Human Communication 6th Edition Judy C. Pearson, Paul E. Nelson, Scott Titsworth, Angela M. Hosek - Solutions

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1. Why does a consumer’s price elasticity of demand for a good depend on the fraction of the consumer’s income spent on that good? LO1
6. Calculate the price elasticity of supply using information from a supply curve.
5. Define the price elasticity of supply and explain what determines whether supply is elastic or inelastic.
4. Define the cross-price elasticity of demand and the income elasticity of demand.
3. Understand how changes in the price of a good affect total revenue and total expenditure depending on the price elasticity of demand for the good.
2. Calculate the price elasticity of demand using information from a demand curve.
1. Define the price elasticity of demand and explain what determines whether demand is elastic or inelastic.
15. Twenty-five years ago, tofu was available only from small businesses operating in predominantly Asian sections of large cities. Today tofu has become popular as a high-protein health food and is widely available in supermarkets throughout the United States. At the same time, tofu production has
14. What will happen to the equilibrium quantity and price of corn if the price of butter (a complement) increases and the price of fertilizer decreases? LO4
13. What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of apples if apples are discovered to help prevent colds and a fungus kills 10 percent of existing apple trees? LO4
12. What will happen to the equilibrium quantity and price of potatoes if population increases and a new, higher-yielding variety of potato plant is developed? LO4
11. Suppose the current issue of the New York Times reports an outbreak of mad cow disease in Nebraska, as well as the discovery of a new breed of chicken that gains more weight than existing breeds that consume the same amount of food. How will these developments affect the equilibrium price and
10. How will a new law mandating an increase in required levels of automobile insurance affect the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for new automobiles? LO4
9. Use supply and demand analysis to explain why hotel room rental rates near your campus during parents’ weekend and graduation weekend might differ from the rates charged during the rest of the year. LO4
8. What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of beef if the price of chickenfeed increases? LO4
7. What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of fish if fish oils are found to help prevent heart disease? LO4
6. How will an increase in the birth rate affect the equilibrium price of land? LO4
5. What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of oranges if the wage paid to orange pickers rises? LO4
4. An Arizona student claims to have spotted a UFO over the desert outside of Tucson. How will his claim affect the supply (not the quantity supplied) of binoculars in Tucson stores? LO2
3. Indicate how you think each of the following would shift demand in the indicated market: LO1a. Incomes of buyers in the market for Adirondack vacations increase.b. Buyers in the market for pizza read a study linking hamburger consumption to heart disease.c. Buyers in the market for CDs learn of
2. How would each of the following affect the U.S. market supply curve for corn? LO2a. A new and improved crop rotation technique is discovered.b. The price of fertilizer falls.c. The government offers new tax breaks to farmers.d. A tornado sweeps through Iowa.
1. State whether the following pairs of goods are complements or substitutes. (If you think a pair is ambiguous in this respect, explain why.) LO1a. Tennis courts and squash courts.b. Squash racquets and squash balls.c. Ice cream and chocolate.d. Cloth diapers and paper diapers.
LO1 5. Give an example of behavior you have observed that could be described as “smart for one but dumb for all.” LO6
LO3 4. Explain the distinction between the horizontal and vertical interpretations of the demand curve.
LO4 3. Last year a government official proposed that gasoline price controls be imposed to protect the poor from rising gasoline prices. What evidence could you consult to discover whether this proposal was enacted?
LO3 2. Distinguish between the meaning of the expressions “change in demand” and “change in the quantity demanded.”
1. Why isn’t knowing the cost of producing a good sufficient to predict its market price?
6. The Equilibrium Principle (also called the No-Cash-on-the-Table Principle), which says that a market in equilibrium leaves no unexploited opportunities for individuals.
5. The Efficiency Principle, which says that efficiency is an important social goal because, when the economic pie grows larger, it is always possible for everyone to have a larger slice than before.
4. How shifts in supply and demand curves cause prices and quantities to change.
3. How the supply and demand curves interact to determine the equilibrium price and quantity.
2. How the supply curve summarizes the behavior of sellers in the marketplace.
1. How the demand curve summarizes the behavior of buyers in the marketplace.
LO3 2.4 Since Tom can produce five times as many pounds of nuts in an hour as pounds of coffee, to produce equal quantities of each, he must spend 5 hours picking coffee for every hour he devotes to gathering nuts. And since he works a 6-hour day, that means spending 5 hours picking coffee and 1
2.3 Susan’s opportunity cost of gathering a pound of nuts is now 1 ⁄2 pound of coffee and Tom’s opportunity cost of gathering a pound of nuts is now only 1 pound of coffee. So Tom has a comparative advantage at picking coffee and Susan has a comparative advantage at gathering nuts.
2.2 In the accompanying graph, A (20 pounds per day of coffee, 4 pounds per day of nuts) is unattainable; B (12 pounds per day of coffee, 6 pounds per day of nuts) is both attainable and efficient; and C (4 pounds per day of coffee, 8 pounds per day of nuts) is both attainable and inefficient. LO3
2.1 The entries in the table tell us that Barb has an absolute advantage over Pat in both activities. While Barb, the mechanic, can update 3 Web pages per hour, Pat, the programmer, can update only 2. Barb’s absolute advantage over Pat is even greater in the task of fixing bikes—3 repairs per
10.*Refer to the two-person economy described in the preceding problem. LO1a. Is the point (30 pounds of coffee per day, 12 pounds of nuts per day) an attainable point? Is it an efficient point? What about the point (24 pounds of coffee per day, 24 pounds of nuts per day)?b. On a graph with pounds
LO3 9. Susan can pick 4 pounds of coffee in an hour or gather 2 pounds of nuts. Tom can pick 2 pounds of coffee in an hour or gather 4 pounds of nuts. Each works 6 hours per day. LO2a. What is the maximum number of pounds of coffee the two can pick in a day?b. What is the maximum number of pounds
LO3 8. Refer to the preceding question to explain what is meant by the following statement: “An increase in productivity with respect to any one good increases our options for producing and consuming all other goods.”
7. Suppose that in Problem 5 a sewing machine is introduced that enables Helen to sew 8 dresses per hour rather than only 4. Show how this development shifts her production possibilities curve.
LO1 5. Consider a society consisting only of Helen, who allocates her time between sewing dresses and baking bread. Each hour she devotes to sewing dresses yields 4 dresses and each hour she devotes to baking bread yields 8 loaves of bread. If Helen works a total of 8 hours per day, graph her
LO1 4. Nancy and Bill are auto mechanics. Nancy takes 4 hours to replace a clutch and 2 hours to replace a set of brakes. Bill takes 6 hours to replace a clutch and 2 hours to replace a set of brakes. State whether anyone has an absolute advantage at either task and, for each task, identify who has
LO1 3. Toby can produce 5 gallons of apple cider or 2.5 ounces of feta cheese per hour. Kyle can produce 3 gallons of apple cider or 1.5 ounces of feta cheese per hour. Can Toby and Kyle benefit from specialization and trade? Explain.
2. Ted can wax a car in 20 minutes or wash a car in 60 minutes. Tom can wax a car in 15 minutes or wash a car in 30 minutes. What is each man’s opportunity cost of washing a car? Who has a comparative advantage in washing cars?
1. Ted can wax 4 cars per day or wash 12 cars. Tom can wax 3 cars per day or wash 6. What is each man’s opportunity cost of washing a car? Who has a comparative advantage in washing cars? LO1
LO1 5. What factors have helped the United States to become the world’s leading exporter of movies, books, and popular music?
LO3 4. Why does saying that people are poor because they do not specialize make more sense than saying that people perform their own services because they are poor?
LO3 3. How will technological innovations that boost labor productivity affect an economy’s production possibilities curve?
LO1 2. How will a reduction in the number of hours worked each day affect an economy’s production possibilities curve?
1. Explain what “having a comparative advantage” at producing a particular good or service means. What does “having an absolute advantage” at producing a good or service mean?
5. Why some jobs are more vulnerable to outsourcing than others.
4. The role of comparative advantage in international trade.
3. Factors that shift the menu of production possibilities.
2. The principle of increasing opportunity cost (also called the low-hanging fruit principle)
1. The principle of comparative advantage
LO2 1.5 If the star player takes one more shot, some other player must take one less. The fact that the star player’s average success rate is higher than the other players’ does not mean that the probability of making his next shot (the marginal benefit of having him shoot once more) is higher
LO2 1.4 The marginal benefit of the fourth launch is $9 billion, which exceeds its marginal cost of $8 billion, so the fourth launch should be added. But the fifth launch should not, since its marginal cost ($12 billion) exceeds its marginal benefit ($9 billion).
LO4 1.3 Since you now have no alternative use for your coupon, the opportunity cost of using it to pay for the Fort Lauderdale trip is zero. That means your economic surplus from the trip will be $1,350 $1,000 $350 0, so you should use your coupon and go to Fort Lauderdale.
LO2 1.2 Saving $100 is $10 more valuable than saving $90, even though the percentage saved is much greater in the case of the Chicago ticket.
1.1 The benefit of buying the game downtown is again $10 but the cost is now $12, so your economic surplus from buying it downtown would be $10 $12 $2. Since your economic surplus from making the trip would be negative, you should buy at the campus store.
LO3 10.*The meal plan at university A lets students eat as much as they like for a fixed fee of $500 per semester. The average student there eats 250 pounds of food per semester. University B charges $500 for a book of meal tickets that entitles the student to eat 250 pounds of food per semester.
LO2 9.*For each long-distance call anywhere in the continental United States, a new phone service will charge users 30 cents per minute for the first 2 minutes and 2 cents per minute for additional minutes in each call. Tom’s current phone service charges 10 cents per minute for all calls, and
LO2 8.*You and your friend Joe have identical tastes. At 2 p.m., you go to the local Ticketmaster outlet and buy a $30 ticket to a basketball game to be played that night in Syracuse, 50 miles north of your home in Ithaca. Joe plans to attend the same game, but because he cannot get to the
discovered that she had lost a $10 bill from her wallet. If both Martha and Sarah are rational and both still have enough money to pay for a ticket, is one of them more likely than the other to go ahead and see the play anyway?
LO2 7. Martha and Sarah have the same preferences and incomes. Just as Martha arrived at the theater to see a play, she discovered that she had lost the $10 ticket she had purchased earlier. Sarah also just arrived at the theater planning to buy a ticket to see the same play when she
LO2 6. Suppose that in the last few seconds you devoted to question 1 on your physics exam you earned 4 extra points, while in the last few seconds you devoted to question 2 you earned 10 extra points. You earned a total of 48 and 12 points, respectively, on the two questions and the total time you
LO2 5. Tom is a mushroom farmer. He invests all his spare cash in additional mushrooms, which grow on otherwise useless land behind his barn. The mushrooms double in weight during their first year, after which time they are harvested and sold at a constant price per pound. Tom’s friend Dick asks
LO2 4. Once a week, Smith purchases a six-pack of cola and puts it in his refrigerator for his two children. He invariably discovers that all six cans are gone on the first day. Jones also purchases a six-pack of cola once a week for his two children, but unlike Smith, he tells them that each may
3. Residents of your city are charged a fixed weekly fee of $6 for garbage collection. They are allowed to put out as many cans as they wish. The average household disposes of three cans of garbage per week under this plan. Now suppose that your city changes to a “tag” system. Each can of
LO2 2. To earn extra money in the summer, you grow tomatoes and sell them at the farmers’ market for 30 cents per pound. By adding compost to your garden, you can increase your yield as shown in the table below. If compost costs 50 cents per pound and your goal is to make as much money as
1. The most you would be willing to pay for having a freshly washed car before going out on a date is $6. The smallest amount for which you would be willing to wash someone else’s car is $3.50. You are going out this evening and your car is dirty. How much economic surplus would you receive from
LO5 5. Is the nonrefundable tuition payment you made to your university this semester a sunk cost? How would your answer differ if your university were to offer a full tuition refund to any student who dropped out of school during the first two months of the semester?
LO5 4. Many people think of their air travel as being free when they use frequent-flyer coupons. Explain why these people are likely to make wasteful travel decisions.
LO4 3. Why might someone who is trying to decide whether to see a movie be more likely to focus on the $10 ticket price than on the $20 she would fail to earn by not babysitting?
LO2 2. True or false: Your willingness to drive downtown to save $30 on a new appliance should depend on what fraction of the total selling price $30 is. Explain.
1. A friend of yours on the tennis team says, “Private tennis lessons are definitely better than group lessons.” Explain what you think he means by this statement. Then use the Cost-Benefit Principle to explain why private lessons are not necessarily the best choice for everyone.
5. The pitfall of ignoring implicit costs. 6. The pitfall of failing to weigh costs and benefits at the margin.
4. The pitfall of measuring costs and benefits as proportions rather than as absolute dollar amounts.
3. The Incentive Principle, which says that if you want to predict people’s behavior, a good place to start is by examining their incentives.
2. The Cost-Benefit Principle, which says that an action should be taken if, but only if, its benefit is at least as great as its cost.
1. The Scarcity Principle, which says that having more of any good thing necessarily requires having less of something else.
A key objective in this chapter is to help you think strategically about persuading others. In persuasion literature a number of research studies have explored personality characteristics that influence how people react to persuasive messages. A person’s need for cognition addresses the extent to
Over the next week, watch news programs or scan the Facebook page of friends and/or family members who have different views than you do on social, national, or international issues. What persuasive appeals are being used and how do you react? Then turn back to the news feeds you typically view.
Especially when listening to national-level politicians speak, see whether you can determine the truth and accuracy of what they say. Then Google one of the factchecking services, such as Annenberg’s Factcheck.org, to see what a politically neutral organization finds accurate about speeches,
Which is not an ethical standard to follow when preparing and delivering a persuasive presentation?a. Accurately cite sources when the words are not your own.b. Respect sources of information by revealing their credibility.c. Speak truthfully and accurately out of respect for your audience.d.
In the Monroe Motivated Sequence, the visualization step includesa. gaining and maintaining audience attention.b. presenting information or a solution to audience needs.c. asking the audience to take specific steps.d. demonstrating how the solution will benefit the audience.
Which of the following statements regarding argument organization is true?a. Place your best argument in the middle.b. Present one side of an issue to reduce the effects of contrary arguments.c. Place your best argument at the beginning or end.d. Familiar arguments have more effect than novel
You can rebut a deductive argument by questioning thea. major premise.b. clarity of the proposition.c. quality of individual instances.d. place where the inferential leap occurs.
Which type of argument uses a series of individual instances that lead to a generalization?a. deductivec. rebuttalb. inductived. syllogism
When resisting persuasion from salespeople and advertisers, you should do all the following excepta. avoid using your own values as a check against fraudulent claims.b. listen to all messages while thinking critically.c. question the credibility of all sources.d. evaluate the ethical basis of
If your evidence meets the tests of evidence, it will do all the following excepta. come from unbiased sources.b. be consistent with other well-known facts.c. overlook counterevidence.d. consist of authoritative, valid, and reliable surveys.
When a presenter attempts to convince listeners to stop a current behavior, what has taken place?a. discontinuancec. continuanceb. adoptiond. deterrence
If an audience likes you and your message less after the presentation than they did before, what term correctly describes what has taken place?a. source credibility reversalb. believability impassec. boomerang effectd. continuance cessation
The intention of a persuasive presentation is toa. inform listeners of a certain topic.b. change listeners’ minds or behavior.c. explain a concept.d. describe an important issue.
Using your informative speech topic, identify potential approaches to adapt your speech to each of the various learning-style preferences discussed in this chapter.Based on your class, which of these strategies should you consider including in your presentation? Are there factors related to your
Assume that you are speaking to a group of potential students who are interested in your major (or what is likely to become your major). Based on your knowledge of the major, how could you create information hunger to entice the potential students to desire additional information?
simplify or clarify ideas while stimulating audience attention, and shows the audience what you are explaining.a. Explanations; demonstratingb. Definitions; narratingc. Descriptions; demonstratingd. Narrations; defining
When organizing the content of your presentation, you shoulda. keep the topic a mystery until the body of the speech.b. use transitions to increase understanding.c. let the audience decide which points are the most important.d. avoid repeating important points, so that the audience isn’t bored.
Which of the following is not a guideline to follow when choosing the content of your presentation?a. Use relatively simple words, because they are easier to understand.b. Tell the audience early in your presentation how the topic is related to them, so that they will choose to listen.c. Develop as

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Human Communication 6th Edition Judy C. Pearson, Paul E. Nelson, Scott Titsworth, Angela M. Hosek - Solutions

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