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physics
thermodynamics

Physics Principles with Applications 7th edition Douglas C. Giancoli - Solutions

How could an array of wind turbines affect the local ecology?
A hilltop has a steady wind velocity of 20 mph. What percent increase in power would result from using 10-ft-radius turbine blades rather than 6-ft-radius blades?
Develop a list of places on each continent that have the potential to produce hydroelectric power on a commercial scale.
How could ocean wave energy affect offshore ecology? Consider both positive and negative aspects.
One of the major by-products of the biodiesel conversion process is glycerol. Develop a list of five commercial uses for this substance.
Develop a list of inedible crops of vegetable matter that can be used to create biofuel. From what part of the world do these crops come?
Plot the energy of a photon as a function of the wavelength of light for the range of visible wavelengths.
Give one example of smooth muscle tissue in the human body and describe how it functions.
If the ambient temperature is 100 8F, estimate the heat transferred from your body by the evaporation of 0.01 lbm of sweat.
List three types of fish that live in cold water and three types of fish that live in warm water.
During the first expeditions to the Antarctic, explorers found out that short, stocky men had a much better survival rate than tall athletic men. Why is this?
List five ways to cool the human body in case of overheating. What is the best method in an industrial plant?
Find an online Basic Metabolic Rate calculator and use it to determine your BMR.
If a plant could be engineered that would convert gamma rays (1 5 0.01 mu) into chemical energy, what would be the percent increase in energy over plants that use light with a wavelength of 660 nm?
Using Eq. 4.1, determine how many grams of sugar are produced if one kilogram of carbon dioxide is used in the photosynthesis process. How much water is needed?
For the bomb calorimeter described in Example 14.2, determine the maximum temperature the bomb would achieve if 20 g of apple juice and 0.005 g of fuse wire were burned.
What would happen if you mistakenly used an ammeter where you needed to use a voltmeter?
If two identical resistors are connected in series to a battery, does the battery have to supply more power or less power than when only one of the resistors is connected? Explain.
1. In which circuits shown in Fig. 19 are resistors connected in series?(a)(b) (c) (d) 2. A 10,000 Î© resistor is placed in series with a 100-Î© resistor. The current in the 10,000Î© resistor is 10 A. If the resistors are swapped, how much current flows through the
1. For the circuit shown in Fig. 19-46, what happens when the switch S is closed?(a) Nothing. Current cannot flow through the capacitor.(b) The capacitor immediately charges up to the battery emf.(c) The capacitor eventually charges up to the full battery emf at a rate determined by R and C.(d) The
1. A resistor and a capacitor are used in series to control the timing in the circuit of a heart pacemaker. To design a pacemaker that can double the heart rate when the patient is exercising, which statement below is true? The capacitor (a) Needs to discharge faster, so the resistance should be
1. When capacitors are connected in series, the effective capacitance is __________ the smallest capacitance; when capacitors are connected in parallel, the effective capacitance is __________ the largest capacitance. (a) Greater than; equal to. (b) Greater than; less than. (c) Less than; greater
Which resistors in Fig. 19-41 are connected in parallel?(a) All three.(b) R1 and R2.(c) R2 and R3.(d) R1 and R3.(e) None of the above.
Two identical 10-V batteries and two identical 10-Î© resistors are placed in series as shown in Fig. 19-42. If a 10-Î© lightbulb is connected with one end connected between the batteries and other end between the resistors, how much current will flow through the lightbulb?(a)
1. Which resistor shown in Fig. 19-43 has the greatest current going through it? Assume that all the resistors are equal.(a) R1(b) R1 and R2.(c) R3 and R4.(d) R5(e) All of them the same.
When the switch shown in Fig. 19-45 is closed, what will happen to the voltage across resistor R4? It will(a) Increase.(b) Decrease.(c) Stay the same.
1. When the switch shown in Fig. 19-45 is closed, what will happen to the voltage across resistor R1? It will(a) Increase.(b) Decrease.(c) Stay the same.2. As a capacitor is being charged in an RC circuit, the current flowing through the resistor is(a) Increasing.(b) Decreasing.(c) Constant.(d)
Calculate the terminal voltage for a battery with an internal resistance of 0.900Ω and an emf of 6.00 V when the battery is connected in series with(a) A 71.0-Ω resistor,(b) A 710-Ω resistor.
Three 1.70-kΩ resistors can be connected together in four different ways, making combinations of series and/or parallel circuits. What are these four ways, and what is the net resistance in each case?
A battery with an emf of 12.0 V shows a terminal voltage of 11.8 V when operating in a circuit with two lightbulbs, each rated at 4.0 W (at 12.0 V), which are connected in parallel. What is the battery's internal resistance?
Eight identical bulbs are connected in series across a 120-V line.(a) What is the voltage across each bulb?(b) If the current is 0.45 A, what is the resistance of each bulb, and what is the power dissipated in each?
Eight bulbs are connected in parallel to a 120-V source by two long leads of total resistance 1.4Ω. If 210 mA flows through each bulb, what is the resistance of each, and what fraction of the total power is wasted in the leads?
Eight 7.0-W Christmas tree lights are connected in series to each other and to a 120-V source. What is the resistance of each bulb?
Determine(a) The equivalent resistance of the circuit shown in Fig. 19-48,(b) The voltage across each resistor, and(c) The current through each resistor.
A 75-W, 120-V bulb is connected in parallel with a 25-W, 120-V bulb. What is the net resistance?
(a) Determine the equivalent resistance of the "ladder" of equal 175-Î© resistors shown in Fig. 19-49. In other words, what resistance would an ohmmeter read if connected between points A and B?(b) What is the current through each of the three resistors on the left if a 50.0-V battery is
What is the net resistance of the circuit connected to the battery in Fig. 19-50?
Calculate the current through each resistor in Fig. 19-50 if each resistance R = 3.25 kÎ© and V = 12.0 V. What is the potential difference between points A and B?
Two resistors when connected in series to a 120-V line use one-fourth the power that is used when they are connected in parallel. If one resistor is 4.8kΩ, what is the resistance of the other?
Three equal resistors (R) are connected to a battery as shown in Fig. 19-51. Qualitatively, what happens to?(a) The voltage drop across each of these resistors,(b) The current flow through each,(c) The terminal voltage of the battery, when the switch S is opened, after having been closed for a long
A 2.5-kΩ and a 3.7-kΩ resistor are connected in parallel; this combination is connected in series with a 1.4-kΩ resistor. If each resistor is rated at 0.5 W (maximum without overheating), what is the maximum voltage that can be applied across the whole network?
Consider the network of resistors shown in Fig. 19-52. Answer qualitatively:(a) What happens to the voltage across each resistor when the switch S is closed?(b) What happens to the current through each when the switch is closed?(c) What happens to the power output of the battery when the switch is
Calculate the current in the circuit of Fig. 19-53, and show that the sum of all the voltage changes around the circuit is zero.
Determine the terminal voltage of each battery in Fig. 19-54.
For the circuit shown in Fig. 19-55, find the potential difference between points a and b. Each resistor has R = 160 Î© and each battery is 1.5 V.
Determine the magnitudes and directions of the currents in each resistor shown in Fig. 19-56. The batteries have emfs of E1 = 9.0 and E2 = 12.0 V and the resistors have values of R1 = 25 Î©, R2 = 68Î©, and R3 = 35 Î©.(a) Ignore internal resistance of the batteries.(b) Assume each battery has
(a) What is the potential difference between points a and d in Fig. 19-57 (similar to Fig. 19-13, Example 19-8),(b) What is the terminal voltage of each battery?
What is the internal resistance of a 12.0-V car battery whose terminal voltage drops to 8.8 V when the starter motor draws 95 A? What is the resistance of the starter?
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the currents in each resistor of Fig. 19-58.
Determine the magnitudes and directions of the currents through R1 and R2 in Fig. 19-59.
Repeat Problem 31, now assuming that each battery has an internal resistance r = 1.4 Î©.Repeat ProlemDetermine the magnitudes and directions of the currents through R1 and R2 in Fig. 19-59.
(a) A network of five equal resistors R is connected to a battery as shown in Fig. 19-60. Determine the current I that flows out of the battery.(b) Use the value determined for I to find the single resistor Req that is equivalent to the five-resistor network.
What would the current I1 be in Fig. 19-61 if the 12-Î© resistor is shorted out (resistance = 0)? Let r = 1.0 Î©.
Suppose two batteries, with unequal emfs of 2.00 V and 3.00V, are connected as shown in Fig. 19-62. If each internal resistance is r = 0.350 Î© and R = 4.00 Î©, what is the voltage across the resistor R?
A battery for a proposed electric car is to have three hundred 3-V lithium ion cells connected such that the total voltage across all of the cells is 300 V. Describe a possible connection configuration (using series and parallel connections) that would meet these battery specifications.
(a) Six 4.8-μF capacitors are connected in parallel. What is the equivalent capacitance? (b) What is their equivalent capacitance if connected in series?
A 3.00-μF and a 4.00-μF capacitor are connected in series, and this combination is connected in parallel with a 2.00-μF capacitor (see Fig. 19-63). What is the net capacitance?
A 650-Ω and an 1800-Ω resistor are connected in series with a 12-V battery. What is the voltage across the 1800-Ω resistor?
If 21.0 V is applied across the whole network of Fig. 19-63, calculate(a) The voltage across each capacitor(b) The charge on each capacitor.
The capacitance of a portion of a circuit is to be reduced from 2900 pF to 1200 pF. What capacitance can be added to the circuit to produce this effect without removing existing circuit elements? Must any existing connections be broken to accomplish this?
An electric circuit was accidentally constructed using a 7.0-μF capacitor instead of the required 16-μF value. Without removing the 7.0-μF capacitor, what can a technician add to correct this circuit?
Consider three capacitors, of capacitance 3200 pF, 5800 pF, and 0.0100 μF. What maximum and minimum capacitance can you form from these? How do you make the connection in each case?
Determine the equivalent capacitance between points a and b for the combination of capacitors shown in Fig. 19-64.
What is the ratio of the voltage V1 across capacitor C1 in Fig. 19-65 to the voltage V2 across capacitor C2?
A 0.50-μF and 1.4-μF a capacitor are connected in series to a 9.0-V battery. Calculate (a) The potential difference across each capacitor (b) The charge on each. (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) assuming the two capacitors are in parallel.
Suppose three parallel-plate capacitors, whose plates have areas A1, A2, and A3 and separations d1, d2, and d3, are connected in parallel. Show, using only Eq. 17-8, that Eq. 19-5 is valid.
Two capacitors connected in parallel produce an equivalent capacitance of 35.0 μF but when connected in series the equivalent capacitance is only 4.8 μF. What is the individual capacitance of each capacitor?
Three 45-Ω lightbulbs and three 65-Ω lightbulbs are connected in series. (a) What is the total resistance of the circuit? (b) What is the total resistance if all six are wired in parallel?
Given three capacitors, C1 = 2.0 μF, C2 = 1.5 μF and C3 = 3.0 μF, what arrangement of parallel and series connections with a 12-V battery will give the minimum voltage drop across the 2.0-μF capacitor? What is the minimum voltage drop?
In Figure given below, suppose C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = C.(a) Determine the equivalent capacitance between points a and b.(b) Determine the charge on each capacitor and the potential difference across each in terms of V.
Estimate the value of resistances needed to make a variable timer for intermittent windshield wipers: one wipe every 15 s, 8 s, 4 s, 2 s, 1 s. Assume the capacitor used is on the order of 1 Î¼F. See Fig. 19-67.
In Fig. 19-69 (same as Fig. 19-20a), the total resistance is 15.0 kÎ© and the battery's emf is 24.0 V. If the time constant is measured to be 18.0 Î¼s, calculate(a) The total capacitance of the circuit and (b) The time it takes for the voltage across the resistor to reach
Two 3.8-μF capacitors, two 2.2-kΩ resistors, and a 16.0-V source are connected in series. Starting from the uncharged state, how long does it take for the current to drop from its initial value to 1.50 mA?
The RC circuit of Fig. 19-70 (same as Fig. 19-21a) has R = 8.7 kÎ© and C = 3.0 Î¼F. The capacitor is at voltage V0 at T = 0, when the switch is closed. How long does it take the capacitor to discharge to 0.25% of its initial voltage?
Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 19-71, where all resistors have the same resistance R. At t = 0, with the capacitor C uncharged, the switch is closed.(a) At t = 0, the three currents can be determined by analyzing a simpler, but equivalent, circuit. Draw this simpler circuit and use it to find
Two resistors and two uncharged capacitors are arranged as shown in Fig. 19-72. Then a potential difference of 24 V is applied across the combination as shown.(a) What is the potential at point a with switch S open? (Let V = 0 at the negative terminal of the source.)(b)What is the potential at
(a) An ammeter has a sensitivity of 35,000Ω/V. What current in the galvanometer produces full-scale deflection?(b) What is the resistance of a voltmeter on the 250-V scale if the meter sensitivity is 35,000Ω/V?
Suppose that you have a 580-Ω a 790-Ω and a 1.20-kΩ resistor. What is(a) The maximum,(b) The minimum resistance you can obtain by combining these?
An ammeter whose internal resistance is 53Ω reads 5.25 mA when connected in a circuit containing a battery and two resistors in series whose values are 720 Ω and 480 Ω. What is the actual current when the ammeter is absent?
A milliammeter reads 35 mA full scale. It consists of a 0.20-Ω resistor in parallel with a 33-Ω galvanometer. How can you change this ammeter to a voltmeter giving a full-scale reading of 25 V without taking the ammeter apart? What will be the sensitivity (Ω/V) of your voltmeter?
A galvanometer has an internal resistance of 32 Ω and deflects full scale for a 55-μA current. Describe how to use this galvanometer to make (a) An ammeter to read currents up to 25 A, (b) A voltmeter to give a full-scale deflection of 250 V.
A battery with e = 12.0 V and internal resistance is connected to two 7.5-kΩ resistors in series. An ammeter of internal resistance 0.50 Ω measures the current, and at the same time a voltmeter with internal resistance 15 kΩ measures the voltage across one of the 7.5-kΩ resistors in the
What internal resistance should the voltmeter of Example 19-17 have to be in error by less than 5%?
Two 9.4-kΩ resistors are placed in series and connected to a battery. A voltmeter of sensitivity 1000 Ω/V is on the 3.0-V scale and reads 1.9 V when placed across either resistor. What is the emf of the battery? (Ignore its internal resistance.)
When the resistor R in Fig. 19-73 is 35-Î©, the high resistance voltmeter reads 9.7 V. When R is replaced by a 14.0-Î© resistor, the voltmeter reading drops to 8.1 V. What are the emf and internal resistance of the battery?
Suppose that you wish to apply a 0.25-V potential difference between two points on the human body. The resistance is about 1800 Ω, and you only have a 1.5-V battery. How can you connect up one or more resistors to produce the desired voltage?
A three-way lightbulb can produce 50W, 100W, or 150W, at 120 V. Such a bulb contains two filaments that can be connected to the 120 V individually or in parallel (Fig. 19-74).(a) Describe how the connections to the two filaments are made to give each of the three wattages.(b) What must be the
How many 10-Ω resistors must be connected in series to give an equivalent resistance to five 100-Ω resistors connected in parallel?
Suppose that a person's body resistance is 950 Ω (moist skin).(a) What current passes through the body when the person accidentally is connected to 120 V?(b) If there is an alternative path to ground whose resistance is 25 Ω, what then is the current through the body?(c) If the voltage source can
One way a multiple-speed ventilation fan for a car can be designed is to put resistors in series with the fan motor. The resistors reduce the current through the motor and make it run more slowly. Suppose the current in the motor is 5.0 A when it is connected directly across a 12-V battery. (a)
A Wheatstone bridge is a type of "bridge circuit" used to make measurements of resistance. The unknown resistance to be measured, Rx, is placed in the circuit with accurately known resistances R1, R2, and R3 (Fig. 19-76). One of these, R3, is a variable resistor which is adjusted so that when the
The internal resistance of a 1.35-V mercury cell is 0.030 Ω, whereas that of a 1.5-V dry cell is 0.35 Ω. Explain why three mercury cells can more effectively power a 2.5-W hearing aid that requires 4.0 V than can three dry cells.
How many ½ W resistors, each of the same resistance, must be used to produce an equivalent 3.2-kΩ, 3.5-W resistor? What is the resistance of each, and how must they be connected? Do not exceed P = 1/2W in each resistor.
A solar cell, 3.0 cm square, has an output of 350 mA at 0.80 V when exposed to full sunlight. A solar panel that delivers close to 1.3 A of current at an emf of 120 V to an external load is needed. How many cells will you need to create the panel? How big a panel will you need, and how should you
A power supply has a fixed output voltage of 12.0V, but you need VT = 3.5 V output for an experiment.(a) Using the voltage divider shown in Fig. 19-78, what should R2 be if R1 is 14.5 Î©?(b) What will the terminal voltage be VT if you connect a load to the 3.5-V output, assuming the load has a
Design a "voltage divider" (see Example 19-3) that would provide one-fifth (0.20) of the battery voltage across R2, Fig. 19-6. What is the ratio R1/R2?
A battery produces 40.8 V when 8.40 A is drawn from it, and 47.3 V when 2.80 A is drawn. What are the emf and internal resistance of the battery?
In the circuit shown in Fig. 19-79, the 33-Î© resistor dissipates 0.80W. What is the battery voltage?
The current through the 20-Î© resistor in Fig. 19-81 does not change whether the two switches S1 and S2 are both open or both closed. Use this clue to determine the value of the unknown resistance R.
The circuit shown in Fig. 19-84 uses a neon-filled tube as in Fig. 19-23a. This neon lamp has a threshold voltage V0 for conduction, because no current flows until the neon gas in the tube is ionized by a sufficiently strong electric field. Once the threshold voltage is exceeded, the lamp has

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