Methods in Behavioral Research 11th Edition Paul C. Cozby, Scott C. Bates - Solutions

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2. In contrast to the above, those who adopted the (functionalist/structuralist)approach to psychology emphasized the adaptive processes of the mind and were thus very interested in the study of learning.
1. The (functionalist/structuralist) approach proposed that the goal of psychology should be to identify the basic elements of the mind. The primary research method used for accomplishing this was the method of i .
3. They also believed that the mind is composed of a finite set of basic that are then combined through the principles of to form our conscious experiences.
2. The British , such as John , maintained that knowledge was largely a function of ex and that the mind of a newborn infant is a (in Latin) t r (which means ).
1. Descartes’ dualistic model proposed that human behavior has two aspects: an QUICK QUIZ C inv aspect that functions like a machine and a v aspect governed by f w . By contrast, the behavior of animals was believed to be entirely .
9. After once encountering a snake in her garage, Lisa is now quite nervous each time she is in the garage. This is an example of Aristotle’s law of .This is also an example of (classical/operant) conditioning
8. The more often one practices a particular move in wrestling, the more likely one is to perform that move in a real match. This is an example of the law of .
7. The fact that the words full and empty are easily associated with each other is an example of the law of .
6. Animals that have fur, four legs, a tail, and can bark are quickly perceived as belonging to the same species. This is an example of the law of .
5. According to the law of , we easily associate events that resemble each other. According to the law of , the more often two events occur together, the stronger the association.
4. The law of states that we associate events that are opposite to each other, whereas the law of states that we associate events that occur in close proximity to each other.
3. Nativist is to (nature/nurture) as empiricist is to (nature/nurture) .
2. The empiricist position, as exemplified by the Greek philosopher , emphasizes the role of (learning/heredity) .
1. The nativist position, as exemplified by the Greek philosopher , QUICK QUIZ B emphasizes the role of (learning/heredity) .
6. According to the notational system to be used in this text, the term “A: B”means that event A (produces/is followed by) event B, and the term“X ã Y” means that event X (produces/is followed by) event Y?
5. Speaking with a loud voice in a noisy environment so that others will be able to hear you is an example of a behavior that has most likely been learned through conditioning.
4. Feeling anxious as you enter a dentist’s office is an example of a behavior that has most likely been learned through conditioning.
3. In conditioning, a behavior produces some type of consequence that strengthens or weakens its occurrence. Such behaviors are typically those that are generally regarded as “g -directed” and which the average person often perceives as being “v ” in nature.
2. In conditioning, behaviors that the average person typically regards as (voluntary/involuntary) come to be elicited in new situations.
1. The term behavior refers to any activity of an organism that can be o or somehow m , whereas the term learning refers to a relatively p change in what an organism does as a result of some type of ex ______________.
It is easy to collect data for experiments and surveys on the Internet. Anyone in the world who is connected to the Internet can participate in an online experiment or survey. Use a search term such as “psychological research on the Internet” to find some studies that are being conducted. What
A researcher investigated attitudes toward individuals in wheelchairs. The question was: Would people react differently to a person they perceived as being temporarily confined to the wheelchair than to a person who had a permanent disability? Participants were randomly assigned to two groups.
In Professor Dre’s study, the average number of errors detected in the print and computer conditions was 38.4 and 13.2, respectively; this difference was not statistically significant. When Professor Seuss conducted the same experiment, the means of the two groups were 21.1 and 14.7, but the
Many elementary schools have implemented a daily “sustained silent reading” period during which students, faculty, and staff spend 15–20 minutes silently reading a book of their choice. Advocates of this policy claim that the activity encourages pleasure reading outside the required silent
As we noted at the beginning of the chapter, surveys are being conducted all the time. Many survey reports are not published in peer-reviewed journals. Identify a survey report of your own interest and answer the questions below. Survey reports can be found on the web. Here are some examples:Youth
Here are a number of references to variables. For each, identify whether a nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scale is being used:a. The temperatures in cities throughout the country that are listed in most newspapers.b. The birth weights of babies who were born at Wilshire General Hospital last
The limitations of nonexperimental research were dramatically brought to the attention of the public by the results of an experiment on the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (part of a larger study known as the Women’s Health Initiative). An experiment is called a clinical
A few years ago, newspapers reported a finding that Americans who have a glass of wine a day are healthier than those who have no wine (or who have a lot of wine or other alcohol). What are some plausible alternative explanations for this finding; that is, what variables other than wine could
You observe that classmates who get good grades tend to sit toward the front of the classroom, and those who receive poorer grades tend to sit toward the back. What are three possible cause-and-effect relationships for this nonexperimental observation?
What is the difference between the nonexperimental method and the experimental method?
Dr. Alucard conducted a study to examine various aspects of the sexual behaviors of college students. The students filled out a questionnaire in a classroom on the campus; about 50 students were tested at a time. The questionnaire asked about prior experience with various sexual practices. If a
A social psychologist conducts a field experiment at a local bar that is popular with college students. Interested in observing flirting techniques, the investigator instructs male and female confederates to smile and make eye contact with others at the pub for varying amounts of time (e.g., 2
In a procedure described in this chapter, participants are given false feedback about an unfavorable personality trait or a low ability level. What are the ethical issues raised by this procedure? Compare your reactions to that procedure with your reactions to an analogous one in which people are
Consider the following experiment, similar to one that was conducted by Smith, Lingle, and Brock (1978). Each participant interacted for an hour with another person who was actually an accomplice. After this interaction, both persons agreed to return one week later for another session with each
Choose one of the hypotheses formulated in Activity Question 1 and develop a strategy for finding research on the topic using the computer database in your library.
What is a meta-analysis?
Distinguish between an exact replication and a conceptual replication. What is the value of a conceptual replication?
Why is it important to pretest a problem for generalization? Discuss the reasons why including a pretest may affect the ability to generalize results.
What is the source of the problem of generalizing to other experimenters? How can this problem be solved?
How does the use of the Internet to recruit subjects and collect data impact external validity?
Find a meta-analysis published in a journal; two good sources are the Review of Educational Research and Psychological Bulletin. What conclusions were drawn from the meta-analysis? How were studies selected for the analysis? How was the concept of effect size discussed in the meta-analysis?
How can the fact that most studies are conducted with college students, volunteers, and individuals from a limited location and culture potentially impact external validity?
Use PsycINFO to find abstracts of articles that included race, ethnicity, gender, or nationality as a key variable. Consider topics such as body image, rumination, academic achievement, or identity development. What conclusions do the authors of these studies draw about generalization?
Why should a researcher be concerned about generalizing to other populations?
Discuss the reasons that a researcher might obtain nonsignificant results.
What influences the probability of a Type II error?
What factors are involved in choosing a significance level?
Distinguish between a Type I and a Type II error. Why is your significance level the probability of making a Type I error?
What factors are most important in determining whether obtained results will be significant?
What is meant by statistical significance?
Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis. When does the researcher decide to reject the null hypothesis?
When a path diagram is shown, what information is conveyed by the arrows leading from one variable to another?
What is the purpose of partial correlation?
How does multiple correlation increase accuracy of prediction?
What is a regression equation? How might an employer use a regression equation?
What happens when a scatterplot shows the relationship to be curvilinear?
What is a correlation coefficient? What do the size and sign of the correlation coefficient tell us about the relationship between variables?
What is a measure of variability? Distinguish between the standard deviation and the range.
What is a measure of central tendency? Distinguish between the mean, median, and mode.
Ask 20 students on campus how many units (credits) they are taking, as well as how many hours per week they work in paid employment. Create a frequency distribution and find the mean for each data set. Construct a scatterplot showing the relationship between class load and hours per week employed.
Distinguish between a pie chart, bar graph, and frequency polygon. Construct one of each.
Your favorite newspaper, newsmagazine, or news-related website is a rich source of descriptive statistics on a variety of topics. Examine the past week’s news; describe at least five instances of actual data presented. These can include surveys, experiments, business data, and even sports
Distinguish among comparing percentages, comparing means, and correlating scores.
What is a cohort effect?
Distinguish between longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential methods.
Describe the interrupted time series and the control series designs. What are the strengths of the control series design as compared with the interrupted time series design?
Describe the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Why is this a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experiment?
Describe the threats to internal validity discussed in the text: history, maturation, testing, instrument decay, regression toward the mean, and selection differences.
Why does having a control group eliminate the problems associated with the one-group pretest-posttest design?
Why might a researcher use a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experimental design?
What is a multiple baseline design? Why is it used? Distinguish between multiple baseline designs across subjects, across behaviors, and across situations.
What is meant by baseline in a single-case design?
What is a reversal design? Why is an ABAB design superior to an ABA design?
Describe what a program evaluation researcher’s goals would be when addressing each of the five types of evaluation research questions.
Read each of the following research scenarios and then fill in the correct answer in each column of the table. Number of Number of Number of Number of independent experimental possible variables possible main effects interactions conditions Scenario a. Participants were randomly assigned to read a
Identify the number of conditions in a factorial design on the basis of knowing the number of independent variables and the number of levels of each independent variable.
Practice graphing the results of the experiment on the effect of amount and frequency of exercise on depression. In the actual experiment, there was a main effect of amount of exercise: Participants in the 17.5 kcal/kg/ week condition had lower depression scores after 12 weeks than the participants
Describe an IV Χ PV factorial design.
What are main effects in a factorial design? What is an interaction?
What is a factorial design? Why would a researcher use a factorial design?
Why would a researcher have more than two levels of the independent variable in an experiment?
What does a researcher do with the findings after completing a research project?
Describe the value of a debriefing following the study.
What is a manipulation check? How does it help the researcher interpret the results of an experiment?
What are experimenter expectancy effects? What are some solutions to the experimenter bias problem?
Design an experiment using a staged manipulation to test the hypothesis that when people are in a good mood, they are more likely to contribute to a charitable cause. Include a manipulation check in your design.
What is the reason for a placebo group?
What are demand characteristics? Describe ways to minimize demand characteristics.
What is meant by the sensitivity of a dependent measure? What are ceiling and floor effects?
What are the general types of dependent variables?
What is the difference between staged and straightforward manipulations of an independent variable?
The procedure used to obtain your sample (i.e., random or nonrandom sampling) is not the same as the procedure for assigning participants to conditions; distinguish between random sampling and random assignment.
When would a researcher decide to use the matched pairs design? What would be the advantages of this design?
What are some of the ways of dealing with the problems of a repeated measures design?
What is a repeated measures design? What are the advantages of using a repeated measures design? What are the disadvantages?
Distinguish between the posttest-only design and the pretest-posttest design. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
How do the two true experimental designs eliminate the problem of selection differences?
What is meant by the internal validity of an experiment?
Why don’t researchers who want to test hypotheses about the relationships between variables worry a great deal about random sampling?
Distinguish between haphazard and quota sampling.

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Methods in Behavioral Research 11th Edition Paul C. Cozby, Scott C. Bates - Solutions

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