Introduction To Learning And Behavior 4th Edition Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey, Diane G. Symbaluk - Solutions

2. A simple-comparison design (does/does not) allow us to determine if there is a f relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
1. In a simple-comparison design, behavior in a b condition is compared to behavior in a t condition.
4. Briefly stated, three problems with control group designs are:
3. Control group designs that are used to assess behavioral differences between species are referred to as designs.
2. In the simplest form of a control group design, individuals are r assigned to either an e (or tr ) group and a group.
1. In an experiment, a(n) variable is systematically varied (manipuQUICK QUIZ F lated) to determine its effects on the variable.
4. Because the case study approach often involves only one person, the results may be limited in the extent to which they can be g to other people, places, and times.
3. The major limitation of both approaches is that it is often (easy/difficult)to specify which variables influence which behavior.
2. Both approaches are susceptible to the problem of researcher b , in which the opinions and beliefs of the researcher can unduly influence his or her observations.
1. Two common descriptive methods are n and QUICK QUIZ E c .
10. In an interval recording procedure, our two observers agreed on whether Mika was being disruptive in class during 15 of the 20 observed intervals. The level of interobserver reliability in this example is %, which is generally considered (adequate/inadequate)
9. Which of the following is an example of a rate measure of writing? (a) number of words written (b) the number of words written per hour.
8. A device commonly used to measure the ongoing rate of a behavior is a c r . On this device, a flat line indicates (no/slow/fast) responding, a steep line indicates responding, and a shallow line indicates responding.
7. Recording whether Ashley hiccups during a continuous series of 5-minute time periods is an example of recording, whereas recording whether hiccupping occurs during a 5-minute period at the start of each hour throughout the day is an example of - recording.
6. The number of fish a person catches in a 1-hour period is a measure of r .
5. The time it takes before a response begins is a measure of l .
4. The exact manner in which Jana lifts a dumbbell and presses it overhead is called the t of the behavior
3. How quickly a musician plays a musical piece from beginning to end is a measure of whereas the number of hours the musician practices each week is a measure of . The amount of time it takes the musician to commence playing following the conductor’s cue to begin is a measure of .
2. The force with which a person can squeeze a device that measures grip strength is a measure of i .
1. Behavioral definitions should be ob and un .QUICK QUIZ D
7. If a dog receives a dog biscuit only when it begs, then receiving the dog biscuit is c upon the behavior of begging.
6. Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently. For Sasha, there is a c between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.
5. People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. Thus, s c seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships.
4. Erin says that she once experienced a strong pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was away on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg.Because of the t c between her feeling of pain and her son’s injury, Erin now claims that she has some type of psychic ability.
3. The term means “closeness or nearness.”
2. Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year. It is likely that the reward value of going to a movie has (increased/decreased) as a function of (satiation/deprivation) .
1. An e o is a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.
7. If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our (covert/overt) behavior. If we act first and then feel regret later, then our behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our behavior.
6. Jake is strongly attracted to Julie and often hangs around her office just to get a glimpse of her. Julie is thus an stimulus for Jake.
5. Julie also thinks unkind thoughts about Jake and feels anxious when she sees him in the hallway, both of which are examples of behavior.
4. Julie dislikes Jake, one of the sales personnel who works in her department.Because Julie avoids Jake like the plague, Jake can be considered an stimulus. For example, Julie closes her office door when Jake is nearby, which is an example of a(n) (overt/covert) behavior.
3. One person’s response can be another person’s _____.
2. A tone is a s and a tone and a bell are s .
1. A(n) is any event that can potentially influence behavior;a(n) is a specific instance of behavior.
3. A relationship is the relationship between a change in an independent variable and an associated change in a dependent variable. Behaviorists are typically concerned with discovering the relationship between changes in e events and changes in b .
2. A change in the dependent variable is considered to be the (cause/effect) in an experiment, whereas a change in the independent variable is considered to be the .
1. A researcher is interested in studying the effects of viewing television violence on aggression in children. She shows one group of participants an extremely violent movie, another group a moderately violent movie, and a third group a nonviolent movie. In this case, the level of movie violence
15. What is the distinction between radical behaviorism, behavior analysis, and applied behavior analysis?
14. In what way is operant conditioning similar to Darwin’s principle of natural selection? Why was Skinner cautious about placing too much emphasis on genetic factors in behavior?
13. Describe Skinner’s radical behaviorism. How does his approach to determinism differ from that of Bandura’s?
12. Describe Bandura’s social learning theory. Outline or diagram his concept of reciprocal determinism.
11. Describe Hull’s neobehaviorism. How does Tolman’s cognitive behaviorism differ from it?
10. Describe Watson’s methodological behaviorism. How did Watson’s position on the nature–nurture debate change over time?
9. Define the law of parsimony and Morgan’s Canon.
8. Describe Darwin’s principle of natural selection. What are the three main components of the principle of natural selection?
7. Describe the functionalist approach to psychology. Where did functionalists stand on the issue of animal experimentation, and what was their reasoning behind this?
6. Describe the structuralist approach to psychology. Name and define the basic method by which the structuralists gathered data.
5. How did the British empiricists view the acquisition of knowledge and the composition of the conscious mind?
4. Outline Descartes’ dualistic model of human behavior. In his view, what is a basic distinction between the behavior of humans and the behavior of other animals?
3. Name and briefly describe the four laws of association.
2. Describe the nativist versus empiricist approaches to knowledge. How would a nativist versus an empiricist explain how Picasso became such a great artist?
1. Name and briefly describe the two fundamental forms of learning emphasized in this textbook.
3. The technology that has grown out of that science is known as .
2. The science that grew out of that philosophy is called the e a of behavior or, more briefly, .
1. Skinner’s philosophy of behaviorism (meaning the set of basic assumptions for how best to conduct a science of behavior) is called behaviorism.
6. On a practical level, Skinner was (enthused/cautious) about genetic explanations for behavior because he believed that such explanations tend to be(optimistic/pessimistic) about the possibility of change.
5. Skinner believed that the processes of ev and op conditioning were quite similar in that both involved the selection of what was beneficial from what was not beneficial.
4. Although he emphasized the role of the environment, Skinner also believed that behavior was fundamentally the result of the interaction of g and the environment. He was in fact quite interested in evidence indicating g limitations on conditioning.
3. The Tolmanian rat runs through the maze because it e that doing so will result in food; the Skinnerian rat runs through the maze because, in its p exp , doing so resulted in food.
2. For Skinner, an S-R interpretation can best be applied to behavior that is r and can be conditioned. It cannot be applied to behavior that is under the control of its c and has a more fl quality about it.
1. Skinner is most similar to (Hull/Watson/Tolman) in arguing that behavior is best viewed from a m perspective.
7. Altering the environment so as to control our own behavior is referred to as c control. However, in Skinner’s view, even this type of behavior is ultimately the result of some type of e influence.
6. Saying that you are feeling “happy” to explain why you are always smiling and laughing is, from Skinner’s perspective, an example of using feelings as a ps explanation for your behavior.
5. Yet another issue with respect to using internal events to explain behavior is that we (can/cannot) directly change such events.
4. In determining the relationship of thoughts and feelings to behavior, it is sometimes difficult to know if the internal event pr , f , or occurs pa to the behavior.
3. In teaching children to label their thoughts and feelings, parents first have to make an inf about what the child is feeling.
2. Skinner views thoughts and feelings as pr behaviors that themselves need to be explained. These can also be called behaviors.
1. Skinner’s behaviorism emphasizes both internal and external behaviors as resulting from e influences.
3. Bandura’s work has influenced the development of a type of therapy known as - therapy, in which an attempt is made to change behavior by altering both environmental and c factors.
2. The concept of proposes that three variables:e , b , and p variables, all interact with each other.
1. Bandura’s theory emphasizes the importance of o learning and c variables.
5. The modern-day study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is known as a c or com c .
4. Tolman believed that introspectively observed thoughts and feelings are (useless/useful) in the analysis of behavior. As well, almost all of Tolman’s research was conducted using as subjects.
3. The experiment by Tolman and Honzik (1930) has traditionally been regarded as a demonstration of learning, in which learning appears to take place in the absence of any reward. The experiment has also been regarded as a demonstration of the distinction between learning and .
2. A is an internal representation of one’s surroundings.
1. Tolman’s approach is known as behaviorism because it utilizes mentalistic concepts, such as “expectations,” to explain behavior. This approach is also sometimes called p behaviorism.
4. Hull’s theory was a pure - theory in that it assumed that the process of learning involves the creation of connections between specific s and specific r .
3. Such internal events are called i variables in that they are presumed to m between the environment and behavior.
2. In Hull’s approach, the internal events he included were hypothetical ph processes.
1. Hull believed that it might be useful to incorporate internal events into one’s theorizing so long as they can be op by defining them in such a way that they can be measured.
6. In his later theorizing, Watson proposed that humans inherit (many/a few) basic reflexes, along with three basic emotions: ,, and .
5. In his 1913 article on behaviorism, Watson emphasized the role of both h and e in the development of human behavior. In his later theorizing, however, he downplayed the role of .
4. Watson proposed a(n) - theory of learning which hypothesizes that learning involves the formation of a direct connection between a st and a r .
3. Watson believed that all reference to events should be eliminated from the study of behavior.
2. According to this type of behaviorism, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be .
1. Watson’s brand of behaviorism is often referred to as behaviorism.
6. One version of the above law, known as M C , holds that it is preferable to interpret animal behavior in terms of lower, more primitive processes, such as reflex or habit, than higher, more mentalistic processes, such as reasoning.
5. According to the law of p , the (simple/complex) explanation is generally the preferable explanation.
4. Watson argued that psychology needed to become a n science (like biology, chemistry, and physics) based solely on the study of directly ob events.
3. The notion that the proper subject matter of psychology should be the study of consciousness was so strong that even those who studied behavior felt compelled to make inferences about possible mental processes in their subjects.
2. A basic problem with relying on someone’s report about his or her thoughts and feelings is that we are making a(n) that the report is accurate. This term is defined in the footnote as a supposition or guess based on logical d rather than direct o .
1. Watson noted that a major problem with the method of was that the results obtained were often unreliable.
5. It is simplistic to assume that one can draw a clear distinction between n and n because the way we learn is itself an i trait.
4. The real driving force behind evolution is not survival of the fittest, but rather the r advantage held by those individuals who possess adaptive traits.
3. To say that a trait is h means that it has a genetic basis and can be inherited by offspring.
2. The three main components to the theory of natural selection are:a.b.c.
1. An ev ad is a trait that has evolved through n s .
5. William James was a (functionalist/structuralist) , and Edward Titchener was a .
4. The functionalists were similar to the structuralists in that they still emphasized the study of c experience and in doing so often used the method of i .
3. The functionalist approach was strongly influenced by Darwin’s theory of. As such, these psychologists viewed animal research as (relevant/irrelevant) to the study of human behavior in that humans were assumed to have evolved in a (similar/dissimilar) way to other animals.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 4th Edition Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey, Diane G. Symbaluk - Solutions

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