Software Testing And Quality Assurance Theory And Practice 1st Edition Sagar Naik, Kshirasagar Naik - Solutions

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=+Have you seen similar problems before?
=+Are there patterns that are recog-nizable in a potential solution?
=+ Is there existing software that implements the data, functions, and features that are required?
=+Has a similar problem been solved? If so, are elements of the solution reusable?
=+Can subproblems be defined? If so, are solutions readily apparent for the subproblems?
=+Can you represent a solution in a manner that leads to effective implemen-tation? Can a design model be created?
=+Does the solution conform to the plan?
=+Is source code traceable to the de-sign model?
=+Is each component part of the solution provably correct? Has the design and code been reviewed, or better, have correctness proofs been applied to the algorithm?
=+Is it possible to test each component part of the solution?
=+ Has a reasonable testing strategy been implemented?
=+Does the solution produce results that conform to the data, functions, and features that are required?
=+ Has the software been validated against all stakeholder requirements?
=+2.1. Figure 2.1 places the three software engineering layers on top of a layer entitled "A quality focus." This implies an organizational quality program such as total quality man-agement. Do a bit of research and develop an outline of the key tenets of a total quality management program.
=+2.3. As software becomes more pervasive, risks to the public (due to faulty programs) be-come an increasingly significant concern. Develop a doomsday but realistic scenario in which the failure of a computer program could do great harm, either economic or human.
=+2.4. Describe a process framework in your own words. When we say that framework activ-ities are applicable to all projects, does this mean that the same work tasks are applied for all projects, regardless of size and complexity? Explain.
=+2.5. Umbrella activities occur throughout the software process. Do you think they are applied evenly across the process, or are some concentrated in one or more framework activities?
=+2.6. Add two additional myths to the list presented in Section 2.4. Also state the reality that accompanies the myth.
=+What is a software process?
=+What are the generic framework activities that are present in every software process?
=+How are processes modeled and what are process patterns?
=+What are the prescriptive process models and what are their strengths and weaknesses?
=+Why is agility a watchword in modern software engineering work?
=+What is agile software development and how does it differ from more traditional process models?
Explain the principles of statistical quality control. What are the tools used for this purpose? Explain the principle of a control chart.
Explain the concept of lean principles.
What is an “Ishikawa” diagram? When should the Ishikawa diagram be used?Provide a procedure to construct an Ishikawa diagram.
What is total quality management (TQM)? What is the difference between TQM and TQC?
Explain the differences between failure, error, and fault .
What is a test case? What are the objectives of testing?
Explain the concepts of unit, integration, system, acceptance, and regression testing.
What are the different sources from which test cases can be selected?
What is the difference between fault injection and fault simulation?
Explain the differences between structural and functional testing.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of automated testing and manual testing?
Explain the concept of an ideal test.
Explain the concept of a selection criterion in test design.
Explain the concepts of a valid and reliable criterion.
Explain five kinds of program faults.
What are the drawbacks of Goodenough and Gerhart’s theory of program testing?
Explain the concepts of a uniformly ideal test as well as the concepts of uniformly valid and uniformly reliable criteria.
Explain how two test methods can be compared.
Explain the need for evaluating test adequacy.
Explain two practical methods for assessing test data adequacy.
Explain the concept of a nontestable program.
Does the code do what has been specified in the design specification?
Does the procedure used in the module solve the problem correctly?
Does a software module duplicate another existing module which could be reused?
If library modules are being used, are the right libraries and the right versions of the libraries being used?
Does each module have a single entry point and a single exit point? Multiple exit and entry point programs are harder to test.
Is the cyclomatic complexity of the module more than 10? If yes, then it is extremely difficult to adequately test the module.
Can each atomic function be reviewed and understood in 10–15 minutes? If not, it is considered to be too complex.
Have naming conventions been followed for all identifiers, such as pointers, indices, variables, arrays, and constants? It is important to adhere to coding standards to ease the introduction of a new contributor (programmer) to the development of a system.
Has the code been adequately commented upon?
Have all the variables and constants been correctly initialized? Have correct types and scopes been checked?
Are the global or shared variables, if there are any, carefully controlled?
Are there data values hard coded in the program? Rather, these should be declared as variables.
Are the pointers being used correctly?
Are the dynamically acquired memory blocks deallocated after use?
Does the module terminate abnormally? Will the module eventually terminate?
Is there a possibility of an infinite loop, a loop that never executes, or a loop with a premature exit?
Have all the files been opened for use and closed at termination?
Are there computations using variables with inconsistent data types? Is overflow or underflow a possibility?
Are error codes and condition messages produced by accessing a common table of messages?Each error code should have a meaning, and all of the meanings should be available at one place in a table rather than scattered all over the program code.
Is the code portable? The source code is likely to execute on multiple processor architectures and on different operating systems over its lifetime. It must be implemented in a manner that does not preclude this kind of a variety of execution environments.
Is the code efficient? In general, clarity, readability, or correctness should not be sacrificed for efficiency. Code review is intended to detect implementation choices that have adverse effects on system performance.
Study the Yourdon [2] concept of a design walkthrough and the IBM concept[1] of a design inspection. Discuss the similarities and the differences between them.
A software engineering group is developing a mission-critical software system that will launch laser-guided missiles to its destinations. This is a new kind of product that was never built by the company. As a quality assurance manager, which code review methodology—walkthrough or
What size of a review team would you recommend for the project in exercise 2, and why? What are the different roles of each member of the review team?What groups should send representatives to participate in code review?
Suppose that the C programming language is chosen in the project in exercise
Recommend a detailed code review checklist to the review team.
In addition to code review, what other static unit testing techniques would you recommend for the project in exercise 3? Justify your answer.
Describe the special role of a recordkeeper.
Discuss the importance of code review rework and validation.
Draw a control flow graph for the following sample code. Determine the cyclomatic complexity of the graph. (a) sum_of_all_positive_numbers (a, num_of_entries, sum) (b) sum = 0 (c) init (d) (e) (f) (g) 1 while (init 0 sum sum +a[init]]] endif init init + 1 endwhile = (h) end
A test engineer generates 70 mutants of a program P and 150 test cases to test the program P. After the first iteration of mutation testing, the tester finds 58 dead mutants and 4 equivalent mutants. Calculate the mutation score for this test suite. Is the test suite adequate for program P? Should
There is some debate as to whether code should be compiled before it is reviewed and vice versa. Based on your experience, give an opinion on this matter.
Attempt to draw a control flow graph for a module that you have recently developed. Determine the cyclomatic complexity for the module. Is the module too complex?
For your current software project, conduct a formal code review as described in Section 3.2.
For your current software project, develop dynamic unit test cases for each of the units in the JUnit framework if the code is in Java or in an appropriate xUnit framework.
Draw a CFG for binsearch().
From the CFG, identify a set of entry–exit paths to satisfy the complete statement coverage criterion.
Identify additional paths, if necessary, to satisfy the complete branch coverage criterion.
For each path identified above, derive their path predicate expressions.
Solve the path predicate expressions to generate test input and compute the corresponding expected outcomes.
Are all the selected paths feasible? If not, select and show that a path is infeasible, if it exists.
Can you introduce two faults in the routine so that these go undetected by your test cases designed for complete branch coverage?
Suggest a general way to detect the kinds of faults introduced in the previous step.
What are the limitations of control flow–based testing?
Show that branch coverage includes statement coverage.
Draw a data flow graph for the binsearch() function given in Figure 5.8.
Assuming that the input array V [ ] has at least one element in it, find an infeasible path in the data flow graph for the binsearch() function. int binsearch (int x, int V[], int n) { int low, high, mid; low = 0; high n -1; while (low V[mid]) low mid 1; else return mid; } return -1; } Figure 5.8
Identify a data flow anomaly in the code given in Figure 5.9.
By referring to the data flow graph obtained in exercise 1, find a set of complete paths satisfying the all-defs selection criterion with respect to variable mid.
By referring to the data flow graph obtained in exercise 1, find a set of complete paths satisfying the all-defs selection criterion with respect to variable high.
Write a function in C such that the all-uses criterion produces more test cases than the all-branches criterion.
What is meant by the gap between all-branches testing and all-paths testing and how does data flow testing fill the gap?
Explain why the presence of data flow anomaly does not imply that execution of the program will definitely produce incorrect results.
Program anomaly has been defined by considering three operations, namely, define (d), reference (r ), and undefine (u). The three sequences of operations identified to be program anomaly are dd, du, and ur. Explain why the rest of the two-operation sequences are not considered to be program anomaly.
Identify some difficulties in identifying data flow anomaly in programs.

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Software Testing And Quality Assurance Theory And Practice 1st Edition Sagar Naik, Kshirasagar Naik - Solutions

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