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probability statistics

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition Gregory J Privitera - Solutions

Which of the following are assumptions for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA that can be evaluated statistically to ensure that they are met?a. normality and independenceb. independence and sphericityc. sphericity and normality
A researcher computes an analysis of variance with 3 degrees of freedom for the between-groups variation and 27 degrees of freedom for the error variation. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?a. 2.96b. 4.60c. 8.66
A neuropsychologist measures brain wave patterns in 10 patients exposed to four different treatments. Based on this information, df = 9 is the degrees of freedom for which source of variation?a. between-groupsb. between-personsc. within-groups (error)
In the formula below, identify A and B as they would be stated in the test statistic of the one-way within-subjects ANOVA.Fobt = _A Ba. A = mean square between-groups; B = mean square error.b. A = mean square within-groups; B = mean square error.c. A = mean square error; B = mean square
Which source of error variation is measured, then removed from the error term in the denominator of the one-way within-subjects ANOVA test statistic?a. between-groups variationb. within-groups variationc. between-persons variation
Which type of variation is placed in the numerator of the test statistic for an analysis of variance?a. within-groups variationb. between-groups variation
For a study with k = 4 and n = 12, what is the total sample size for a study using the within-subjects design?a. 4b. 12c. 48
For an analysis of variance, which type of ANOVA is computed to analyze data for one factor in which the same participants are observed in each groups or at each level of the factor?a. one-way within-subjects ANOVAb. one-way between-subjects ANOVAc. It is appropriate to use any type of ANOVA test
A ______ is a factor to which the same participants are observed in each group or at each level of a factor. [Fill in the blank]a. between-subjects factorb. within-subjects factor
The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 3.52, p < .05, η2= .12. How many participants were observed in this study?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 33) = 3.95, p < .05, η2= .14. How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this significant ANOVA result?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
What is the value of omega-squared for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA?Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Based on the results of the Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, which of the following is the appropriate conclusion for this test?a. Participants rated the actor as signifi cantly more generous if the actor helped out of compassion compared to if the actor helped because it was their job and because they
Using the values given in the table, identify the value of the test statistic for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
Which of the following are the degrees of freedom for this test?a. An ANOVA with 1 and 42 degrees of freedom.b. An ANOVA with 2 and 42 degrees of freedom.c. An ANOVA with 2 and 45 degrees of freedom.d. An ANOVA with 1 and 45 degrees of freedom.
Based on the results of the Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, which of the following is the appropriate conclusion for this test?a. Participants showed signifi cantly greater activity when using a mobile app with and without feedback reminders, compared to those who did not track activity.b.
What is the value of eta-squared for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
Which of the following are the degrees of freedom for this test?a. An ANOVA with 1 and 36 degrees of freedom.b. An ANOVA with 2 and 36 degrees of freedom.c. An ANOVA with 2 and 33 degrees of freedom.d. An ANOVA with 1 and 33 degrees of freedom.
Using the values given in the table, identify the p value for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
Below is the test of normality for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA computed in SPSS.What is the decision for the Levene’s test for equality of error variances?a. We fail to reject the null hypothesis; thus, the assumption of normality is met.b. We fail to reject the null hypothesis; thus, the
For these data, which of the following statements is true regarding the evaluation of the assumptions?a. Th e kurtosis coeffi cient falls within ±2.0 for data at all three levels; the assumption of normality is met based on this statistic alone.b. Th e skewness coeffi cient falls within ±1.0 for
A researcher conducts a one-way between-subjects ANOVA and computes eff ect size using both eta-squared and omega-squared on the same data. Which estimate of eff ect size will be smaller?a. Eta-squared.b. Omega-squared.c. Neither; eta-squared and omega-squared will be equal.
A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. Th e sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is the same in both studies. Using η2, in which study will the eff ect size be larger?a. Study 1.b. Study 2.c. Neither;
What is the effect size for these data using omega-squared, ω2? Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 100 2 50 2.00 Within groups (error) 375 15 25 Total 475 17
What is the effect size for these data using eta-squared, η2?Answer: ____ [enter number to hundredths place: .00] Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 100 2 50 2.00 Within groups (error) 375 15 25 Total 475 17
A researcher computes a one-way between-subjects ANOVA for a comparison between three groups and concludes that the result is significant. If the studentized range statistic, q, for a Tukey’s HSD post hoc test is equal to 3.68, then what must have been the value of dfE in this study, assuming a
A researcher computes a one-way between-subjects ANOVA for a comparison between four groups with seven animal subjects observed in each group. To analyze the significant result, the researcher conducts a Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Given that dfE = 24 and MSE = 28, what will the critical value be
All post hoc tests control for ____ when multiple pairwise comparisons are made on the same data. [Fill in the blank]a. testwise alphab. experimentwise alphac. mean square error
Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect?a. Schaffé test.b. Tukey’s HSD test.c. Bonferroni test.d. Fisher’s LSD test.
Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2, what is the next appropriate step?a. Summarize the data; no further tests are required.b. Interpret the data; no further tests are required.c. Conduct post hoc tests to determine which pairs of group means significantly differ.
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What is the value of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter number to hundredths place: 0.00]
What is the value of the denominator of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A cognitive psychologist records the reaction times of 48 participants with a computer task that varied based on whether participants received a visual prompt, an auditory prompt, a visual + an auditory prompt, or did not receive a prompt at all (n = 12 per group). If SSBG = 45 and SSE = 176, then
A researcher compares the number of retweets for 50 randomly selected tweets that included text only, 50 randomly selected tweets that included an image only, and 50 randomly selected tweets that included text + an image (N = 150). All texts were matched for content. If the researcher computes SSBG
Conduct a Tukey’s HSD post hoc test on these data. Which of the following groups significantly differ?a. Groups 0-second delay and 0.5-second delay.b. Groups 0.5-second delay and 1.0-second delay.c. Groups 0-second delay and 1.0-second delay.d. All of these groups significantly differed.
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the decision for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?a. The results showed that recall significantly varied by the delay before recall, F(3, 27)= 5.90, p < .05.b. The results showed that recall significantly
For a one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the value of the numerator of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
Conduct a Tukey’s HSD post hoc test on these data. Which of the following groups significantly differ?a. Groups Reinforce “on task” and Punish “off task.”b. Groups Reinforce “on task” and No Consequence.c. Groups Punish “off task” and No Consequence.d. All of these groups
Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the decision for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?a. The results showed that time spent on task significantly differed by the type of manipulation, F(2, 21) = 3.47, p = .05.b. The results showed that time spent
For a one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the value of the numerator of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
Which of the following is the statistical assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA that can be tested using Levene’s test for equality of error variances?a. normalityb. independencec. random samplingd. homogeneity of variance
Which of the following are the statistical assumptions for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. normality and independenceb. independence and random samplingc. random sampling and homogeneity of varianced. homogeneity of variance and normality
What are the degrees of freedom denominator for this example?
What are the degrees of freedom numerator for this example?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A researcher records the following data for each of three groups. These data meet all statistical assumptions for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA. [Please feel free to enter these data in SPSS and follow the directions given in Section 12.8 to check the statistical assumptions yourself]. After
The null hypothesis for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA with three groups stated in terms of differences is 1 = 2 = 3. Suppose a researcher compares differences in scores between three groups and finds that the group means are all the same: M1 = M2 = M3. This is exactly what is stated in the null
In the formula of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA, the mean squares are a measure ofa. variance.b. deviation.c. sum of squares.
Holding the value of error variance constant, ____ the between-groups variability in a oneway ANOVA, the more likely we are to fail to reject the null hypothesis. [Fill in the blank]a. the largerb. the smallerc. the more negative
A researcher notes that the variability attributed to the differences between group means is quite large for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA. Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?a. between-groupsb. within-groupsc. error variationd. Both b and c are correct.
A researcher selects a sample of participants and randomly assigns them to rate imagery of events that depicts a moment of courage, tragedy, celebration, or sacrifice to evaluate how these ratings differ between the scenes.
A researcher selects a sample of patients with a mental health disorder and randomly assigns them to receive family therapy, individual therapy, or to participate in a control condition in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy.
A researcher selects a sample of students attending a community college, a 4-year undergraduate institution, or a graduate school to evaluate differences in their academic preparedness.
A researcher selects a sample of military service members who serve in the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, or U.S. Marines to evaluate differences in their resilience in high-pressure situations.
A between-subjects design in which k = 4 and N = 48.
A between-subjects design in which participants are randomly assigned to complete a memory task in which there was a 0-, 0.5-, 1.0-, or 5.0-second delay between the task and the prompt for recall. A total of 60 participants were observed.Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A between-subjects design in which participants are randomly assigned to complete a task that varies based on whether it is taken online, in person, or via a phone app.Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A between-subjects design in which n = 8 and N = 32.Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A researcher compares job satisfaction in a sample of employees at one of three levels of management (team lead, supervisor, or branch manager) following a merger. What type of factor is management level?a. within-subjects factorb. between-subjects factor
Which of the following identifies the “way” of an analysis of variance?a. The “way” of an ANOVA identifies how many groups are observed.b. The “way” of an ANOVA identifies how many factors are observed.c. Both a and b are correct.
Although it is common to report the result of an ANOVA, researchers rarely report the results of a post hoc test.a. True, results from a post hoc test are rarely reported.b. False, results from a post hoc test should be reported following a significant ANOVA.
The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 6.587, p = .005, η2= .33. In this study ____ participants were observed in each group. [Fill in the blank]a. 10b. 27c. 30
Which of the following draws the correct conclusion from these results?a. Participants spent significantly less time checking their phones when waiting alone, compared to when waiting with a friend or with a stranger.b. Participants spent significantly less time checking their phones when waiting
Which post hoc test was computed?a. Fisher’s LSD testb. Tukey’s HSD test
What is the p value and decision for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA test?a. p = .005; reject the null hypothesisb. p = .025; reject the null hypothesisc. p = .815; fail to reject the null hypothesis
SPSS can be used to compute the post hoc tests following a significant ANOVA.a. True.b. False.The image below shows the SPSS output table for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA using the One-Way ANOVA command for the time (in minutes) that participants checked their cell phones while in a waiting
Using SPSS, which options in the menu bar do you select to compute the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. Analyze, then Compare Means and One-Way ANOVAb. Analyze, then General Linear Model and Univariatec. Both a and b are appropriate options.
η2 is often reported as R2 for an analysis of variance test.a. Trueb. False
How does ω2 for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA correct for the fact that η2 tends to be a biased estimate of effect size?a. It corrects for the size of error by including MSE in the formula.b. It includes the degrees of freedom between groups (dfBG) in the formula.c. It accounts for the
A researcher conducts a study using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA and computes SSBG = 120 and SSE = 200. What is the effect size for this test using η2?a. .60b. .38c. 1.67
Below is an ANOVA table for a significant result at a .05 level of significance. If n = 8 participants in each group and the means in each group are 4.00 (Group A), 6.63 (Group B), and 8.00 (Group C), then which pairs of groups are significantly different using a Tukey’s HSD test?a. Group A is
Which of the following lists each post hoc test in order from the most conservative to the most liberal.a. Scheff test, Tukey’s HSD test, SNK test, Bonferroni test, Fisher’s LSDb. Tukey’s HSD test, SNK test, Bonferroni test, Fisher’s LSD, Scheff testc. Scheff test, Bonferroni test,
All post hoc tests compute critical values that control for what value?a. mean square errorb. the value of the test statisticc. experimentwise alpha
What is the decision for this analysis?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What is the value of B in the table?a. B = 2.94b. B = 3.00c. B = 120
What is the value of A in the table?a. A = 19.4b. A = 20c. A = 330
A researcher randomly assigns 32 children to observe a short clip depicting either a favorite superhero, a parent, a teacher, or no person at all (n = 8 per group). If SSBG =40 and SSE = 104, then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. Fail to
Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.What does this assumption mean?a. That the population being sampled from is normally distributed.b. That participants are randomly selected to participate in a sample.c. That the variance is equal in each population
A researcher computes an analysis of variance with 4 and 12 degrees of freedom. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?a. 3.26b. 5.41c. 5.96
A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-, middle-, or upper-middle-class neighborhood. If 15 participants are observed in each group, then what are the degrees of freedom for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. (2, 12)b. (3, 43)c. (2, 42)d. (3, 12)
As the value for k, N, or n increases, so too will the total degrees of freedom for an ANOVA.a. Trueb. False
In the formula below, identify A and B as they would be stated in the test statistic of the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.Fobt = _A Ba. A = mean square between-groups; B = mean square error.b. A = mean square within-groups; B = mean square error.c. A = mean square error; B = mean square
A mean square is a measure of ______. [Fill in the blank]a. varianceb. frequencyc. sample mean
Which type of variation is placed in the numerator of the test statistic for an analysis of variance?a. within-groups variationb. between-groups variation
A researcher compares differences in social development among children at a public, a private, and a charter school. Which way to select independent samples did the researchers choose in this example?a. They selected a sample from three populations: from a population of children at either a public,
Which way of selecting independent samples is commonly used in experiments?a. selecting a sample from two or more populationsb. selecting one sample from the same population and randomly assigning participants in the sample to two or more groups
A researcher compares social adjustment scores among freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior students at a local school. What type of factor is class year?a. within-subjects factorb. between-subjects factor
For a study with k = 4 and n = 12, what is the total sample size for a study using the between-subjects design, assuming that n is equal in each group?a. 4b. 12c. 48
For an analysis of variance, the term “one-way” refers to ______. [Fill in the blank]a. the number of factors in the designb. the number of statistical tests in the designc. the number of ways that the data can be analyzed
The ______ is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses for one or more factors concerning the variance among two or more group means, where the variance in one or more populations is unknown. [Fill in the blank]a. t testb. analysis of variancec. between-subjects design
Which of the following summarizes a significant related-samples t test evaluating 20 students and showing a large effect size using APA format?a. t(19) = 2.269, p < .05, d = 0.70b. t(19) = 2.578, p < .05, d = 0.85c. t(20) = 3.020, p < .05, d = 0.90d. t(20) = 2.954, p < .05, d = 0.50
A researcher reports the following result for a related-sample t test in APA format:t(19) = 1.729, p = .05 (d = 0.12). Was this a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test?a. One-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05.b. Two-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05.c. It could be a
Based on the value of the test statistic, what do we know about the nature of the decision made in SPSS?a. The decision to fail to reject the null hypothesis was the result of a two-tailed test.b. The decision to reject the null hypothesis in SPSS would have changed to a decision to fail to reject
Based on the confidence intervals, we can state at a 95% level of confidence that the mean difference in response times isa. between .05734 and .00599 seconds faster in response to animate versus inanimate objects.b. between .05734 and .00599 seconds slower in response to animate versus inanimate
Using the values given in the table, identify the value of the denominator in the formula for the related-samples t test.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Using the values given in the table, identify the p value for this related-samples t test.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Based on the 95% confidence intervals given in SPSS, which of the following statements is true?a. The decision would have been to reject the null hypothesis for a null hypothesis significance test at a .05 level of significance.b. The value of the null hypothesis that there is no difference in
Based on the value of the test statistic, what do we know about the nature of the decision made in SPSS?a. Th e decision to reject the null hypothesis was the result of a two-tailed test.b. Th e decision to fail to reject the null hypothesis in SPSS would have changed to a decision to reject the
Using the values given in the table, what is the p value for these results?Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]

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