters with a dry-bulb temperature of 35 8C and a wet-bulb temperature of 25 8C. How much condensate is being removed each hour if the conditioned air leaves the unit with respective dry-bulb and a wet-bulb temperatures of a) 20 8C and
Forty kilograms per minute of air at 10 8C and a relative humidity of a) 30%, b) 50%, and c) 80% pass through a heater and are heated to 30 8C. How much heat must be added to accomplish this? What is the relative humidity of the air leaving this heater?
Air leaves the research lab at a university at the rate of 100 m 3/min. The same volume rate of outside air at 5 8C and 65% humidity enters and is heated to the exiting temperature of 25 8C. Water vapor is added to the heated air, resulting in an exiting humidity of 60%. Determine the heat transfer
Air at 15 8C and a relative humidity of 70% enters a mixing chamber at a flow rate of 80m3/min. Another flow of air at 40 8C and a relative humidity of 30% enters at a flow rate of a) 40m3/min, b) 60m3/min, c) 80m3/min. Calculate the temperature, relative humidity, and mass flow rate of the air
Air at 80 8 F and a relative humidity of 60% enters the mixing chamber of Fig. 11.34 at a flow rate of 2000 cfm. Another flow of air at 30 8 F and a relative humidity of 30% enters at a flow rate of 1000 cfm. Calculate the temperature, relative humidity, and mass flow rate of the air exiting the
A conditioner takes in 40 m3/min of air at 20 8C and a relative humidity of 75%. The air is cooled 12 8C and 60% of the moisture is removed. The air is then heated back to 20 8C. What is the relative humidity of the exiting air, and what heat rate is required?
Eight thousand cubic feet per minute of air at 100 8F with a relative humidity of 15% enter the evaporative cooler of Fig. 11.35. Water at 40 8F enters the cooler and is completely evaporated. The air leaves the humidifier at 70 8F. Calculate the mass flow rate of water entering the dehumidifier
The cooling tower of Fig. 11.36 receives 45 8C water from the condenser of a power plant. The water is cooled to 25 8C by atmospheric air that enters at 22 8C and 60% humidity. Saturated air exits the top of the cooling tower at 30 8C. Estimate the volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower and
A flow rate of 40 m3/s of outside air at 108C and 40% humidity is mixed with 20 m3/s of inside air from near the ceiling of an industrial plant at 368C and 70% humidity. The temperature of the mixed air stream is nearest: (A) 168C (B) 188C (C) 218C (D) 238C
Develop the chemical equation for the combustion in 50% excess air of a) Methane, b) Benzene, c) Octane, d) Propane, and e) Ethane. Assume complete combustion.
Develop the stoichiometric equation for the burning in air of: a) One mole of propane and one mole of methane b) One mole of methane and one mole of octane c) One mole of octane and one mole of do-decane d) One mole of methane, one mole of propane, and one mole of benzene
A fuel mixture of 20% ethane, 50% methane, and 30% propane, by volume, undergoes stoichiometric combustion. If the fuel enters the combustion chamber of Fig. 12.21 at 10lbm/hr, determine the volume flow rate of air required if the air is at 75 8F and 14.7 psia.
Develop the chemical equation for burning a 50/50 (by volume) mixture of benzene and propane with 90% theoretical air. Calculate the air-fuel ratio, the volume percentage of CO2 in the products, and the dew-point temperature of the products. Assume that CO is the only additional compound in the
Air enters a combustion chamber at 30 8C with volume flow rate of 25 m3/min. Determine the mass flux of fuel for stoichiometric combustion if the fuel is a) Methane, b) Benzene, c) Octane, d) Propane, and
Develop the chemical equation for the stoichiometric combustion of acetylene with pure oxygen. Calculate the oxygen-fuel ratio, the volume percentage of CO2 in the products, and the dew-point temperature of the products.
Calculate the air-fuel ratio for the stoichiometric combustion of dodecane with 10% excess air, as shown in Fig. 12.22. Also determine the volume percentage of CO2 in the products, and the dew-point temperature of the products.
Calculate the air-fuel ratio for the combustion of kerosene (assumed to be C12 H26) with 200% excess air in a gas turbine engine. Also, determine the volume percentage of CO2 in the products, and the dew-point temperature of the products.
A fuel is composed, by volume, of 70% CH4, 12% H2, 8% O2, and 10% CO2. If complete combustion occurs with 75% humidity air at 20 8C, determine the dew point of the products.
Benzene (C6H6) is burned with stoichiometric air. The number of nitrogen moles in the products of combustion for each mole of fuel is: (A) 5.64 (B) 11.28 (C) 16.92 (D) 28.2
Methane is combusted with dry air, as displayed in Fig. 12.23. A dry volumetric analysis of the products indicates 6.2% CO2, 9.9 % O2, and 83.9% N2. Estimate the air-fuel ratio and the percentage of theoretical air.
Octane and dry air enter a combustion chamber. A dry volumetric analysis of the products indicates 10.6% CO2, 5.8% O2, and 83.6% N2. Determine the air-fuel ratio, the percentage of theoretical air, and the dew point of the products.
An unknown hydrocarbon fuel is burned with dry air and a volumetric analysis is performed on the products. It is found that the dry products contain approximately 83.4% N2, 8.3% CO2, and 8.3% O2. Determine the probable composition of the hydrocarbon fuel (whole number atoms). Assume initially that
A hydrocarbon fuel CaHb is burned with dry air. Determine the composition of the fuel combusted (whole number atoms) and the percent theoretical air if a dry volumetric analysis of the products indicates a) 10.37% CO2, 5.93% O2, and 83.7% N2 b) 9.97 % CO2, 6.64% O2, and 83.4% N2 c) 11.14%
A producer gas, possibly created from coal, is composed of 3.5% CH4, 4.5% CO2, 27% CO, 14% H2, and 51% N2. If complete combustion occurs in the combustion chamber of Fig. 12.24 witha) 120% theoretical air, b) 150% theoretical air, c) 200% theoretical air, determine the air-fuel ratio and the
Fuel and air enter the combustion chamber of Fig. 12.25 at 25 8 C, and the products exit at the same temperature. Determine the enthalpy of combustion if the fuel isa) CH4 (g), b) C3 H8 (g), c) C8 H18 („“), and d) C12 H26 („“). Compare with the values listed in Table
Ten pounds of powdered coal burns with 100% excess dry air each second. The reactants enter the combustion chamber at 77 8F. The products of combustion leave the combustion chamber at 960 8F. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per hour from the walls of the combustion chamber. Assume the coal to
In a jet engine, liquid C12 H26 at 25 8C is added to air at 25 8C in the insulated engine of Fig. 12.27. If the fuel is completely burned with 100% excess air and the products of combustion leave the nozzle at 1000 K, estimate the velocity of the products leaving the nozzle.
In a jet engine, liquid C12 H26 at 77 8F is added to air at 77 8F in the insulated engine of Fig. 12.27 and burned. If the fuel is burned with 80% excess air and the products of combustion leave the nozzle at 2000 8R, estimate the velocity of the products leaving the nozzle.
The insulated, rigid 1-m3 volume in Fig. 12.28 contains 0.1 kg of fuel and 120% theoretical air at 25 8C and 100 kPa. Ignition occurs and the fuel undergoes complete combustion. Determine the final pressure and temperature if the fuel isa) CH4 (g), b) C3 H8 (g), and c) C8 H18 („“).
An insulated, rigid volume contains 0.4 lbm of fuel that is 20% methane, 30% propane, and 50% butane. Stoichiometric air and the fuel are at 77 8F and 14.7 psia. Ignition occurs, and the fuel undergoes complete combustion with a final temperature of 1200 8R. Determine the final pressure, the
Compute the adiabatic flame temperature for burning acetylene in theoretical air, both at 25 8C. If burned in pure oxygen, estimate the temperature that could be expected.
Propane mixes with air, both initially at 1 atm and 25 8C, and undergoes complete combustion in the steady-flow insulated combustor of Fig. 12.29. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature fora) Theoretical air, b) 50% excess air, c) 200% theoretical air.
Stoichiometric air mixes with a fuel both of which are at 77 8F and 14.7 psia. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature if the fuel is gaseous a) Hydrogen, b) Propane, and c) Methane.
Gaseous octane mixes with air, both entering at 1 atm and 25 8C, and undergoes complete combustion in a steady flow insulated combustion chamber. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature for a) Theoretical air, b) 50% excess air, and c) 200% theoretical air.
Propane mixes with air, both entering at 1 atm and 25 8C, and undergoes complete combustion in a steady-flow insulated combustion chamber. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature for a) Theoretical air, b) 50% excess air, and c) 200% theoretical air.
Propane (C3H8) is burned with 200% excess air, resulting in complete combustion. The number of moles of oxygen in the products of combustion is: (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 30
A 50/50 (by mass) mixture of ethane and methane is burned with 150% theoretical air, all gases at 25 8C, as shown in Fig. 12.30. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature.
Liquid kerosene (essentially dodecane) is burned in air at 25 8C and 50% relative humidity with an air-fuel ratio of 20. Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature.
Propane is burned with 100% excess dry air at 25 8C, but only 75% of the fuel is burned in the reaction. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature for this reaction.
A mole of liquid octane at 1 atm and 25 8C is burned in an insulated rigid container with 120% theoretical air. Find the final temperature, pressure, and volume if the reaction is supplied with a) 100%, b) 120%, c) 200% theoretical air. This could be referred to as the constant-volume
Gaseous propane and theoretical air both at 25 8C undergo combustion in a steady-flow process. Determine the flame temperature if heat transfer ofa) 800 MJ/kmol of fuel, b) 1200 MJ/kmol of fuel, and c) 1600 MJ/kmol of fuel leaves the combustor of Fig. 12.31.
The liquid octane in a gas turbine is burned with 400% excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 7 8C. The products of combustion leave the constant-pressure combustion chamber at 707 8C. The fuel flow rate is 0.5 kg/s. Calculate the heat flow rate from the combustion chamber.
A rocket engine uses liquid hydrazine (N2 H4) as a fuel and pure oxygen at 25 8C as the oxidizer. Hydrazine has an enthalpy of formation of 2 50 410 kJ/kmol. The oxygen is supplied to the engine with an oxygen-fuel ratio of 3. The heat loss from the combustor is 200 kJ/kg of N2 H4 burned. Calculate
Oxygen exists at 500 kPa and 3000 K. In this state, a dissociation reaction occurs forming single oxygen atoms. Determine the partial pressure of the diatomic (O2) and monatomic (O) oxygen.
For the dissociation reaction of water separating into hydrogen (H2) and hydroxyl (OH) ions, plot the partial pressure of the hydrogen as a function of temperature for the temperature range of 1000 K to 5000 K.
One mole of water and one mole of CO2 are placed in a reactor at 3000 K and a total pressure of 400 kPa. The water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen, and the carbon dioxide dissociates into carbon monoxide and oxygen. Determine the partial pressures of the H2O, the CO2, the O2, and the CO.
Octane (C8H18) is burned with 80% stoichiometric air, resulting in incomplete combustion with CO and 4 moles of unburned carbon being the only additional components in the products. The number of moles of CO2 in the products of combustion is: (A) 2.2 (B) 2.8 (C) 3.4 (D) 3.6
The following reaction equation represents complete combustion of a fuel. Calculate the percent excess air. C2H6 1 6.5(O2 1 3.76N2) 1 2CO2 1 3H2 O 1 3O2 1 24.44N2 (A) 56% (B) 86% (C) 136% (D) 176%
One mole of hydrogen and dry air enter a combustion chamber at 25 8C and 1 atm and leave at 800 K. Calculate the heat transfer from the chamber for stoichiometric air. (A) 200 MJ (B) 150 MJ (C) 100 MJ (D) 50 MJ
Hydrogen and theoretical dry air combust in an insulated combustion chamber. The adiabatic ﬂame temperature is nearest: (A) 1200 K (B) 1600 K (C) 2000 K (D) 2400 K
Develop the stoichiometric equation for the combustion in air of a) Methane, b) Benzene, c) Octane, d) Propane, and e) Ethane.
Perform an online search to determine how hydrogen fuel tanks in automobiles are developed to ensure safety in the event of an accident.
Develop a list of the regions on each continent where geothermal energy is readily available.

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