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statistics for experimentert
Introductory Statistics 10th Global Edition Neil A. Weiss - Solutions
Betting the Spreads. College basketball, and particularly the NCAA basketball tournament, is a popular venue for gambling, from novices in office betting pools to high rollers. To encourage uniform betting across teams, Las Vegas oddsmakers assign a point spread to each game. The point spread is
Refer to Problem 26. Suppose that you decide to use a z-test with a significance level of 0.10 and a sample size of 25. Assume that σ = 9 gallons.a. Determine the probability of a Type I error.b. If last year’s mean beer consumption was 25 gallons, identify the distribution of the variable x¯,
The normal probability plot and histogram of the data are depicted in Fig. 9.49 on the next page; σ is known.
The normal probability plot and stem-and-leaf diagram of the data are depicted in Fig. 9.50 on the next page; σ is unknown.
Refer to Problems 34 and 35.a. In each case, consult the appropriate graphs to decide whether using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is reasonable for performing a hypothesis test for the mean of the population from which the data were obtained. Give reasons for your answers.b. For each case where
According to the document Market Survey of Long-Term Care Costs, published by the MetLife Mature Market Institute, the average cost of a private room in a nursing home was$239 per day in 2011. A random sample of 11 nursing homes yielded the following daily costs, in dollars, for a private room in a
Beef Consumption. According to Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the mean consumption of beef per person in 2011 was 57.5 lb. A sample of 40 people taken this year yielded the data, in pounds, on last year’s beef consumption given on the
Use the technology of your choice to do the following.a. Repeat parts (b) and (c) of Problem 38 by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.b. Compare your results from part (a) with those in Problem 38.c. Discuss the reasonableness of using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test here.
Beer Drinking. According to the Beer Institute Annual Report, the mean annual consumption of beer per person in the United States is 28.2 gallons (roughly 300 twelve-ounce bottles). A random sample of 300 Missouri residents yielded the annual beer consumptions provided on the WeissStats site. Use
Give two examples of Bernoulli trials other than those presented in the text.
Evaluate the following binomial coefficients.a. 5 2b. 7 4c. 10 3d. 12 5
Evaluate the following binomial coefficients.a. 3 2b. 6 0c. 6 6d. 7 3
Evaluate the following binomial coefficients.a. 4 1b. 6 2c. 8 3d. 9 6
Determine the value of each binomial coefficient.a. 5 3b. 10 0c. 10 10d. 9 5
For each of the following probability histograms of binomial distributions, specify whether the success probability is less than, equal to, or greater than 0.5. Explain your answers.x(a)012345 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 x(b)0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 01234567 Number of
For each of the following probability histograms of binomial distributions, specify whether the success probability is less than, equal to, or greater than 0.5. Explain your answers.P(X = x)x(a)0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Probability Number of successes P(X = x)x(b)01234 0.00 0.05 0.10
Pinworm Infestation. Pinworm infestation, which is commonly found in children, can be treated with the drug pyrantel pamoate. According to the Merck Manual, the treatment is effective in 90% of cases. Suppose that three children with pinworm infestation are given pyrantel pamoate.a. Considering a
Psychiatric Disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that there is a 20% chance of an adult American suffering from a psychiatric disorder. Four randomly selected adult Americans are examined for psychiatric disorders.a. If you let a success correspond to an adult American having
Pinworm Infestation. Use Procedure 5.1 on page 264 to solve part (g) of Exercise 5.65.
Psychiatric Disorders. Use Procedure 5.1 on page 264 to solve part (g) of Exercise 5.66.
Tossing a Coin. If we repeatedly toss a balanced coin, then, in the long run, it will come up heads about half the time. But what is the probability that such a coin will come up heads exactly half the time in 10 tosses?
Rolling a Die. If we repeatedly roll a balanced die, then, in the long run, it will come up “4” about one-sixth of the time. But what is the probability that such a die will come up “4” exactly once in six rolls?
Horse Racing. According to the Daily Racing Form, the probability is about 0.67 that the favorite in a horse race will finish in the money (first, second, or third place). In the next five races, what is the probability that the favorite finishes in the moneya. exactly twice?b. exactly four
HIV Patients. The probability is 0.182 that a person with HIV positive at the age of 20 years will live till 63 years of age. Among 6 HIV positive patients of 20 years, what is the probability that the number of patients alive till 63 years isa. exactly three?b. exactly five?c. at least five?d.
Traffic Fatalities and Intoxication. The National Safety Council publishes information about automobile accidents in Accident Facts. According to that document, the probability is 0.40 that a traffic fatality will involve an intoxicated or alcohol-impaired driver or nonoccupant. In eight traffic
Multiple-Choice Exams. A student takes a multiple-choice exam with 15 questions, each with five possible selections for the answer. A passing grade is 40% or better. Suppose that the student was unable to find time to study for the exam and just guesses at each question. Find the probability that
Recidivism. In the Scientific American article “Reducing Crime: Rehabilitation is Making a Comeback,” R. Doyle examined rehabilitation of felons. One aspect of the article discussed recidivism of juvenile prisoners between 14 and 17 years old, indicating that 82% of those released in 1994 were
Sampling and the Binomial Distribution. Refer to the discussion on the binomial approximation to the hypergeometric distribution that begins on page 267.a. If sampling is with replacement, explain why the trials are independent and the success probability remains the same from trial to
Sampling and the Binomial Distribution. Following is a gender frequency distribution for students in Professor Weiss’s introductory statistics class.Gender Frequency Male 25 Female 15 Two students are selected at random. Find the probability that both are male if the selection is donea. with
The Hypergeometric Distribution. In this exercise, we discuss the hypergeometric distribution in more detail. When sampling is done without replacement from a finite population, the hypergeometric distribution is the exact probability distribution for the number of members sampled that have a
The Geometric Distribution. In this exercise, we discuss the geometric distribution, the probability distribution for the number of trials until the first success in Bernoulli trials. The geometric probability formula is P(X = x) = p(1 − p)x−1, where X denotes the number of trials until the
The Poisson Distribution. Another important discrete probability distribution is the Poisson distribution, named in honor of the French mathematician and physicist Simeon Poisson (1781–1840).This probability distribution is often used to model the frequency with which a specified event occurs
What conditions should be satisfied in order to approximate binomial probabilities by Poisson probabilities?
Suppose that we plan to approximate a binomial distribution with parameters n and p by a Poisson distribution. What is the parameter for the Poisson distribution?
Amusement Ride Safety. Approximately 297 million guests visit the 400 American amusement parks annually and take 1.7 billion safe rides. The National Safety Council publishes a report titled Fixed-Site Amusement Ride Injury Survey for the International Association of Amusement Parks and
Motel Reservations. M. Driscoll and N. Weiss discussed the modeling and solution of problems concerning motel reservation networks in “An Application of Queuing Theory to Reservation Networks” (TIMS, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 540–546). They defined a Type 1 call to be a call from a motel’s
Cherry Pies. At one time, a well-known restaurant chains sold cherry pies. Professor D. Lund of the University of Wisconsin -Eau Claire enlisted the help of one of his classes to gather data on the number of cherries per pie. The data obtained by the students are presented in the following
Motor-Vehicle Deaths. According to Injury Facts, a publication of the National Safety Council, in the United States, the lifetime probability of dying in a motor-vehicle crash is 1 in 112. Use the Poisson distribution to determine the approximate probability that, of 250 randomly selected deaths in
Prisoners. From the U.S. Census Bureau and the article“U.S. Prison Population Falls for Third Year” by B. Montopoli of CBS News, we found that about 1 in every 200 Americans are in prison. Use this information and the Poisson distribution to determine the approximate probability that at most
The Challenger Disaster. In a letter to the editor that appeared in the February 23, 1987, issue of U.S. News and World Report, a reader discussed the issue of space-shuttle safety. Each“criticality 1” item must have a 99.99% reliability, by NASA standards, which means that the probability of
Fragile X Syndrome. The second-leading genetic cause of mental retardation is Fragile X Syndrome, named for the fragile appearance of the tip of the X chromosome in affected individuals.According to the Genetics facts from Genetics Home Reference one in 4000 males are affected worldwide.a. In a
Holes in One. Refer to the case study on page 245. According to the experts, the odds against a PGA golfer making a hole in one are 3708 to 1; that is, the probability is 1 3709 . Use the Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution to determine the probability that at least 4 of the 155
A Yellow Lobster! As reported by the Associated Press, a veteran lobsterman recently hauled up a yellow lobster less than a quarter mile south of Prince Point in Harpswell Cove, Maine. Yellow lobsters are considerably rarer than blue lobsters and, according to B. Ballenger’s The Lobster Almanac
Roughly speaking, you can use the Poisson probability formula to approximate binomial probabilities when n is large and p is small (i.e., near 0). Explain how to use the Poisson probability formula to approximate binomial probabilities when n is large and p is large (i.e., near 1).
use and understand the formulas in this chapter.
determine the probability distribution of a discrete random variable.
construct a probability histogram.
describe events by using random-variable notation, when appropriate.
use the frequentist interpretation of probability to understand the meaning of the probability distribution of a random variable.
find and interpret the mean and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
compute factorials and binomial coefficients.
define and apply the concept of Bernoulli trials.
assign probabilities to the outcomes in a sequence of Bernoulli trials.
obtain binomial probabilities.
compute the mean and standard deviation of a binomial random variable.
obtain Poisson probabilities.
compute the mean and standard deviation of a Poisson random variable.
use the Poisson distribution to approximate binomial probabilities, when appropriate.
What does the probability distribution of a discrete random variable tell you?
Determine the value of each binomial coefficient.a. 8 3b. 8 5c. 6 6d. 10 2e. 40 4f. 100 0
Following are two probability histograms of binomial distributions. For each, specify whether the success probability is less than,equal to, or greater than 0.5.P(X = x)x(a)01234567 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Probability Number of successes P(X = x)x(b)01234 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Explain how the special formulas for the mean and standard deviation of a binomial or Poisson random variable are derived.
Suppose that a simple random sample of size n is taken from a finite population in which the proportion of members having a specified attribute is p. Let X be the number of members sampled that have the specified attribute.a. If the sampling is done with replacement, identify the probability
ASU Enrollment Summary. According to the Arizona State University Enrollment Summary, a frequency distribution for the number of undergraduate students attending Arizona State University (ASU) in the Fall 2012 semester, by class level, is as shown in the following table. Here, 1 = freshman, 2 =
Busy Phone Lines. An administrative office has eight incoming telephone lines. The probability distribution of the number of busy lines, Y , is as follows.y 0123 4 56 78 P(Y = y) 0.033 0.124 0.202 0.214 0.1287 0.105 0.099 0.0543 0.04 Use random-variable notation to express each of the following
Busy Phone Lines. Refer to the probability distribution displayed in the table in Problem 18.a. Find the mean of the random variable Y.b. On average, how many lines are busy?c. Compute the standard deviation of Y.d. Construct a probability histogram for Y ; locate the mean; and show one-, two-, and
Craps. Use the binomial probability formula to solve Problem 13(g). Compare your results.
Penalty Kicks. In the game of soccer, a penalty kick is a direct free kick, taken from 12 yards out from the goal on the penalty mark. According to the article “Penalty Kicks in Soccer: An Empirical Analysis of Shooting Strategies and Goalkeeper’s Preferences”(Soccer & Society, Vol. 10, No.
Pets. According to Australian Companion Animal Council Inc,a publication of the This publication of Animal Health Alliance of Australia (AHAA) reveals that roughly 63% of Australians households own one or more pets. 6 Australian households are selected at random.Use Table XI in Appendix A to solve
Pets. Refer to Problem 22.a. Draw a probability histogram for the random variable X.b. The selection of the six households was done without replacement. Strictly speaking, then, why is the probability distribution that you obtained in Problem 22(b) only approximately correct?What is the exact
Wrong Number. A classic study by F. Thorndike on the number of calls to a wrong number appeared in the paper “Applications of Poisson’s Probability Summation” (Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 604–624). The study examined the number of calls to a wrong number from coin-box
Wrong Number. Refer to Problem 24.a. Obtain a table of probabilities for the random variable X, stopping when the probabilities become zero to three decimal places.b. Use part (a) to construct a partial probability histogram for X.c. Identify the shape of the probability distribution of X. Is this
Complementary and Alternative Medicine. According to data available in National Health Statistics Reports Number 12, December 10, 2008 the frequencies and age-adjusted percentages of children under 18 years of age who used complementary and alternative medicine in the past 12months, by type of
Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Refer to Problem 27. Use both the binomial probabilities and Poisson probabilities that you obtained in parts (c) and (d), respectively, to find the probability that, in a sample of 100 randomly selected Americans, the number who had taken the alternative
What is a density curve?
The percentage of all possible observations of the variable that lie between 7 and 12 equals the area under its density curve between and , expressed as a percentage.
The percentage of all possible observations of the variable that lie to the right of 4 equals the area under its density curve to the right of , expressed as a percentage.
Given that 42.5% of all possible observations of the variable exceed 5, determine the area under the density curve that lies to thea. right of 5.b. left of 5.
Explain in your own words why a density curve has the two properties listed in Key Fact 6.1 on page 285.
Precisely what is meant by the statement that a population is normally distributed?
Which normal distribution has a wider spread: the one with mean 3 and standard deviation 4 or the one with mean 4 and standard deviation 3? Explain your answer.
True or false: The mean of a normal distribution has no effect on its spread. Explain your answer.
A variable has the density curve whose equation is y = x/2 for 0 < x < 2, and y = 0 otherwise.a. Graph the density curve of this variable.b. Show that the area under this density curve to the left of any number x between 0 and 2 equals x 2/4.What percentage of all possible observations of the
A variable has the density curve whose equation is y = 1 for 0 < x < 1, and y = 0 otherwise.a. Graph the density curve of this variable.b. Show that the area under this density curve to the left of any number x between 0 and 1 equals x.What percentage of all possible observations of the variablec.
Waiting for the Train. A commuter train arrives punctually at a station every half hour. Each morning, a commuter named John leaves his house and casually strolls to the train station. The time, in minutes, that John waits for the train is a variable with density curve y = 1/30 for 0 < x < 30, and
Bacteria on a Petri Dish. A petri dish is a small, shallow dish of thin glass or plastic, used especially for cultures in bacteriology.A 2-inch-radius petri dish, containing nutrients upon which bacteria can multiply, is smeared with a uniform suspension of bacteria.Subsequently, spots indicating
Earthquake. The loss, in thousands of lives, due to an earthquake in a certain area is a variable with density curve y = (x 3)/4 for 0 < x < 2, and y = 0 otherwise. The area under this density curve to the left of any number x between 0 and 1 equals x 4/16.a. Graph the density curve of this
Catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent change itself.A chemist, while adding a particular catalyst to a reaction, observes that the time elapsed for the reaction to complete is a variable with density curve y = 2e−2x from x
Female College Students. Refer to Example 6.3 on page 289.a. Use the relative-frequency distribution in Table 6.1 to obtain the percentage of female students who are between 60 and 65 inches tall.b. Use your answer from part (a) to estimate the area under the normal curve having parameters μ =
Female College Students. Refer to Example 6.3 on page 289.a. The area under the normal curve with parameters μ = 64.4 andσ = 2.4 that lies to the left of 61 is 0.0783. Use this information to estimate the percentage of female students who are shorter than 61 inches.b. Use the relative-frequency
Serum Cholesterol Levels. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, published by the National Center for Health Statistics, the serum (noncellular portion of blood) total cholesterol level of U.S. females 20 years old or older is normally distributed with a mean of 206
Water Consumption. In a 2008 paper by Abdul Shaban titled“Water Poverty in Urban India: A Study of Major Cities”, the quantity of water consumed in Indian households has been studied. The data collected from a few houses has a normal distribution with mean 105 liters and standard deviation 69.8
Green Sea Urchins. From the paper “Effects of Chronic Nitrate Exposure on Gonad Growth in Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis” (Aquaculture, Vol. 242, No. 1–4, pp. 357–363)by S. Siikavuopio et al., we found that weights of adult green sea urchins are normally distributed with
Youth in India. Selected Socio-Economic Statistics, a report by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation of India, depicts the socio-economic development of India through statistical indicators.The percentage distribution of population by age is:Age Group (yr) Frequency (%)0–4 10.7
Birth Rates. The National Center for Health Statistics publishes information about birth rates (per 1000 population) in the document National Vital Statistics Report. The following table provides a frequency distribution for birth rates during one year for the 50 states and the District of
Cloudiness in Breslau. In the paper “Cloudiness: Note on a Novel Case of Frequency” (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 62, pp. 287–290), K. Pearson examined data on daily degree of cloudiness, on a scale of 0 to 10, at Breslau (Wroclaw), Poland, during the decade 1876–1885. A
Wrong Number. A classic study by F. Thorndike on the number of calls to a wrong number appeared in the paper “Applications of Poisson’s Probability Summation” (Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 604–624). The study examined the number of calls to a wrong number from coin-box
SAT Scores. Each year, thousands of high school students bound for college take the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT). This test measures the verbal and mathematical abilities of prospective college students. Student scores are reported on a scale that ranges from a low of 200 to a high of 800.
Fertility Rates. From the U.S. Census Bureau, in the document International Data Base, we obtained data on the total fertility rates for women in various countries. Those data are presented on the WeissStats site. The total fertility rate gives the average number of children that would be born if
“Chips Ahoy! 1,000 Chips Challenge.” Students in an introductory statistics course at the U.S. Air Force Academy participated in Nabisco’s “Chips Ahoy! 1,000 Chips Challenge” by confirming that there were at least 1000 chips in every 18-ounce bag of cookies that they examined. As part of
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