Introduction To Learning And Behavior 4th Edition Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey, Diane G. Symbaluk - Solutions

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4. What is the median, and with what type of data is it most appropriate?
3. What is the mode, and with what type of data is it most appropriate?
2. What two aspects of the data determine which measure of central tendency to use?
1. What does a measure of central tendency indicate?
26. Using the data in question 25, draw the appropriate graph to show (a) simple frequency and (b) relative frequency.
25. Organize the interval scores below in a table showing simple frequency, cumulative frequency, and relative frequency.16 11 13 12 11 16 12 16 15 16 11 13 16 12 11
24. (a) Draw a simple frequency polygon using the data in question 23. (b) Draw a relative frequency histogram of these data.
23. Organize the ratio scores below in a table showing simple frequency, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency.49 52 47 52 52 47 49 47 50 51 50 49 50 50 50 53 51 49
22. What is the advantage and disadvantage of using grouped frequency distributions?
21. The following shows the distribution of final exam scores in a large introductory psychology class. The proportion of the total area under the curve is given for two segments.(a) Order the scores 45, 60, 70, 72, and 85 from most frequent to least frequent.(b) What is the percentile of a score
20. Draw a normal curve and identify the approximate location of the following scores, (a) You have the most frequent score, (b) You have a low-frequency score, but the score is higher than most, (c) You have one of the lower scores, but it has a relatively high frequency, (d) Your score seldom
19. Interpret each of the following, (a) In a small sample, you scored at the 35th percentile, (b) Your score has a rel. /of .40. (c) Your score is in the upper tail of the normal curve, (d) Your score is in the left-hand tail of the normal curve.(e) Your score has a c/of 50. (f) From the normal
18. What is the difference between how we use the proportion of the total area under the normal curve to determine a score’s relative frequency and how we use it to determine a score’s percentile?
17. What type of frequency graph should you create when counting each of the fol¬ lowing? (a) The men and women at a college; (b) the different body weights reported in a statewide survey; (c) the number of sergeants, lieutenants, captains, and majors in an army battalion; (d) the people falling
16. (a) On a normally distributed set of exam scores, Poindexter scored at the 10th percentile, so he claims that he outperformed 90% of his class. Why is he correct or incorrect? (b) Because Foofy’s score is in a tail of the distribution, she claims she had one of the highest scores on the exam.
15. The distribution of scores on your next statistics test is positively skewed. What does this indicate about the difficulty of the test?
14. From the data 1, 4, 5, 3, 2, 5, 7, 3, 4, and 5, Poindexter created the following frequency table. What five things did he do wrong?Score/cf 11 02 11 32 34 25 53 87 19 II
13. In reading psychological research, you encounter the following statements. Interpret each one. (a) “The IQ scores were approximately normally distributed.” (b) “A bimodal distribution of physical agility scores was observed.” (c) “The distribution of the patients’ memory scores was
12. (a) How is percentile defined in a small sample? (b) How is percentile defined for a large sample or population when calculated using the normal curve?
11. What does it mean when a score is in a tail of a normal distribution?
10. What does a rectangular distribution show about the relationship between frequency and the different scores?
9. What is the difference between graphing a relationship as we did in Chapter 2 and graphing a frequency distribution?
8. (a) Why must the cf fox the highest score in a sample equal N1 (b) Why must the sum of all/s from all scores in a sample equal
7. What is the difference between a positively skewed distribution and a negatively skewed distribution?
6. (a) What is the difference between a skewed distribution and a normal distribution? (b) What is the difference between a bimodal distribution and a normal distribution?
5. (a) What is the advantage of computing relative frequency instead of simple frequency? (b) What is the advantage of computing percentiles instead of cumulative frequency?
4. (a) What is the difference between a score’s simple frequency and its relative frequency? (b) What is the difference between a score’s cumulative frequency and its percentile?
3. (a) What is the difference between a histogram and a polygon? (b) With what kind of data is each used?
2. (a) What is the difference between a bar graph and a histogram? (b) With what kind of data is each used?
1. What do each of the following symbols mean? (a) N; (h)f; (c) rel. f; (d) cf.
24. (a) Poindexter says that Study A in problem 21 examines age scores as a function of weight scores. Is he correct? (b) Poindexter also claims that in Study C the researcher is asking, “For a given shoe size, what speed scores occur?” Is he correct? (c) If the studies in question 21 were
23. In question 21, why is each relationship a telltale sign that a law of nature is at work?
22. Which study in question 21 demonstrates the strongest relationship? How do you know?
21. Which of the graphs below depict a relationship? How do you know?u c/1 T3
20. Which sample in question 19 shows the strongest relationship? How do you know?
19. For the following data sets, which show a relationship?Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D XY XY XY XY 110 20 40 13 20 92 71 110 20 42 13 19 93 77 110 22 40 13 18 93 77 220 22 41 13 17 95 75 220 23 40 13 15 96 74 330 24 40 13 14 97 73 330 24 42 13 13 98 71 Application Questions 35
18. Using the terms sample, population, variable, statistics, and parameter, summa¬ rize the steps a researcher follows, starting with a hypothesis and ending with a conclusion about a nature.
17. Rank order the scales of measurement, from the scale that provides the most pre¬ cise information about the amount of a variable present to the scale that provides the least precise information.
16. In each of the following experiments, identify the independent variable, the con¬ ditions of the independent variable, and the dependent variable: (a) Studying whether scores on a final exam are influenced by whether background music is soft, loud, or absent, (b) Comparing freshmen,
15. Another student in your class, Poindexter, conducted a survey of college students about their favorite beverage. Based on w 'at the sample said, he concluded that most college students prefer sauerkraut juice to other beverages. What statistical argument can you give for not accepting this
14. In study A, a researcher gives participants various amounts of alcohol and then observes any decrease in their ability to walk. In study B, a researcher notes the various amounts of alcohol that participants drink at a party and then observes any decrease in their ability to walk, (a) Which
13. A student named Foofy (who you’ll be taking statistics with) conducted a sur¬ vey. In her sample, 83% of mothers employed outside the home would rather be home raising children. She concluded that “the statistical analyses prove that most working women would rather be at home.” What is
12. (a) Define the four scales of measurement, (b) What are continuous and discrete variables! (c) Which scales of measurement are usually assumed to be discrete, and which are assumed to be continuous?
11. (a) What is the difference between a statistic and a parameter? (b) What types of symbols are used for statistics and parameters?
10. (a) What are descriptive statistics used for? (b) What are inferential statistics used for?
9. What is the general purpose of all research, whether experiments or correlational studies?
8. In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?
7. What is the difference between the independent variable and the conditions of the independent variable?
6. What is the difference between an experiment and a correlational study?
5. What are the two aspects of a study to consider when deciding on the particular descriptive or inferential statistics that you should employ?
4. What pattern in the Y scores will produce a weaker relationship?
3. What does the strength of a relationship refer to?
2. What do you see when (a) a relationship exists between two variables? (b) No relationship is present?
1. (a) What is a population! (b) What is a sample! (c) How are samples used to make conclusions about populations? (d) What are researchers really referring to when they talk about the population?
24. Create a graph showing the data points for the following scores.X Score Y Score Student's Age Student’s Test Score 20 10 25 30 35 20 45 60 25 55 40 70 45 3
23. (a) How do you space the labels on the X or 7 axis of a graph? (b) Why must you be careful when selecting the amounts used as these labels?
22. There are 80 students enrolled in statistics, (a) You and 11 others earned the same score. What percent of the class received your score? (b) Forty percent of the class received a grade of C. How many students received a C? (c) Only 7.5% of the class received a D. How many students is this? (d)
21. In your statistics course, there are three exams; I is worth 40 points, II is worth 35 points, and III is worth 60 points. Your professor defines a passing grade as earning 60% of the points, (a) What is the smallest score you must obtain on each exam to pass it? (b) In total you can earn 135
20. Of the 40 students in a gym class, 13 played volleyball, 12 ran track (4 of whom did a push-up), and the remainder were absent, (a) What proportion of the class ran track? (b) What percentage played volleyball? (c) What percentage of the runners did a push-up? (d) What proportion of the class
19. Using the formula in question 18, find D for X = 9 and Y = —4.
18. For X = 14 and F = 4.8, find D:
17. Using the formula in question 16, find Q when X = 8 and Y = ~2.
16. For Q = {X + Y){X^ + Y^), find the value of Q when X = 3 and F = 5.
15. Round off the following numbers to two decimal places: (a) 13.7462, (b) 10.043, (c) 10.047, (d) .079, and (e) 1.004.
14. The intermediate answers from some calculations based on whole-number scores are X = 4.3467892 and Y = 3.3333. We now want to find + Y^. After round¬ ing, what values of X and Y do we use?
13. Transform each answer in question 11 to a percent.
12. For each of the following, to how many places will you round off your final answer? (a) When measuring the number of questions students answered cor¬ rectly on a test, (b) When measuring what proportion of the total possible points students have earned in a course, (c) When counting the number
11. (a) What proportion is 5 out of 15? (b) What proportion of 50 is 10? (c) One in a thousand equals what proportion?
10.How do you transform a percentage to a proportion?
9. What is a proportion and how is it computed?
8. A researcher measures the IQ scores of a group of college students. What four things will the researcher use statistics for?
7. What is a data point?
6. What is a percentage?
5. If given no other information, what is the order in which to perform mathematical operations?
4. (a) What is a transformation? (b) Why do we transform data?
3. (a) To how many places should you round a final answer? (b) If you are rounding to two decimal places, what are the rules for rounding up or down?
2. What does the term statistical notation refer to?
1. Why do researchers need to learn statistics?
17. What have been the general findings regarding attempted demonstrations of language learning in chimps and in dolphins? What is the overall conclusion regarding language learning in animals?
16. Distinguish between ASL and artificial language studies. What was the reasoning behind trying to teach animals these languages?
15. Define three features of language and give an example of teach. What is reference?
14. Define communication. Define language.
13. Describe an experimental task used for assessing cooperation in animals as well as a task used to assess deception. What results have been obtained?
12. Describe the false belief task used with children and the hidden banana task used with chimps to assess their ability to infer the thoughts of others. What results have been obtained?
11. What is a theory of mind? Define self-awareness and describe how it is commonly assessed in children.
10. What is the simplest form of tool use in animals? Give an example. Outline two examples of more sophisticated tool use in animals.
9. Outline Herrnstein’s (1979) experimental demonstration of concept learning in the pigeon.
8. Define transitive inference. Outline a research study in which transitive inference was displayed by animals.
7. Define numerosity. Outline a research study in which animals were shown to display numerical ability.
6. Briefly describe the case of Clever Hans and its eventual outcome.
5. Outline two research findings that are indicative of evolutionary adaptation in the memory abilities of food-storing birds.
4. Using a diagram, describe the delayed matching-to-sample procedure used to study memory in pigeons.
3. What is the biophilia hypothesis? What is anthropomorphism, and how do comparative researchers guard against it?
2. Outline Tinbergen’s four questions. Be sure to include the distinction between the ultimate cause and the proximate cause of a trait.
1. Define the term comparative cognition. What are two alternative terms that are sometimes used for this field of study, and why is comparative cognition generally preferred?
4. BALL FETCH BASKET means the opposite of BASKET FETCH BALL to languagetrained dolphins. This suggests that, unlike many of the language-trained chimps, these dolphins can understand the gr rules of a language.
3. Results of the dolphin language experiments suggest that the dolphins mastered the (reference/productivity) aspect of language.
2. Dolphins have been taught to communicate acoustically as well as gesturally, which is evidence that they may be able to use sym language.
1. Dolphins, gorillas, and parrots are all (social/solitary) species that have relatively (complex/simple) brains, which makes them good candidates for studying language acquisition.
4. Results of the artificial language experiments strongly suggest that many of the chimpanzees mastered (reference/grammar) , but there is less evidence that they mastered (reference/grammar) .

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 4th Edition Russell A. Powell, P. Lynne Honey, Diane G. Symbaluk - Solutions

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