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elementary statistics
Elementary Statistics 9th Edition Mario F. Triola - Solutions
Clinical Trial In a clinical trial of the cholesterol drug Lipitor, 188 subjects were given 20-mg doses of the drug, and 3.7% of them experienced nausea (based on data from Pfizer, Inc.).
Contentious Survey The Milgram Research Company wants to study reactions to stress, so it administers surveys in which the person asking the questions pretends to become very angry with the survey subject. At one point, the surveyor screams at the subject and asks how anyone could have such
Convenience Sample The author conducted a survey of the students in all of his classes.He asked the students to indicate whether they are left-handed or right-handed. Is this convenience sample likely to provide results that are typical of the population? Are the results likely to be good or bad?
Simple Random Convenience Sample A student of the author listed his adult friends, and then he surveyed a simple random sample of them. What is the population from which the simple random sample was selected? Are the results likely to be representative of the general population of adults in the
Observational Study and Experiment You want to conduct a study to determine whether fruit consumption leads to reduced weight. Why would an experiment be better than an observational study?
Simple Random Sample At a national conference of the American Appliances Association, a market researcher plans to conduct a survey of conference attendees. She uses the list of attendee names and selects every 20th name. Is the result a simple random sample? Why or why not? In general, what is a
Interpreting Temperature Increase In the Born Loser cartoon strip by Art Sansom, Brutus expresses joy over an increase in temperature from 1° to 2°. When asked what is so good about 2°, he answers that “it’s twice as warm as this morning.” Explain why Brutus is wrong yet again.
Scale for Rating Food A group of students develops a scale for rating the quality of cafeteria food, with 0 representing “neutral: not good and not bad.” Bad meals are given negative numbers and good meals are given positive numbers, with the magnitude of the number corresponding to the degree
The average (mean) of those numbers is 27.0.
World Series Champs As of this writing, the New York Yankees were the last team to win the World Series, and the numbers of the starting lineup are 2, 18, 25, 13, 20, 55, 24, 33, and
Lead Levels In Data Set 5 in Appendix: Data Sets, blood lead levels are represented as 1 for low, 2 for medium, and 3 for high. The average (mean) of the 121 blood lead levels is 1.53.
Flight Numbers Data Set 15 in Appendix: Data Sets lists flight numbers of 48 different flights, and the average (mean) of those flight numbers is 11.0.
Political Parties In a preelection survey of likely voters, political parties of respondents are identified as 1 for a Democrat, 2 for a Republican, 3 for an Independent, and 4 for anything else. The average (mean) is calculated for 850 respondents and the result is 1.7.
Body temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) listed in Data Set 3 of Appendix: Data Sets
Blood lead levels of low, medium, and high used to describe the subjects in Data Set 5 of Appendix: Data Sets
Car models (Chevrolet Aveo, Honda Civic, . . . , Buick Lucerne) used for crash testing, as listed in Data Set 13 of Appendix: Data Sets
Volumes (cm3) of brains listed in Data Set 6 of Appendix: Data Sets
The movie Avatar was given a rating of 4 stars on a scale of 5 stars.
Years in which U.S. presidents were inaugurated
Depths (km) of earthquakes listed in Data Set 16 of Appendix: Data Sets
Colors of M&Ms (red, orange, yellow, brown, blue, green) listed in Data Set 20 in Appendix:Data Sets
Crash Test Results Data Set 13 in Appendix: Data Sets includes crash test results from 21 different cars.
House of Representatives Currently the House of Representatives has 435 members.
First President George Washington was 188 cm tall.
Word Count From Data Set 17 in Appendix: Data Sets we see that a male spoke 13,825 words in one day.
Honda Civic Cylinders The Honda Civic has 4 cylinders.
Honda Civic Crash Test In Data Set 13 of Appendix: Data Sets, the measured chest deceleration of a Honda Civic in a crash test is 39 g, where g is a force of gravity.
HDTV Penetration In a random sample of households, it was found that 47% of the sampled households had high-definition TVs.
Brain Volume The average (mean) volume of the brains included in Data Set 6 of Appendix: Data Sets is 1126.0 cm3.
Periodic Table The average (mean) atomic weight of all elements in the periodic table is 134.355 unified atomic mass units.
IQ Scores The mean IQ score for subjects taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IQ test is 100.
Late Flights Among the flights included in the sample of flights in Data Set 15 of Appendix: Data Sets, 21% arrived late.
Titanic A study was conducted of all 2223 passengers aboard the Titanic when it sank.
States There are 50 state capitols in the United States.
Distracted Driving In a AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety survey, 21% of the respondents said that they recently texted or e-mailed while driving.
Discrete/Continuous Data Which of the following describe discrete data?a. The numbers of people surveyed in each of the next several Gallup pollsb. The exact heights of individuals in a sample of several statistics studentsc. The number of Super Bowl football games that must be played before one of
Quantitative/Categorical Data How do quantitative data and categorical data differ?
What’s Wrong with This Picture? The Newport Chronicle ran a survey by asking readers to call in their response to this question: “Do you support the development of atomic weapons that could kill millions of innocent people?” It was reported that 20 readers responded and that 87% said
Falsifying Data A researcher at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Center was once criticized for falsifying data. Among his data were figures obtained from 6 groups of mice, with 20 individual mice in each group. The following values were given for the percentage of successes in each group: 53%,
ATV Accidents The Associated Press provided an article with a headline stating that ATV accidents killed 704 people in the last year. The article noted that this is a new record high and compares it to 617 ATV deaths the year before that. Other data about the frequencies of injuries were included.
Percentages in Advertising A New York Times editorial criticized a chart caption that described a dental rinse as one that “reduces plaque on teeth by over 300%.” What is wrong with this statement?
Percentages in the Media In the New York Times Magazine, a report about the decline of Western investment in Kenya included this statement: “After years of daily flights, Lufthansa and Air France had halted passenger service. Foreign investment fell 500 percent during the 1990s.” What is wrong
Percentages in Advertising In an ad for the Club, a device used to discourage car thefts, it was stated that “The Club reduces your odds of car theft by 400%.” What is wrong with this statement?
Percentages in Advertising An ad for Big Skinny wallets included the statement that one of their wallets “reduces your filled wallet size by 50%–200%.” What is wrong with this statement?
Dollar for Your Thoughts In a Harris poll of 2513 adults, 76% said that they prefer $1 to be in the form of paper currency.a. What is the exact value that is 76% of 2513?b. Could the result from part (a) be the actual number of adults who said that they prefer $1 to be in the form of paper
Piercings and Tattoos In a Harris poll of 2302 adults, 14% said that they have a tattoo.a. What is the exact value that is 14% of 2302?b. Could the result from part (a) be actual number of adults who said that they have a tattoo?Why or why not?c. What is the actual number of adults who said that
Online Shopping In a Consumer Reports Research Center Telephone survey of 427 women, 38% said that they purchased clothing online.a. What is the exact value that is 38% of 427?b. Could the result from part (a) be the actual number of women who said that they purchase clothing online? Why or why
Evolution A Gallup poll of 1018 adults reported that 39% believe in evolution.a. What is the exact value that is 39% of 1018?b. Could the result from part (a) be the actual number of adults who said that they believe in evolution? Why or why not?c. What is the actual number of adults who said that
Storks and Babies In the years following the end of World War II, it was found that there was a strong correlation, or association, between the number of human births and the stork population. It therefore follows that storks cause babies.
Cell Phones and Pirates In recent years, the numbers of cell phones and the numbers of pirates have both increased, so there is a correlation, or association, between those two variables.Therefore, cell phones cause pirates.
College Major In a USA Today online poll, 728 Internet users chose to respond, and 41% of them said that their college majors prepared them for their chosen careers very well.
Potatoes In a poll sponsored by the Idaho Potato Commission, 1000 adults were asked to select their favorite vegetables, and the favorite choice was potatoes, which were selected by 26% of the respondents.
Conclusion If we were to use such data and conclude that there is a correlation or association between IQ score and brain volume, does it follow that larger brains are the cause of higher IQ scores?
Source of the Data The data in the table were obtained by members of departments at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Medical School, and the University of California at Davis. Funding for the study was provided by awards from the National
Conclusion Given the context of the data in the table, what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysis of the measurements?
Context of the Data Refer to the given table of measurements. Is there some meaningful way in which the IQ scores are matched with the corresponding brain volumes? If they are matched, does it make sense to use the difference between each IQ score and the brain volume that is in the same column?
Conclusion If we use the listed pulse rates with suitable methods of statistics, we conclude that when the 64.0 average (mean) of the pulse rates of the five males is compared to the 69.6 average (mean) of the pulse rates of the five females, there is a 36% chance that the difference can be
Conclusion Given the data in the table, what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysis of the pulse rates?
Source of the Data The listed pulse rates were obtained for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. Is the source of the data likely to be unbiased?
Context of the Data Refer to the table of pulse rates. Is there some meaningful way in which each male pulse rate is matched with the corresponding female pulse rate? If the male pulse rates and the female pulse rates are not matched, does it make sense to use the difference between any of the
For $32, you can purchase a computer program from Highiqpro.com that is claimed to increase your IQ score by 10 to 20 points. The program claims to be “the only proven IQ increasing software in the brain training market,” but the author of your text could find no data supporting that claim, so
IQ Scores Most people have IQ scores between 70 and
Guessing Technique When making random guesses for difficult multiple-choice test questions with possible answers ofa, b,c, d, ande, we expect to get about 20% of the answers correct. The Ashton Prep Program claims to have developed a better method of guessing. In a test of that program, guesses
Gender Selection In a study of the Gender Aide method of gender selection, 1000 users of the method gave birth to 540 boys and 460 girls. There is about a 1% chance that such extreme results would occur if the method had no effect.
Waite Diet In a study of the Marisa Waite diet, four subjects lost an average of 45 pounds. It is found that there is about a 30% chance of getting such results with a diet that has no effect.
Evolution In a survey of beliefs about evolution, Gallup pollsters randomly selected and telephoned 1018 adults in the United States.
Applying for a Job In a survey of 514 human resource professionals, each was asked about the importance of the appearance of a job applicant. The survey subjects were randomly selected by Harris Interactive pollsters.
Text Messaging In a survey of 109 subjects, each was asked to indicate how many text messages they send and receive each day. The sample consisted of those who chose to respond to the request posted on the StatCrunch Web site.
Wi-Fi Security A survey of 721 subjects involved the providing of personal information when using Wi-Fi hotspots. The survey subjects were Internet users who responded to a question that was posted on the electronic edition of USA Today.
Chocolate An article in Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 130, No. 8) noted that chocolate is rich in flavonoids. The article notes that “regular consumption of foods rich in flavonoids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.” The study received funding from Mars, Inc., the candy company, and
Word Counts Data Set 17 in Appendix: Data Sets includes word counts obtained by members of the Departments of Psychology at the University of Arizona, Washington University, and the University of Texas at Austin.
Body Measurements Data Set 1 in Appendix: Data Sets includes body measurements obtained by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics.
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine tends to oppose the use of meat and dairy products in our diets, and that organization has received hundreds of thousands of dollars in funding from the Foundation to Support Animal Protection.
Voluntary Response Sample What is a voluntary response sample, and why is such a sample generally not suitable for a statistical study?
Source of Data In conducting a statistical study, why is it important to consider the source of the data?
Statistical Significance versus Practical Significance What is the difference between statistical significance and practical significance? Can a statistical study have statistical significance, but not practical significance?
Marijuana Survey Exercise 8 referred to a Pew poll of 1500 adults, and 52% of the respondents said that the use of marijuana should not be made legal.a. Among the 1500 adults who responded, what is the number of respondents who said that the use of marijuana should not be made legal?b. In the same
Marijuana Survey Identify the type of sampling (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster) used when a sample of the 1500 survey responses is obtained as described. Then determine whether the sampling scheme is likely to result in a sample that is representative of the population of all
Statistical Significance and Practical Significance The Gengene Research Group has developed a procedure designed to increase the likelihood that a baby will be born a girl. In a clinical trial of their procedure, 112 girls were born to 200 different couples. If the method has no effect, there is
Why the Discrepancy? A Gallup poll was taken two years before a presidential election, and it showed that Hillary Clinton was preferred by about 50% more voters than Barack Obama. The subjects in the Gallup poll were randomly selected and surveyed by telephone. An America OnLine (AOL) poll was
Percentagesa. The labels on U-Turn protein energy bars include the statement that these bars contain“125% less fat than the leading chocolate candy brands” (based on data from Consumer Reports magazine). What is wrong with that claim?b. In a Pew Research Center poll on driving, 58% of the 1182
Sampling Seventy-two percent of Americans squeeze their toothpaste tube from the top.This and other not-so-serious findings are included in The First Really Important Survey of American Habits. Those results are based on 7000 responses from the 25,000 questionnaires that were mailed.a. What is
What’s Wrong? A survey included 4230 responses from Internet users who decided to respond to a question posted by America OnLine (AOL). Here is the question: How often do you use credit cards for purchases? Among the respondents, 67% said that they used credit cards frequently. What is wrong with
What’s Wrong? A survey sponsored by the American Laser Centers included responses from 575 adults, and 24% of the respondents said that the face is their favorite body part(based on data from USA Today). What is wrong with this survey?
Walmart Stores Currently, there are 4227 Walmart stores in the United States and another 3210 stores outside of the United States.a. Are the numbers of Walmart stores discrete or continuous?b. What is the level of measurement for the numbers of Walmart stores in different years?(nominal, ordinal,
Statistical Significance and Practical Significance True or false: If data lead to a conclusion with statistical significance, then the results also have practical significance.
Observational Study or Experiment Are the data described in Exercise 8 the result of an observational study or an experiment?
Parameter and Statistic In a recent Gallup poll, pollsters randomly selected adults and asked them whether they smoke. Among the adults who responded to the survey question, 21% said that they did smoke. Is that value of 21% an example of a statistic or an example of a parameter?
Gallup Poll In a recent Gallup poll, pollsters randomly selected adults and asked them whether they smoke. Because the subjects agreed to respond, is the sample a voluntary response sample?
Earthquake Depths True or false: If you construct a sample by selecting every sixth earthquake depth from the list given in Data Set 16, the result is a simple random sample.
Earthquake Depths Which of the following best describes the level of measurement of the earthquake depths described in Exercise 3: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio?
Earthquake Depths Are the earthquake depths described in Exercise 3 quantitative data or categorical data?
Earthquake Depths Data Set 16 includes depths (km) of the sources of earthquakes. Are these values discrete or continuous?
Chicago Bulls Which of the following best describes the level of measurement of the data listed in Exercise 1: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio?
Chicago Bulls The numbers of the current players for the Chicago Bulls basketball team are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20, 22, 26, 32, and 40, Does it make sense to calculate the average (mean) of these numbers?
Refer to the graph of the triangular probability distribution of the continuous random variable x. (See the margin graph.)a. Find the value of the constant c.b. Find the probability that x is between 0 and 3.c. Find the probability that x is between 2 and 9.
Sketch a graph representing a cumulative distribution for (a) a uniform distribution and (b) a normal distribution.
In a continuous uniform distribution, Find the mean and standard deviation for the uniform distribution represented in Figure 5-2.
Assume that z scores are normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.a. If P(0 , z ,a) 5 0.3907, find a.b. If P(2b , z ,b) 5 0.8664, find b.c. If P(z .c) 5 0.0643, find c.d. If P(z .d) 5 0.9922, find d.e. If P(z ,e) 5 0.4500, find e.
If a continuous uniform distribution has parameters of m 5 0 and s 5 1, then the minimum is 2 and the maximum is .a. For this distribution, find P(21 , x , 1).b. Find P(21 , x , 1) if you incorrectly assume that the distribution is normal instead of uniform.c. Compare the results from parts (a) and
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