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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Fundamentals Of Nursing: Standards And Practices 2nd Edition Sue C. DeLaune, Patricia Kelly Ladner - Solutions
Coordination
Gait
Balance
Presence of involuntary movements
Size, strength, and tone of muscles
Occur with clients experiencing neuromuscular impairment
Involve clients with poor vision
Occur with poor lighting
Involve clients with poor footwear
Involve unattended clients
Involve wheelchairs
Occur in the client’s room
Occur in the evening
Repositioning every 2 hours or more often as needed
Positioning to maintain proper body alignment
Performing ROM exercises
Encouraging clients to be as active as possible
Palpation of skin, muscles, and joints
Inspection of the skin
Size and contour of joints
Muscle tone
Endurance
Strength of muscles
Range of motion of joints
Posture (sitting and standing)
Use of some medications, especially narcotics
Inadequate fluid intake
Improper diet
Inability to sit upright
Lack of privacy
Lack of activity, which decreases peristalsis
Blood pooling in lower extremities
Decreased autonomic nervous system response
Decreased circulating fluid volume
Wet or icy outdoor steps and sidewalks
Lack of grab bars in the bathroom near the toilet and tub or shower stall
Bathtubs or shower stalls without a nonskid surface
Unleashed small pets
Wet or waxed floors
Electrical or phone cords that are too long and fall on the floor
Household clutter below waist level
Ill-fitting shoes, loose nonlaced shoes, shoes with high heels, or shoes with slippery soles
Dim lighting, especially near stairways or steps
Stairs with a slippery surface
Stairways without banisters or stairways with loose banisters or steps
Loose or unsecured rugs (e.g., scatter rugs, rugs on stairways)
Greater health benefits can be achieved by increasing the amount (duration, frequency, or intensity) of physical activity.
Physical activity need not be strenuous to achieve health benefits.
People who are usually inactive can improve their health and well-being by becoming even moderately active on a regular basis.
Pharmacologic agents can be therapeutic for clients experiencing pain or sleep pattern disturbance.However, the medications should not be the only interventions used.
Nonpharmacologic interventions may be used in managing pain and promoting rest and sleep.
The amount of sleep required differs according to developmental stage.
Several factors influence the perception of pain, including developmental level, culture, previous experience.
Pain is increased by anxiety and fatigue.
Pain is defined as whatever the client says it is.
Pain is a subjective and individualized experience.
Inconsistent bedtime rituals that interfere with calm time needed before retiring
Inability to remain asleep
Inability to fall asleep
Follow dietary guidelines to avoid caffeine, spicy foods, and heavy meals in the several hours before bedtime
Do not watch television, study, or talk on the phone while lying in bed; accustom your body to using the bed only for sleeping.
Practice relaxation techniques such as neck rolls and muscle relaxation to release tensions before going to bed.
Use bedtime rituals on a consistent basis.
Avoid stimulating activities such as strenuous exercise or demanding intellectual activity during the hour before bedtime. Use the time instead to wind down with relaxing activities such as taking a warm bath, reading a book, or sitting by the fire.
Death
Cognitive dysfunction
Cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
Right-sided congestive heart failure
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension
Cognitive and motor performance impairments
Short-term memory problems
Greater risk of accidents
Increased utilization of health care services
Decreased work productivity (more missed days of work)
Loss of privacy
Noise level (especially unfamiliar noises)
Timing of procedures and treatments
Fear of the unknown
Loss of routine
Loss of familiar surroundings
Physical or emotional pain
The sleep requirements for the older adult decrease to 5 to 7 hours per day, and often include a daytime nap. The quality of sleep often diminishes due to frequent waking, physical pain, and shortened REM sleep. Many elderly people misinterpret this decreased need for sleep as insomnia and are thus
The middle-aged adult sleeps about 6 to 8 hours a day.Daily stressors may continue to result in insomnia, and use of sleep-inducing medications is common.
The young adult averages about 8 hours of sleep per day. During this stage, sleep is often interrupted by young children in the home or work responsibilities.Lifestyle patterns cause many young adults to experience difficulties falling or staying asleep.
Adolescents sleep about 8 to 10 hours per day and often decide themselves their bedtime routines and hours. High activity levels often interfere with regular sleep patterns and irregular sleeping habits often become the norm at this stage.
A school-age child also averages about 10 to 12 hours of sleep daily. Resistance to bedtime and struggles for independence are hallmarks of the school-age child.During this time, the child may develop fear of the dark and will need reassurance and methods to handle this fear.
The preschool child sleeps approximately 10 to 12 hours per day. Daytime napping decreases or ceases, unless cultural norms dicate otherwise. Night sleep is often filled with vivid dreams and nightmares, which often awaken children several times during the night.
During toddlerhood the daily average amount of sleep is 12 to 14 hours, which is usually broken down into 10 to 12 hours at night with one or two daytime naps.During this stage, bedtime rituals often develop and assume great importance in providing nighttime security. Repeated and predictable
Circannual—those requiring about 1 year to complete the cycle
Infradian—those lasting a month or more
Ultradian—those much shorter than a day
Encourage the homebound client to use around-theclock dosing of analgesics
Identify barriers that hinder pain control.
Teach clients and family members adjunctive therapies to be used with analgesics to decrease pain.
Assess factors influencing effective pain management(e.g., motor, cognitive, and functional alterations).
On each visit, evaluate the client’s pain.
Ongoing use of pain assessment tools
Vital sign monitoring
Presence (or absence) of restlessness
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