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statistics for experimentert

Introductory Statistics 10th Global Edition Neil A. Weiss - Solutions

Loaded Die? A gambler thinks a die may be loaded, that is, that the six numbers are not equally likely. To test his suspicion, he rolled the die 200 times and obtained the data shown in the following table.Number 123456 Frequency 37 26 33 35 31 38 Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude
Bottled Water. A project exploring the bottled-water phenomenon and preference of water types was conducted by researchers M. Lunsford and A. Fink in the article “Water Taste Test Data” (Journal of Statistics Education, Vol. 18, No. 1). One hundred nine subjects participated in double-blind
World Series. The World Series in baseball is won by the first team to win four games (ignoring the 1903 and 1919–1921 World Series, when it was a best of nine). Thus it takes at least four games and no more than seven games to establish a winner. If two teams are evenly matched, the
Variegated Plants. Arabidopsis is a genus of flowering plant related to cabbage. A variegated mutant of the Arabidopsis has yellow streaks or marks. E. Miura et al. studied the origin of this variegated mutant in the article “The Balance between Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Chloroplasts
Girls and Boys. One probability model for child gender is that a boy or a girl is equally likely to be born. If that model is correct, then, for a two-child family, the probabilities are 0.25, 0.50, and 0.25 of two girls, one girl and one boy, and two boys, respectively. W. Stansfield and M.
Presidential Election. According to Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, in the 2012 presidential election, 51.01% of those voting voted for the Democratic candidate(Barack H. Obama), whereas 57.50% of those voting who lived in Illinois did so. For that presidential election, does an
Physician Specialty. According to the document Physician Specialty Data Book, published by the Association of American Medical Colleges, in 2010, 12.9% of active male physicians specialized in internal medicine and 15.3% of active female physicians specialized in internal medicine. Does an
Gender and Class Level. Refer to Table 13.11. Consider the variables “gender” and “class level.”a. Group the bivariate data for these two variables into a contingency table.b. Determine the conditional distribution of gender within each class level and the marginal distribution of gender.c.
Gender and College. Refer to Table 13.11. Consider the variables “gender” and “college.”a. Group the bivariate data for these two variables into a contingency table.b. Determine the conditional distribution of gender within each college and the marginal distribution of gender.c. Determine
Class Level and College. Refer to Table 13.11. Consider the variables “class level” and “college.”a. Group the bivariate data for these two variables into a contingency table.b. Determine the conditional distribution of class level within each college and the marginal distribution of class
Party and Class. Refer to Table 13.12.a. Group the bivariate data for the two variables into a contingency table.b. Determine the conditional distribution of political party affiliation within each class level.c. Are the variables “political party affiliation” and “class level” for this
Party and Class. Refer to Table 13.12.a. If you have not done Exercise 13.45, group the bivariate data for the two variables into a contingency table.b. Determine the conditional distribution of class level within each political party affiliation.c. Are the variables “political party
AIDS Cases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication HIV Surveillance Report, the number of AIDS cases in the United States in 2011, by region and race, is as shown in the following contingency table. Region Race White Black Other Total Northeast 1,100 2,493 5,117
School Enrollment. The Current Population Survey from the U.S. Census Bureau provides data on school enrollment. The following contingency table shows school enrollment below postsecondary, in thousands, by level and gender.Level Gender Male Female Total Nursery 2,331 2,377 4,708 Kindergarten 1,997
Education of Prisoners. In the article “Education and Correctional Populations” (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, NCJ 195670), C. Harlow examined the educational attainment of prisoners by type of prison facility. The following contingency table was adapted from Table 1 of the
U.S. Hospitals. The American Hospital Association publishes information about U.S. hospitals and nursing homes in Hospital Statistics. The following contingency table provides a crossclassification of U.S. hospitals and nursing homes by type of facility and number of beds.Number of beds 24 or fewer
Farms. The U.S. Department of Agriculture publishes information about U.S. farms in Census of Agriculture. A joint frequency distribution for number of farms, by acreage and tenure of operator, is provided in the following contingency table. Frequencies are in thousands. Acreage Tenure of operator
Housing Foundations. The U.S. Census Bureau publishes information about housing units in American Housing Survey for the United States. The following table cross-classifies single-unit occupied housing units by foundation type and tenure of occupier. The frequencies are in thousands.Foundation
AIDS Cases. Refer to Exercise 13.47. For AIDS cases in the United States in 2011, solve the following problems:a. Find and interpret the conditional distributions of region by race.b. Find and interpret the marginal distribution of region.c. Are the variables “region” and “race” associated?
School Enrollment. Refer to Exercise 13.48. For students below postsecondary, solve the following problems.a. Determine the conditional distribution of level for each gender.b. Determine the marginal distribution of level.c. Are the variables “gender” and “level” associated? Explain your
Education of Prisoners. Refer to Exercise 13.49.a. Find the conditional distribution of educational attainment within each type of prison facility.b. Does an association exist between educational attainment and type of prison facility for prisoners? Explain your answer.c. Determine the marginal
U.S. Hospitals. Refer to Exercise 13.50.a. Determine the conditional distribution of number of beds within each facility type.b. Does an association exist between facility type and number of beds for U.S. hospitals? Explain your answer.c. Determine the marginal distribution of number of beds for
Governors. The National Governors Association publishes information on U.S. governors in Governors’ Political Affiliations & Terms of Office. Based on that document, we obtained the data on region of residence and political party given on the WeissStats site.a. Group the bivariate data for these
Motorcycle Accidents. The Scottish Executive, Analytical Services Division Transport Statistics, compiles information on motorcycle accidents in Scotland. During one year, data on the number of motorcycle accidents, by day of the week and type of road (built-up or non–built-up), are as presented
Senators. The U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, provides information on the composition of Congress in Congressional Directory. On the WeissStats site, we present data on party and class for the senators in the 113th Congress.a. Group the bivariate data for these two variables into a
In this exercise, you are to consider two variables, x and y, defined on a hypothetical population. Following are the conditional distributions of the variable y corresponding to each value of the variable x.y xA B C Total 0 0.316 0.316 0.316 1 0.422 0.422 0.422 2 0.211 0.211 0.211 3 0.047 0.047
Age and Gender. The U.S. Census Bureau publishes census data on the resident population of the United States in Current Population Survey. According to that document, 7.3% of male residents are in the age group 20–24 years.a. If no association exists between age group and gender, what percentage
Step 1 of Procedure 13.2 gives generic statements for the null and alternative hypotheses of a chi-square independence test. Use the terms statistically dependent and statistically independent, introduced on page 612, to restate those hypotheses.
Education and Salary. Studies have shown that a positive association exists between educational level and annual salary; in other words, people with more education tend to make more money.a. Does this finding mean that more education causes a person to make more money? Explain your answer.b. Do you
Siskel and Ebert. In the classic TV show Sneak Previews, originally hosted by the late Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, the two Chicago movie critics reviewed the week’s new movie releases and then rated them thumbs up (positive), mixed, or thumbs down (negative). These two critics often saw the
Diabetes in Native Americans. Preventable chronic diseases are increasing rapidly in Native American populations, particularly diabetes. F. Gilliland et al. examined the diabetes issue in the paper“Preventative Health Care among Rural American Indians in New Mexico” (Preventative Medicine, Vol.
Learning at Home. M. Stuart et al. studied various aspects of grade-school children and their mothers and reported their findings in the article “Learning to Read at Home and at School” (British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(1), pp. 3–14). The researchers gave a questionnaire to
Deceptive News. In the article “When News Reporters Deceive: The Production of Stereotypes” (Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 281–298), researchers D. Lasorsa and J. Dai investigated the relationship between authenticity and tone for news stories. Tone was
Fear of Gangs. In the article “Growing Pains and Fear of Gangs” (Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.1339–164), B. Brown and W. Benedict examined the relationship between worry about a gang thefts and actually being a victim of a theft.Interviews of a sample of high
HPV Vaccine. In the article “Correlates for Completion of 3-dose Regimen of HPV Vaccine in Female Members of a Managed Care Organization” (Mayo Clinical Proceedings, Vol. 84, pp. 864–870), C. Chao et al. examined factors that may influence whether young female patients complete a
Religion. A worldwide poll on religion was conducted by WIN-Gallup International and published as the document Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism. One question involved religious belief and educational attainment. The following data is based on the answers to that question. Religiosity
BMD and Depression. In the paper “Depression and Bone Mineral Density: Is There a Relationship in Elderly Asian Men?”(Osteoporosis International, Vol. 16, pp. 610–615), S. Wong et al.published results of their study on bone mineral density (BMD) and depression for 1999 Hong Kong men aged 65
A chi-square homogeneity test is to be conducted to decide whether four populations are nonhomogeneous with respect to a variable that has eight possible values. What are the degrees of freedom for the χ2-statistic?Applying the Concepts and Skills In Exercises 13.101–13.106, use either the
Self-Concept and Sightedness. Self-concept can be defined as the general view of oneself in terms of personal value and capabilities. A study of whether visual impairment affects self-concept was reported in the article “An Exploration into Self Concept: A Comparative Analysis between the
Slot Machines. In the article “The Influence of Theme as Slot Machine Attribute on Casino Gamers Decision-Making” (American Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 734–739), E. Wannenburg et al. explore the effects of theme on slot-machine gamers. Independent random samples of male
Region and Race. The U.S. Census Bureau compiles data on the U.S. population by region and race and publishes its findings in Current Population Reports. Independent simple random samples of residents in the four U.S. regions gave the following data on race.Region Race White Black Other Total
State of the Union. The Quinnipiac University Poll conducts nationwide surveys as a public service and for research. This problem is based on the results of one such poll. Independent simple random samples of 300 residents each in red (predominantly Republican), blue (predominantly Democratic), and
Gun Control. The Quinnipiac University Poll conducts nationwide surveys as a public service and for research. This problem is based on the results of one such poll that asked independent random samples of American adults in urban, suburban, and rural regions,“Do you support or oppose requiring
Scoliosis. Scoliosis is a condition involving curvature of the spine. In a study by A. Nachemson and L. Peterson, reported in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Vol. 77, Issue 6, pp. 815–822), 286 girls aged 10 to 15 years were followed to determine the effects of observation only (129
Vegetarians. A poll conducted by Gallup asked American adults about vegetarianism. This problem is based on that poll. Of independent random samples of 500 men and 512 women, 20 of the men and 36 of the women said they were vegetarians. At the 5% significance level do the data provide sufficient
Fatty Acids and Allergies. P. Noakes et al. researched the effects of fatty acids found in oily fish on lowering the risk of allergic disease in the article “Increased Intake of Oily Fish in Pregnancy: Effects on Neonatal Immune Responses and on Clinical Outcomes in Infants at 6 Mo.” (American
use and understand the formulas in this chapter.
identify the basic properties of χ2-curves.
use the chi-square table, Table VII.
explain the reasoning behind the chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test.
group bivariate data into a contingency table.
find and graph marginal and conditional distributions.
decide whether an association exists between two variables of a population, given bivariate data for the entire population.
explain the reasoning behind the chi-square independence test.
perform a chi-square independence test to decide whether an association exists between two variables of a population, given bivariate data for a sample of the population.
perform a chi-square homogeneity test to compare the distributions of a variable of two or more populations.
Ancestry and Region. The U.S. Census Bureau collects information on the U.S. population by ancestry and region of residence and publishes the results in American Community Survey. According to that document, 18% of the population resides in the Northeast.a. If ancestry and region of residence are
Consider a χ2-curve with 17 degrees of freedom. Use Table VII to determinea. χ2 0.10.b. χ2 0.01.c. the χ2-value that has area 0.05 to its right.Applying the Concepts and Skills
Educational Attainment. The U.S. Census Bureau compiles census data on educational attainment of Americans. From the document Current Population Survey, we obtained the 2010 distribution of educational attainment for U.S. adults 25 years old and older. Here is that distribution.Highest level
Natural Disaster. From Wikipedia, we compiled the following table on natural disasters in the islands of Japan. The table uses these abbreviations: HU = Honshu, HA = Hokkaido, I = Izu Island, O =Osumi Island, V = Volcanic Eruption, T = Typhoon, E = Earthquake.Natural disaster Island Natural
Natural Disaster. Refer to Problem 12.a. Find the conditional distributions of island by natural disaster and the marginal distribution of island.b. Does an association exist between the variables “natural disaster”and “island” for Japan? Explain your answer.c. What percentage of natural
Natural Disaster. Refer to Problem 12.a. Find the conditional distributions of natural disaster by island and the marginal distribution of natural disaster.b. Does an association exist between the variables “natural disaster”and “island” for Japan? Explain your answer.c. What percentage of
Hospitals. From data in Hospital Statistics, published by the American Hospital Association, we obtained the following contingency table for U.S. hospitals and nursing homes by type of facility and type of control. We used the abbreviations Gov for Government, Prop for Proprietary, and NP for
Hospitals. Refer to Problem 15.a. Obtain the conditional distribution of control type within each facility type.b. Does an association exist between facility type and control type?Explain your answer.c. Find the marginal distribution of control type.d. Construct a segmented bar graph for the
Hospitals. Refer to Problems 15 and 16.a. In view of your answer to Problem 16(b), without doing any further calculations, respond true or false to the following statement and explain your answer: “The conditional distributions of facility type within control types are identical.”b. Obtain the
Hospitals. Refer to Problems 15–17.a. What percentage of hospitals are under proprietary control?b. What percentage of psychiatric hospitals are under proprietary control?c. What percentage of hospitals are psychiatric hospitals?d. What percentage of hospitals under proprietary control are
Internet Use. In the article “Happier and Less Isolated: Internet Use in Old Age” (Journal of Poverty & Social Justice, Vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 33–45), researcher O. Lelkes explores the impact of Internet use. The following problem is based on the article. A random sample of adults yielded the
Income and Residence. The U.S. Census Bureau compiles information on money income of people by type of residence and publishes its finding in Current Population Reports. Independent simple random samples of people residing inside principal cities (IPC), outside principal cities but within
Economy in Recession? The Quinnipiac University Poll conducts nationwide surveys as a public service and for research. This problem is based on the results of one such poll. Independent simple random samples of registered Democrats, Republicans, and Independents were asked, “Do you think the
Yakashba Estates. The document Arizona Residential Property Valuation System, published by the Arizona Department of Revenue, describes how county assessors use computerized systems to value single-family residential properties for property tax purposes. On the WeissStats site are data on lot size
Withholding Treatment. Several years ago, a poll by Gallup asked 1528 adults the following question: “The New Jersey Supreme Court recently ruled that all life-sustaining medical treatment may be withheld or withdrawn from terminally ill patients, provided that is what the patients want or would
Two χ2-curves have degrees of freedom 12 and 20, respectively. Which curve more closely resembles a normal curve? Explain your answer.
The t-table has entries for areas of 0.10, 0.05, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005. In contrast, the χ2-table has entries for those areas and for 0.995, 0.99, 0.975, 0.95, and 0.90. Explain why the t-values corresponding to these additional areas can be obtained from the existing t-table but must be provided
For a χ2-curve with 19 degrees of freedom, find the χ2-value that has areaa. 0.025 to its right.b. 0.95 to its right.
For a χ2-curve with 22 degrees of freedom, find the χ2-value that has areaa. 0.01 to its right.b. 0.995 to its right.
For a χ2-curve with df = 4, determinea. χ2 0.005.b. χ2 0.99.
Consider aχ2-curve with df=8. Obtain the χ2-value that has areaa. 0.01 to its left.b. 0.95 to its left.
Consider a χ2-curve with df = 16. Obtain the χ2-value that has areaa. 0.025 to its left.b. 0.975 to its left.
Determine the two χ2-values that divide the area under the curve into a middle 0.95 area and two outside 0.025 areas for aχ2-curve witha. df = 5.b. df = 26.
Determine the two χ2-values that divide the area under the curve into a middle 0.90 area and two outside 0.05 areas for aχ2-curve witha. df = 11.b. df = 28.
Give two situations in which making an inference about a population standard deviation would be important.In each of Exercises 11.15–11.20, we have provided a sample standard deviation and sample size. In each case, use the one-standarddeviation χ2-test and the one-standard-deviation
Grey-Seal Nursing. The average lactation (nursing) period of all earless seals is 23 days. Grey seals are one of several types of earless seals. The length of time that a female grey seal nurses her pup is studied by S. Twiss et al. in the article “Variation in Female Grey Seal (Halichoerus
EPA Gas Mileage Estimates. Gas mileage estimates for cars and light-duty trucks are determined and published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to the EPA, “. . .the mileages obtained by most drivers will be within plus or minus 15 percent of the [EPA] estimates. . .
Process Capability. R. Morris and E. Watson studied various aspects of process capability in the paper “Determining Process Capability in a Chemical Batch Process” (Quality Engineering, Vol. 10(2), pp. 389–396). In one part of the study, the researchers compared the variability in product (as
Frozen Meals. COOK of Sittingbourne, England, provides baking instructions for its frozen meals. According to the instructions, the average baking time for Chicken and Tomato pasta is 10 to 12 minutes. If the times are normally distributed, the standard deviation of the times should be
Dispensing Coffee. A coffee machine is supposed to dispense 8 fluid ounces (floz) of coffee into a paper cup. In reality, the amounts dispensed vary from cup to cup. However, if the machine is working properly, most of the cups will contain within 15% of the advertised 8 fl oz. In other words, the
Counting Production. In Issue 10 of STATS from Iowa State University, data were published from an experiment that examined the effects of machine adjustment on bolt production. An electronic counter records the number of bolts passing it on a conveyer belt and stops the run when the count reaches a
Grey-Seal Nursing. Refer to Exercise 11.21 and find a 90% confidence interval for the standard deviation of lactation periods of grey seals.
EPA Gas Mileage Estimates. Refer to Exercise 11.22 and find a 95% confidence interval for the standard deviation of highway gas mileages for all cars of the model in question.
Process Capability. Refer to Exercise 11.23 and determine a 98% confidence interval for the product variability of the piece of equipment under consideration.
Frozen Meals. Refer to Exercise 11.24 and determine a 98% confidence interval for the standard deviation of baking times.
Dispensing Coffee. Refer to Exercise 11.25 and obtain a 99% confidence interval for the standard deviation of the amounts of coffee being dispensed.
Counting Production. Refer to Exercise 11.26 and obtain a 90% confidence interval for the standard deviation of the times needed to count 20 bolts.In each of Exercises 11.33–11.36, use the technology of your choice to decide whether applying one-standard-deviation χ2-procedures appears
Military Assistance Loans. The annual update of U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants, informally known as the “Greenbook,” contains data on U.S. government monetary economic and military assistance loans. The following table shows military assistance loans, in thousands of dollars, to a sample of 10
Positively Selected Genes. R. Nielsen et al. compared 13,731 annotated genes from humans with their chimpanzee orthologs to identify genes that show evidence of positive selection. The researchers published their findings in “A Scan for Positively Selected Genes in the Genomes of Humans and
Total Solar Irradiance. The amount of solar energy transmitted through each square meter of space prior to entry in the earth’s atmosphere, as measured by satellites, is called the total solar irradiance (TSI). A random sample of daily TSI measurements, in watts per square meter, from the World
Plesiadapis cookei. One extinct relative of primates that lived in North America about 60 million years ago is called Plesiadapis cookei. Dental characteristics of P. cookei were compared to those of other primate species in the article “Evidence of Dietary Differentiation among Late
Body Temperature. A study by researchers at the University of Maryland addressed the question of whether the mean body temperature of humans is 98.6◦F. The results of the study by P. Mackowiak et al. appeared in the article “A Critical Appraisal of 98.6◦F, the Upper Limit of the Normal Body
Dexamethasone and IQ. In the paper “Outcomes at School Age After Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy for Lung Disease of Prematurity” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, No. 13, pp. 1304–1313), T. Yeh et al. studied the outcomes at school age in children who had participated in a

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