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methods behavioral research
Methods in Behavioral Research 11th Edition Paul C. Cozby, Scott C. Bates - Solutions
Distinguish between simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.
Distinguish between probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. What are the implications of each?
How does sample size affect the interpretation of survey results?
What is a social desirability response set?
Define interviewer bias.
Compare the different questionnaire, interview, and Internet survey administration methods.
Suppose you want to know how many books in a bookstore have only male authors, only female authors, or both male and female authors (the “bookstore” in this case might be a large retail store, the textbook section of your college bookstore, or all the books in the stacks of your library).
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires versus interviews in a survey?
What are some factors to take into consideration when constructing questions for surveys (including both questions and response alternatives)?
Select a topic for a survey. Write at least five closed-ended questions that you might include in the survey. For each question, write one “good” version and one “poor” version. For each poor question, state what elements make it poor and why the good version is an improvement.
What is a survey? Describe some research questions you might address with a survey.
In the Chandra et al. (2008) study on television viewing and teen pregnancy, exposure to television with sexual content was associated with a higher likelihood for teen pregnancy. Can you conclude that television viewing causes teen pregnancy? Why or why not? How might you expand the scope of this
What is archival research? What are the major sources of archival data?
What is a case study? When are case studies used? What is a psychobiography?
What is a coding system? What are some important considerations when developing a coding system?
What is systematic observation? Why are the data from systematic observation primarily quantitative?
Read each scenario below and determine whether a case study, naturalistic observation, systematic observation, or archival research was used. Archival Systematic Case study observation observation Naturalistic Scenario research Researchers conducted an in-depth study with certain 9/11 victims to
Distinguish between participant and nonparticipant observation; between concealed and nonconcealed observation.
Why are the data in naturalistic observation research primarily qualitative?
What is naturalistic observation? How does a researcher collect data when conducting naturalistic observation research?
Distinguish between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
What is a reactive measure?
Think of an important characteristic that you would look for in a potential romantic partner, such as humorous, intelligent, attractive, hardworking, religious, and so on. How might you measure that characteristic? Describe two methods that you might use to assess construct validity.
Why isn’t face validity sufficient to establish the validity of a measure?
Take a personality test on the Internet (you can find such tests using Internet search engines). Based on the information provided, what can you conclude about the test’s reliability, construct validity, and reactivity?
Discuss the concept of construct validity. Distinguish among the indicators of construct validity.
Describe the methods of determining the reliability of a measure.
Conduct a PsycINFO search to find information on the construct validity of a psychological measure. Specify construct validity as a search term along with terms such as aptitude test, personality test, intelligence test, and so on. You can also specify particular psychological constructs such as
What is meant by the reliability of a measure? Distinguish between true score and measurement error.
What are some reasons for using the nonexperimental method to study relationships between variables?
How do direct experimental control and randomization influence the possible effects of extraneous variables?
What is meant by the problem of direction of cause and effect and the third-variable problem?
Distinguish between laboratory and field experiments.
Consider the hypothesis that stress at work causes family conflict at home.a. What type of relationship is proposed (e.g., positive linear, negative linear)?b. Graph the proposed relationship.c. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in the statement of the hypothesis.d. How
Distinguish among positive linear, negative linear, and curvilinear relationships.
Define “operational definition” of a variable. Give at least two operational definitions of the variables you thought of in the previous review question.
Males and females may differ in their approaches to helping others. For example, males may be more likely to help a person having car trouble, and females may be more likely to bring dinner to a sick friend. Develop two operational definitions for the concept of helping behavior, one that
What constitutes fraud, what are some reasons for its occurrence, and why doesn’t it occur more frequently?
Summarize the ethical procedures for research with animals.
What is a variable? List at least five different variables and then describe at least two levels of each variable. For example, age is a variable. For adults, age has values that can be expressed in years starting at 18 and ranging upward. In an actual study, the age variable might be measured by
Read the following research scenarios and assess the risk to participants by placing a check mark in the appropriate box. Can you explain the basis for your answers?
What is an Institutional Review Board?
What is the difference between “no risk” and “minimal risk” research activities?
Should people who are observed in field experiments be debriefed? Write a paragraph supporting the pro position and another paragraph supporting the con position.
Summarize the principles concerning research with human participants in the APA Ethics Code.
What alternatives to deception are described in the text?
Why is informed consent an ethical principle? What are the potential problems with obtaining fully informed consent?
Discuss the major ethical issues in behavioral research including risks, benefits, deception, debriefing, informed consent, and justice. How can researchers weigh the need to conduct research against the need for ethical procedures?
What information does the researcher communicate in each of the sections of a research article?
Theories serve two purposes: (1) To organize and explain observable events and (2) To generate new knowledge by guiding our way of looking at these events. Identify a consistent behavior pattern in yourself or somebody close to you (e.g., you consistently get into an argument with
Describe the difference in the way that past research is found when you use PsycINFO versus the “key article” method of the Science Citation Index/Social Sciences Citation Index (Web of Science).
What are the two functions of a theory?
What is a hypothesis? What is the distinction between a hypothesis and a prediction?
How does basic research differ from applied research?
Identify ways that you might have allowed yourself to accept beliefs or engage in practices that you might have rejected if you had engaged in scientific skepticism. For example, we continually have to remind some of our friends that a claim made in an e-mail may be a hoax or a rumor. Provide
Describe the characteristics of the way that science works, according to Goodstein (2000).
A newspaper headline says, “Eating Disorders May Be More Common in Warm Places.” You read the article to discover that a researcher found that the incidence of eating disorders among female students at a university in Florida was higher than at a university in Pennsylvania. Assume that this
Describe the three elements for inferring causation.
Imagine a debate on the following assertion: Knowledge of research methods is unnecessary for students who intend to pursue careers in clinical and counseling psychology. Develop arguments that support (pro) and oppose (con) the assertion.
Provide definitions and examples of description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation as goals of scientific research.
Imagine a debate on the following assertion: Behavioral scientists should only conduct research that has immediate practical applications. Develop arguments that support (pro) and oppose (con) the assertion.
Why is scientific skepticism useful in furthering our knowledge of behavior? How does the scientific approach differ from other ways of gaining knowledge about behavior?
Read several editorials in your daily newspaper and identify the sources used to support the assertions and conclusions. Did the writer use intuition, appeals to authority, scientific evidence, or a combination of these? Give specific examples.
Why is it important for anyone in our society to have knowledge of research methods?
Suppose that you work for the child social services agency in your county. Your job is to investigate instances of possible child neglect or abuse. After collecting your evidence, which may come from a variety of sources, you must decide whether to leave the child in the home or place the child in
In an experiment, one group of research participants is given 10 pages of material to proofread for errors. Another group proofreads the same material on a computer screen. The dependent variable is the number of errors detected in a 5-minute period. A .05 significance (alpha) level is used to
Refer to the figure below, then select the correct answer to questions a, b, and c.The size (value) of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship.The sign (plus or minus) of the coefficient indicates the direction of the linear relationship.a. Which one of the following numbers
A student club is trying to decide whether to implement a peer tutoring program for students who are enrolled in the statistics class in your department. Club members who have completed the statistics class would offer to provide tutoring to students currently enrolled in the class. You decide to
Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following descriptions of experiments:a. Students watched a cartoon either alone or with others and then rated how funny they found the cartoon to be.b. A comprehension test was given to students after they had studied textbook material either
Prior to the start of the school year, Mr. King reviewed the cumulative folders of the students in his fourth-grade class. He found that the standard deviation of the students’ scores on the reading comprehension test was exactly 0.00. What information does this provide him? How might that
Hill (1990) studied the correlations between final exam score in an introductory sociology course and several other variables such as number of absences. The following Pearson r correlation coefficients with final exam score were obtained:Overall college
Dr. Cardenas studied political attitudes among different groups of 20-, 40-, and 60-year-olds. Political attitudes were found to be most conservative in the age-60 group and least conservative in the age-20 group. a. What type of method was used in this study?b. Can you conclude that people
For the preceding situation, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using a quasi-experimental design in contrast to conducting a true experiment.
The captain of each precinct of a metropolitan police department selected two officers to participate in a program designed to reduce prejudice by increasing sensitivity to racial and ethnic group differences and community issues. The training program took place every Friday morning for 3 months.
Gilovich (1991) described an incident that he read about during a visit to Israel. A very large number of deaths had occurred during a brief time period in one region of the country. A group of rabbis attributed the deaths to a recent change in religious practice that allowed women to attend
Dr. Smith learned that one sorority on campus had purchased several Macintosh computers and another sorority had purchased several Windows-based computers. Dr. Smith was interested in whether the type of computer affects the quality of students’ papers, so he went to each of the sorority houses
Your best friend frequently suffers from severe headaches. You’ve noticed that your friend consumes a great deal of diet cola, and so you consider the hypothesis that the artificial sweetener in the cola is responsible for the headaches. Devise a way to test your hypothesis using a single-case
Your dog gets lonely while you are at work and consequently engages in destructive activities such as pulling down curtains or strewing wastebasket contents all over the floor. You decide that playing a radio while you are gone might help. How might you determine whether this “treatment” is
Assume that you want 15 participants in each condition of your experiment, which uses a 3 Χ 3 factorial design. How many different participants do you need for (a) A completely independent groups assignment, (b) A completely repeated measures assignment, (c) A mixed factorial design
Chaiken and Pliner reported the following mean femininity ratings (higher numbers indicate greater femininity): male–small meals (2.02), male–large meals (2.05), female–small meals (3.90), and female–large meals (2.82). Assume there are equal numbers of participants in each condition.a. Are
In a study by Chaiken and Pliner (1987), research participants read an “eating diary” of either a male or female stimulus person. The information in the diary indicated that the person ate either large meals or small meals. After reading this information, participants rated the person’s
Write a debriefing statement that you would read to participants in the Asch line judgment study.
In a pilot study, Professor Mori conducted a manipulation check and found no significant difference between the experimental conditions. Should she continue with the experiment? What should she do next? Explain your recommendations for Professor Mori.
If you were investigating variables that affect helping behavior, would you be more likely to use a straightforward or staged manipulation? Why?
Your lab group has been assigned the task of designing an experiment to investigate the effect of time spent studying on a recall task. Thus far, your group has come up with the following plan: “Participants will be randomly assigned to two groups. Individuals in one group will study a list of 5
Recall the experiment on facilitated communication by children with autism that was described (Montee, Miltenberger, & Wittrock, 1995). Interpret the findings of that study in terms of experimenter expectancy effects.
Dr. Turk studied the relationship between age and reading comprehension, specifically predicting that older people will show lower comprehension than younger ones. Turk was particularly interested in comprehension of material that is available in the general press. Groups of participants who were
Professor Foley conducted a cola taste test. Each participant in the experiment first tasted 2 ounces of Coca-Cola, then 2 ounces of Pepsi, and finally 2 ounces of Sam’s Choice Cola. A rating of the cola’s flavor was made after each taste. What are the potential problems with this experimental
Design a repeated measures experiment that investigates the effect of report presentation style on the grade received for the report. Use two levels of the independent variable: a “professional style” presentation (high quality paper, consistent use of margins and fonts, carefully constructed
Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that single-gender math classes are beneficial to adolescent females. Construct operational definitions of both the independent and dependent variables. Your experiment should have two groups and use the matched pairs procedure. Make a good case for your
Some questions are more readily answered using quantitative techniques, and others are best addressed through qualitative techniques or a combination of both approaches. Suppose you are interested in how a parent’s alcoholism affects the life of an adolescent. Develop a research question best
Devise a simple coding system to do a content analysis of print advertisements in popular magazines. Begin by examining the ads to choose the content dimensions you wish to use (e.g., gender). Apply the system to an issue of a magazine and describe your findings.
Think of at least five “commonsense” sayings about behavior (e.g., “Spare the rod, spoil the child”; “Like father, like son”; “Absence makes the heart grow fonder”). For each, develop a hypothesis that is suggested by the saying and a prediction that follows from the hypothesis.
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