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probability statistics

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition Gregory J Privitera - Solutions

Which of the following describes a study using the proper terminology and notation for a 2 × 3 two-way ANOVA?a. A researcher evaluates the effects of a dosage of drug (1mg, 5mg) on attentional outcomes among students with and without an individualized education plan.b. A researcher evaluates the
For an analysis of variance, the term “two-way” refers toa. the number of factors in the design.b. the number of statistical tests in the design.c. the number of ways that the data can be analyzed.
Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design?a. You want to observe two groups in the same statistical design.b. You want to analyze the main effects of a factor.c. Your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors.d. You
The effect size should be reported for each significant hypothesis test but not for the simple main effect tests.a. True, effect size is not reported for the simple main effect tests.b. False, effect size is reported for each significant hypothesis test and for the simple main effect tests.
The following is a summary of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA for one main effect, F(3, 108) = 3.355, p = .05, η2= .16, and the interaction: F(6, 108) = 4.101, p = .05, η2= .14. In this study ____ participants were observed in each group. [Fill in the blank]a. 3 participantsb. 6 participantsc. 9
Which of the following draws the correct conclusion from these results? [Hint: To find the answer, first compute the means for each group for the data given]a. Children recognized significantly more items for pictures that were familiar, only when the pictures were also labeled.b. Children
Which of the following correctly summarizes the main effect of familiarity test in APA format?a. F(1, 36) = 84.063, p < .001b. F(1, 36) = 0, p = 1.000c. F(1, 36) = 0.951, p = .336
What is decision for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA test?a. Both main effects are significant.b. Only the interaction is significant.c. Only a main effect of familiarity is significant.
SPSS does not perform simple main effect tests by default. If you obtain a significant interaction, you will have to conduct these tests separately.a. Trueb. False
Using SPSS, which options in the menu bar do you select to compute the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. Analyze, then Compare Means and One-Way ANOVAb. Analyze, then General Linear Model and Univariatec. Analyze, then General Linear Model and Repeated Measures
Using the data given in the following F table, which of the following gives the factor listed with the correct corresponding value for eta-squared?a. Main effect of Factor A, η2 = .23b. Main effect of Factor B, η2 = .06c. A × B Interaction, η2 = .2 Source of Variation SS df MS F Factor A 12 1
Which measure for proportion of variance is a more conservative estimate of effect size?a. eta-squaredb. omega-squared
What is the next step for analyzing a significant main effect with more than two levels?a. Compute simple main effect tests.b. Compute pairwise comparisons.c. Both a and b are correct.
Simple main effect tests compare mean differences or simple main effects of one factor at ______ of a second factor. [Fill in the blank]a. one levelb. significant levelsc. each level
Which of the following lists the steps for analyzing an interaction in the correct order?a. Choose how to describe the data, compute simple main effect tests, compute pairwise comparisons.b. Compute simple main effect tests, compute pairwise comparisons, choose how to describe the data.c. Choose
For which of the following effects was the decision to reject the null hypothesis?a. a main effect of self-esteemb. a main effect of family sizec. an interaction between self-esteem and family sized. All of these resulted in a reject the null hypothesis decision.
What is the value of the test statistic for the A × B interaction?a. 5.00b. 7.00c. 12.00
How many total participants were observed in this study?a. 6b. 59c. 60
Which of the following are assumptions for the two-way between-subjects ANOVA that can be evaluated statistically to ensure that they are met?a. normality and homogeneity of varianceb. independence and sphericityc. sphericity and random sampling.
Even if a graph shows a possible main effect or interaction, the use of a test statistic is still needed to determine whether a main effect or an interaction is significant.a. True.b. False, the test statistic is not needed to identify significance.
The following graph summarizes the results of a study that manipulated the caloric density (low, high) and type of food (dessert, snack, meal) consumed in a buffet. Amount consumed in calories was recorded. Which of the following correctly describes the results depicted in the graph?a. The pattern
Which of the following is the denominator for each hypothesis test using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?a. variability attributed to differences across the row means in a summary tableb. variability attributed to differences across the column means in a summary tablec. variability attributed to
Which of the following is a source of between-groups variation in the two-way betweensubjects ANOVA?a. the variability associated with each main effectb. the variability associated with the interactionc. Both a and b are sources of between-groups variation.
The two-way ANOVA can be used to analyze a between-subjects factor and a withinsubjects factor.a. True.b. False, it can only be used to analyze a between-subjects factor.
A researcher conducts a 3 × 2 ANOVA with 15 participants observed in each cell or group. How many participants are needed to conduct this study if the researcher conducts a mixed factorial design in which the first factor is a within-subjects factor?a. 15b. 30c. 45d. 90
The ____ is a special case for the between-subjects design; the ____ is a special case for the within-subjects design. [Fill in the blanks]a. 2-between design; mixed factorial designb. mixed factorial design; 2-within designc. 2-between design; 2-within designd. 2-within design; 2-between design
Which of the following is a common reason that we observe two factors in a single study?a. A hypothesis may require that we observe two factors.b. Adding a second factor allows us to control or account for threats to validity.c. Both a and b are correct.
A two-way ANOVA is different from a one-way ANOVA in thata. a two-way ANOVA is always associated with observing more groups than in a oneway ANOVA.b. a two-way ANOVA can be used for a between-subjects and a within-subjects design, whereas a one-way ANOVA cannot.c. a two-way ANOVA can be used when
A two-way analysis of variance is used to test the effectiveness of a consequence(reward, punishment) when delivered by an adult (parent, sibling, stranger). Which of the following correctly identifies this study using the proper terminology and notation for a two-way ANOVA?a. 2 × 2 ANOVAb. 2 × 3
The ______ is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the variance of group means in groups created by combining the levels of two factors when the variance in any one population is unknown. [Fill in the blank]a. one-way ANOVAb. two-way ANOVA
Based on the data given for each study, which study is associated with the highest power to detect an effect?a. Study 1b. Study 2c. Both studies are associated with the same power to detect an effect.
Based on the data given for each study, which study is associated with the most consistent participant responding between groups?a. Study 1b. Study 2c. Both studies are associated with the same consistency.
A researcher conducts a within-subjects design and notes that scores increased at each level of the factor for all participants. Based on this description, does this test have high power to detect the effect?a. No, because participant responding was consistent.b. No, because participant responding
For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the more ______ participant responding between groups, the more powerful the test will be at detecting an effect.a. consistentb. inconsistentc. efficientd. inefficient
The following results is reported for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 28) = 4.20, p < .05, ηp 2= .14. Which value in the summary indicates that the design was within subjects?a. the value of the test statisticb. the value of the degrees of freedomc. the p valued. the partial estimate for
The following is a summary of a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 24) = 3.52, p < .05, ηP 2= .12. How many participants were observed in this study?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
What is the decision for this one-way within-subjects ANOVA?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
Using the values given in the table, identify the p value for this one-way within-subjects ANOVA.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Using the values given in the table, identify the numerator of the test statistic for this oneway within-subjects ANOVA.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Based on the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test, which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for this study? Note: In the left column of the pairwise comparisons table, 1 = the group with their own pet, 2 = the group with a random pet, and 3 = the group with no pet.a. Patients found
What is the decision for this one-way within-subjects ANOVA?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
Using the values given in the table, identify the numerator of the test statistic for this oneway within-subjects ANOVA.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Using the values given in the table, identify the p value for this one-way within-subjects ANOVA.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Based on the test of the assumption of sphericity, we decide toa. Fail to reject the null hypothesis; thus the assumption of sphericity is met.b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis; thus the assumption of sphericity is violated.c. Reject the null hypothesis; thus the assumption of sphericity is
Based on tests for normality, which of the following statements is true regarding the evaluation of the assumptions?a. Th e data for set 1 and set 2 violate the assumption of normality; the data for set 3 meet the assumption of normality.b. Th e data for all three sets meet the assumption of
For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the partial estimates of eff ect size remove, or“partial out,” which source of variation?a. between-groupsb. within-groupsc. between-persons
Which of the following correctly explains why we use partial estimates of eff ect size for a within-subjects design?a. To compute proportion of variance for a within-subjects design, we partial out the between-subjects variability because this variability was removed from the test statistic for a
What is the effect size for these data using partial omega-squared, ωP 2?Answer: ____ [enter number to hundredths place: .00]
What is the effect size for these data using partial eta-squared, ηP 2?Answer: ____ [enter number to hundredths place: .00]
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
How many groups were observed in this study?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
How many participants (n) were observed in this study? Source of Variation SS df MS F obt Between groups 36 3 Between persons Within groups (error) Total 132 4.0 47
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What is the value of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter number to hundredths place: .00]
What is the value of the denominator of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A researcher compares improvement in balance among 12 scholarship athletes in each of three training sessions aimed at strengthening coordination. The order that athletes experienced each session was randomized. If the researcher computes SSBG = 72 and SSWG = 176, then what was the value of the
A researcher compares the attentiveness of 15 students on each of four days in which novel instructional strategies were implemented. The order that students experienced each instructional strategy was randomized. If the researcher computes SSBG = 135 and SSWG =420, then what was the value of the
Suppose a researcher compares differences in productivity across four workplace conditions. A one-way within-subjects ANOVA leads to a decision to reject the null hypothesis. Using the Bonferroni procedure at a .05 experimentwise alpha level, what is the value of the testwise alpha for each
Which groups significantly differ using a Bonferroni post hoc test at an experimentwise alpha of .05?a. Group Personalized to Interests and Group Personalized to Disinterestsb. Group Personalized to Interests and Group Not Personalizedc. Group Personalized to Disinterests and Group Not
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the decision for this test?a. Reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 18) = 6.52, p < .05.b. Reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 18) = 6.19, p < .05.c. Reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 18) = 60.52, p < .05d. Fail to reject the null
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the value of the numerator of the test statistic?Answer: ____ [enter a number to the hundredths place: .00]
Using the Bonferroni procedure at a .05 experimentwise alpha level, what is the value of the testwise alpha for each comparison?a. .05b. .025c. .017
Which groups significantly differ using a Bonferroni post hoc test at an experimentwise alpha of .05?a. Group Comfort Foods and Group Low-Calorieb. Group Comfort Foods and Group Neutral Imagesc. Group Low-Calorie and Group Neutral Imagesd. Both a and b are correct.
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the decision for this test?a. Reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 18) = 6.24, p < .05.b. Reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 9) = 3.82, p < .05.c. Fail to reject the null hypothesis, F(2, 18) = 3.43, p > .05.
For a one-way within-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance, what is the value of the sum of squares error (SSE)—the value for the total SS for between-persons and withingroups combined?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
In terms of the assumptions for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, it is noted that variances tend to increase and covariances tend to decrease over time, which means that it is not uncommon at all to violate which statistical assumption?a. normalityb. sphericityc. independence within groups
Which of the following is a statistical assumption for a one-way ANOVA using the withinsubjects design, but is not a statistical assumption for a one-way ANOVA using the between-subjects design?a. normalityb. sphericityc. independence within groups.
A study conducted at a .05 level of significance in a sample of 16 participants observed in each of three groups.Answer: ____ [enter value exactly as shown in the Table D.3]
A study comparing the time (in seconds) that 12 high-functioning students engaged in an attentional task during each of four experimental sessions at a .05 level of significance.Answer: ____ [enter value exactly as shown in the Table D.3]
What are the degrees of freedom denominator for this example?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
What are the degrees of freedom numerator for this example?Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
A researcher records the following data for each of three groups. These data meet all statistical assumptions for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA. [Please feel free to enter these data in SPSS and follow the directions given in Section 13.7 to check the statistical assumptions yourself]. After
The null hypothesis for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA with three groups stated in terms of differences is 1 = 2 = 3. Suppose a researcher compares differences in scores between three groups and finds that the group means are all the same: M1 = M2 = M3. This is exactly what is stated in the null
When the same participants are observed in each group, we can assume that thea. study is a between-subjects design.b. variability attributed to error is equal across the groups.c. group means do not vary and thus can equal 0 across the groups.d. individual differences in participant characteristics
Which source of variation is computed, then removed from the error term in the denominator of the test statistic, for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA?a. within-groupsb. between-personsc. between-groupsd. Both a and b are correct.
In the formula of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA, the mean squares are a measure ofa. variance.b. deviation.c. sum of squares.
A sports psychologist compares leadership abilities in a sample of athletes randomly assigned to experience one of three physical challenges.Answer: ____ [enter B or W]
A health psychologist has children taste three nutritious solutions, then compares their likability ratings for each solution.Answer: ____ [enter B or W]
A researcher compares changes in profit margins across each of the first four quarters of a fiscal year following a recession in a sample of businesses. What type of design is described in this example?a. within-subjects designb. repeated measures designc. between-subjects designd. Both a and b are
If an analysis of variance uses a within-subjects design, what does this mean?a. Different participants are observed at each level of a factor.b. The same participants are observed across all the levels of a factor.c. Both a and b are correct.
A one-way within-subjects ANOVA is typically associated with larger power than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.a. Trueb. False
Which of the following are rules for the power of a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?a. As SSBP increases, power increases.b. As SSE decreases, power increases.c. As MSE decreases, power increases.d. All of these are rules for the power of a one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
The following table lists data from a hypothetical study measuring the time (in seconds)it takes participants to complete each of three tasks (easy, moderate, difficult). Which of the following statements regarding the consistency of these data is accurate?a. The data show consistent changes in the
To report the results of a post hoc test, identify which post hoc test was computed and the p value, at least for significant results.a. True.b. False
The following is a summary of a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 18) = 3.55, p = .05,ηP 2= .18. In this study ____ participants were observed in each group. [Fill in the blank]a. 9b. 10c. 19
Which of the following draws the correct conclusion from these results?a. Students spent significantly more time using social media on their phones than they did browsing or shopping online.b. Students spent significantly less time using social media on their phones than they did browsing or
Which of the following correctly summarizes the results of this study in APA format?a. F(1, 9) = 7.514, p = .023b. F(1, 9) = 3.115, p = .111c. F(2, 18) = 7.514, p = .004
What is decision for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
SPSS removes the between-persons variability from the error term, leaving only the within-groups error in the SPSS output table for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA.a. True.b. False.
Using SPSS, which options in the menu bar do you select to compute the one-way withinsubjects ANOVA?a. Analyze, then Compare Means and One-Way ANOVAb. Analyze, then General Linear Model and Univariatec. Analyze, then General Linear Model and Repeated Measures
When measuring proportion of variance for the same data set, the value of partial omega-squared will be ____ than the value of partial eta-squared. [Fill in the blank]a. smallerb. larger
What is the value of partial eta-squared if SSBG = 4.50, SSBP = 8.25, SSE = 3.00, and SST = 15.75?a. .29b. .52c. .60
For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the partial estimates of effect size remove, or “partial out,” which source of variation?a. between-groupsb. within-groupsc. between-persons
Which post hoc test allows for the related-samples t test to be used to conduct the pairwise comparisons?a. Tukey’s HSD testb. Fisher’s LSD testc. Bonferroni procedure
Which of the following is the testwise alpha for each of six tests with an experimentwise alpha of .05?a. p = .008b. p = .120c. p = .05
Which of the following is a step for computing the Bonferroni procedure?a. Calculate the testwise alpha and find the critical value.b. Compute a related-samples t test for each pairwise comparison and make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.c. Both a and b are steps for
What is the decision for this analysis?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What is the value of B in the table?a. B = 1.22b. B = 11.25c. B = 13.75
What is the value of A in the table?a. A = 2b. A = 11c. A = 22
A researcher measures the amount of high fat foods (in grams) consumed by 8 rat subjects 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days following the introduction of a high fat diet.If SSBG = 30 and SSE = 70 for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, then what is the decision at a .05 level of significance?a. Fail to reject

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