Statistics Through Applications 2nd Edition Daren S Starnes, David S Moore, Dan Yates - Solutions

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25. Comparing Compact SUVs. Consumer Reports evaluates products for consumers.The file CompactSUV contains the data shown in Table 1.8 for 15 compact sports utility vehicles (SUVs) from the 2018 model line (Consumer Reports website):Make—manufacturer Model—name of the model Overall
24. Midterm Grades. A sample of midterm grades for five students showed the following results: 72, 65, 82, 90, 76. Which of the following statements are correct, and which should be challenged as being too generalized?a. The average midterm grade for the sample of five students is 77.b. The average
23. Teenage Cell Phone Use. Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan polling organization that provides information about issues, attitudes, and trends shaping America. In a poll, Pew researchers found that 73% of teens aged 13–17 have a smartphone, 15%have a basic phone and 12% have no phone. The
22. Why People Move. A survey conducted by Better Homes and Gardens Real Estate LLC showed that one in five U.S. homeowners has either moved from their home or would like to move because their neighborhood or community isn’t ideal for their lifestyle (Better Homes and Gardens Real Estate
21. Cancer Research. A seven-year medical research study reported that women whose mothers took the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy were twice as likely to develop tissue abnormalities that might lead to cancer as were women whose mothers did not take the drug.a. This study compared
20. Investment Manager Survey. A survey of 131 investment managers in Barron’s Big Money poll revealed the following:●● 43% of managers classified themselves as bullish or very bullish on the stock market.●● The average expected return over the next 12 months for equities was 11.2%.●●
19. Magazine Subscriber Survey. A Bloomberg Businessweek North American subscriber study collected data from a sample of 2861 subscribers. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents indicated an annual income of $75,000 or more, and 50% reported having an American Express credit card.a. What is the
18. Tax Survey. A random telephone survey of 1021 adults (aged 18 and older) was conducted by Opinion Research Corporation on behalf of CompleteTax, an online tax preparation and e-filing service. The survey results showed that 684 of those surveyed planned to file their taxes electronically
17. Deciding on a Salary Increase. A manager of a large corporation recommends a$10,000 raise be given to keep a valued subordinate from moving to another company.What internal and external sources of data might be used to decide whether such a salary increase is appropriate?
16. Athletic Shoe Sales. Skechers U.S.A., Inc., is a performance footwear company headquartered in Manhattan Beach, California. The sales revenue for Skechers over a four-year period are as follows:a. Are these cross-sectional or time-series data?b. Construct a bar graph similar to Figure 1.2 B.c.
15. Jewelry Sales. The U.S. Census Bureau tracks sales per month for various products and services through its Monthly Retail Trade Survey. Figure 1.9 shows monthly jewelry sales in millions of dollars for 2016.a. Are the data quantitative or categorical?b. Are the data cross-sectional or time
14. Rental Car Fleet Size. The following data show the number of rental cars in service(in thousands) for three rental car companies: Hertz, Avis, and Dollar over a three-year period (Auto Rental News website).Cars in Service (1000s)Company Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Hertz 327 311 286 290 Dollar
13. Facebook Advertising Revenue. Figure 1.8 provides a bar chart showing the annual advertising revenue for Facebook from 2010 to 2017 (Facebook Annual Reports).a. What is the variable of interest?b. Are the data categorical or quantitative?c. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?d. Comment
12. Hawaii Visitors Poll. The Hawaii Visitors Bureau collects data on visitors to Hawaii. The following questions were among 16 asked in a questionnaire handed out to passengers during incoming airline flights.●● This trip to Hawaii is my: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.●● The primary reason for
11. Driverless Cars Expected Soon. A Gallup Poll utilizing a random sample of 1,503 adults ages 18 or older was conducted in April 2018. The survey indicated a majority of Americans (53%) say driverless cars will be common in the next 10 years
10. Driving with Cell Phones. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics Omnibus Household Survey is conducted annually and serves as an information source for the U.S.Department of Transportation. In one part of the survey the person being interviewed was asked to respond to the following statement:
9. College-Educated Workers. Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, a Pew Research study showed that the percentage of employed individuals ages 25–29 who are college educated is at an all-time high. The study showed that the percentage of employed individuals aged 25–29 with at least a
8. Readership Poll. The Tennessean, an online newspaper located in Nashville, Tennessee, conducts a daily poll to obtain reader opinions on a variety of current issues. In a recent poll, 762 readers responded to the following question: “If a constitutional amendment to ban a state income tax is
7. Airline Customer Satisfaction. Many service companies collect data via a follow-up survey of their customers. For example, to ascertain customer sentiment, Delta Air Lines sends an email to customers immediately following a flight. Among other questions, Delta asks:How likely are you to
6. New Automobile Owners Survey. J.D. Power and Associates surveys new automobile owners to learn about the quality of recently purchased vehicles. The following questions were asked in a J.D. Power Initial Quality Survey.a. Did you purchase or lease the vehicle?b. What price did you pay?c. What is
5. Summarizing Phone Data. Refer to the data set in Table 1.7.a. What is the average price for the phones?b. What is the average talk time for the phones?c. What percentage of the phones have a voice quality of excellent?
4. Comparing Phones. Table 1.7 shows data for eight phones (Consumer Reports). The Overall Score, a measure of the overall quality for the phone, ranges from 0 to 100.Voice Quality has possible ratings of poor, fair, good, very good, and excellent. Talk Time is the manufacturer’s claim of how
3. Tablet PCs: Cost, CPU, and Operating System. Refer to Table 1.6.a. What is the average cost for the tablets?b. Compare the average cost of tablets with a Windows operating system to the average cost of tablets with an Android operating system.c. What percentage of tablets use a CPU manufactured
2. Comparing Tablet Computers. Tablet PC Comparison provides a wide variety ofinformation about tablet computers. The company’s website enables consumers to easily compare different tablets using factors such as cost, type of operating system, display size, battery life, and CPU manufacturer. A
1. Discuss the differences between statistics as numerical facts and statistics as a discipline or field of study.
Extracurricular activities and grades, III In Exercises 10.13 and 10.14(page 484), you described the relationship between extracurricular activities and success in a required course. Here once again is the two-way table describing the 119 students who responded to a survey:Is the observed
Python eggs, II Refer to Exercise 10.17.(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the question of interest.(b) What is the expected count of hatched pythons in the hot group?
Python eggs, I How is the hatching of water python eggs infl uenced by the temperature of the snake’s nest? Researchers assigned newly laid eggs to one of three water temperatures: hot, neutral, or cold. Hot duplicates the extra warmth provided by the mother python, and cold duplicates the
Trying to quit, II Refer to Exercise 10.15.(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the question of interest.(b) Find the expected counts.
Trying to quit, I An observational study of 177 people who were trying to quit smoking looked at whether or not alcohol consumption was a factor in relapse (resuming smoking).5 Here are the results:Th e entry 20 means that 20 of the study participants consumed alcohol and smoked during the
Extracurricular activities and grades, II Refer to Exercise 10.13.(a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the question of interest.(b) Calculate the expected number of C’s or better for those who spend 2 to 12 hours per week in extracurricular activities.
Extracurricular activities and grades, I North Carolina State University studied student performance in a course required by its chemical engineering major.One question of interest was the relationship between time spent in extracurricular activities and whether a student earned a C or better in
Alternative medicine A nationwide random survey of 1500 adults asked about attitudes toward “alternative medicine” such as acupuncture, massage therapy, and herbal therapy. Among the respondents, 660 said they would use alternative medicine if traditional medicine was not producing the results
Abstinence? Th e Gallup Youth Survey asked a random sample of 439 U.S. teens aged 13 to 17 whether they thought that young people should wait to have sex until marriage.16 Th e number who said “Yes” was 246.(a) Do these results give convincing evidence that a majority of U.S. teens would say
Online gaming, II Refer to the previous exercise. How large a sample would you need to take to estimate p within 2% at a 99% confi dence level? Show your work.
Online gaming, I A random sample of 1100 teenagers (aged 12 to 17) were asked whether they played games online; 775 said that they did.(a) Construct and interpret a 99% confi dence interval for the population proportion p.(b) Suppose that the results of the survey were used to construct separate
Comparing package designs A company compares two package designs for a laundry detergent by placing bottles with both designs on the shelves of several markets. Checkout scanner data on more than 5000 bottles bought show that more shoppers bought Design A than Design B. Th e diff erence is
Senior citizens Table 2.4 (page 44) records the percent of residents aged 65 or older in each of the 50 states. You can check that this percent is 14% or higher in 10 of the states. So the sample proportion of states with at least 14% of elderly residents is p^5 10y50 5 0.20. Explain why it does
Roulette A roulette wheel has 18 red slots among its 38 slots. You observe many spins and record the number of times that red occurs. Now you want to use these data to test whether the probability p of a red has the value that is correct for a fair roulette wheel.(a) State the hypotheses H0 and Ha
We love football! A recent Gallup Poll conducted telephone interviews with a random sample of adults aged 18 and older. Data were obtained for 1000 people. Of these, 37% said that football is their favorite sport to watch on television.(a) Explain to someone who knows no statistics why we can’t
Signifi cant versus important Explain how a result can be statistically signifi -cant but have little practical importance.
Body temperature We have all heard that 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (or 37 degrees Celsius) is “normal body temperature.” In fact, there is evidence that most people have a slightly lower body temperature. You plan to measure the body temperature of a random sample of people very accurately. You
Online directory While surfi ng the Internet one day, Raul fi nds this claim about the site www.whitepages.com: “We cover 80% of U.S. adults.” Raul thinks the site is exaggerating.(a) Describe the details of a study that Raul could realistically perform to investigate this claim.(b) If Raul
Why we seek signifi cance Asked why statistical signifi cance appears so often in research reports, a student says, “Because saying that results are signifi cant tells us that they cannot easily be explained by chance variation alone.” Do you think that this statement is essentially correct?
Low pressure Th e Automobile Association of America (AAA) reports that 85% of all cars on the road are driving on underinfl ated tires. Two researchers, Geraldine and Patti, collect data on tire pressure from a random sample of cars that were brought in for oil changes.(a) Geraldine wants to
Why are larger samples better? Statisticians prefer large samples. Describe briefl y the eff ect of increasing the size of a sample (or the number of subjects in an experiment) on each of the following.(a) Th e margin of error of a 95% confi dence interval.(b) Th e P-value of a test when H0 is
Is this convincing? You are planning to test a new vaccine for a virus that now has no vaccine. Since the disease is usually not serious, you will expose 100 volunteers to the virus. Aft er some time, you will record whether or not each volunteer has been infected.(a) Explain how you would use
Searching for ESP A researcher looking for evidence of extrasensory perception(ESP) tests 500 subjects. Four of these subjects do signifi cantly better(P , 0.01) than random guessing.(a) Is it proper to conclude that these four people have ESP? Explain your answer.(b) What should the researcher now
What is signifi cance good for? Which of the following questions does a signifi cance test answer?(a) Is the sample or experiment properly designed?(b) Is the observed eff ect due to chance?(c) Is the observed eff ect important?
Cholesterol and breast cancer Th e Journal of Women’s Health reported on a study of 7528 women aged 65 and older. Th e women were all participants in a study of fractures due to osteoporosis, a disease that weakens the bones.At one clinic visit during the study, researchers asked the women
Plagiarizing An online poll posed the following question:It is now possible for school students to log on to Internet sites and download homework. Everything from book reports to doctoral dissertations can be downloaded free or for a fee. Do you believe giving a student who is caught plagiarizing
Searching for signifi cance You perform 1000 signifi cance tests using a 5 0.05.Assuming that all null hypotheses are true, about how many of the test results would you expect to be statistically signifi cant? Explain how you obtained your answer.
P-value or signifi cance level? In performing a signifi cance test, the researcher can choose between adopting a fi xed signifi cance level or calculating a P-value. Explain how a P-value gives more information.
Causation? Can we conclude that taking Zyban causes people to quit smoking? Justify your answer.
Generalizability To what population can the results of this study be generalized? Explain.
Signifi cant, but important? Th e results of this experiment were signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level. In your opinion, are the results practically important? Justify your position.
Inference conditions Explain why each of the two conditions for performing inference about a population proportion p—population much larger than sample size and sample size large enough—is important.
Dropping out Th e marginal nugget on page 455 describes an experiment comparing the eff ectiveness of weight loss and exercise in reducing cholesterol level and blood pressure. Explain how the 59 people who dropped out may have created bias in the results of the study.
Who will win? A poll taken shortly before an election fi nds that 52% of the voters favor candidate Shrub over candidate Snort. Th e poll has a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 3 percentage points at 95% confi dence. Th e poll press release says the election is too close to call. Why?
Only-child presidents Joe is writing a report on the backgrounds of American presidents. He looks up information on how many of the 44 presidents were only children. Because Joe took a statistics course, he uses these results to get a 95% confi dence interval for the true proportion p of these 44
A television poll A television news program conducts a call-in poll about a proposed city ban on handgun ownership. Of the 2372 calls, 1921 oppose the ban. Th e station, following recommended practice, makes a confi dence statement:“81% of the Channel 13 Pulse Poll sample opposed the ban. We can
Activity 9.3 follow-up Refer to Activity 9.3 (page 453). Statistics classes like yours have examined the M&M’s color distribution stated by the M&M/Mars Company for many years. In response to consumer questions about the accuracy of their claims, the company wrote:While we mix the colors as
Hack-a-Shaq Any NBA fan has heard about the free-throw shooting woes of the NBA’s most dominant center, Shaquille O’Neal. Over his NBA career, Shaq has made 53.3% of his free throws. One off -season, Shaq worked with an assistant coach on his free-throw technique. During the fi rst two games of
Are cell phones distracting? Th e American Automobile Association (AAA)commissioned a study by researchers at the University of North Carolina on sources of distraction for drivers. Th e study tracked 70 drivers aged 18 to 80 for a week. Miniature cameras were placed in the drivers’ cars, with
P-values and signifi cance, IV A test of the null hypothesis H0 : p 5 0.81 versus the two-sided alternative Ha : p 2 0.81 yields z 5 2.36.(a) Find the P-value for this test.(b) Is this result signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level? At the a 5 0.01 level? Explain.
P-values and signifi cance, III A test of the null hypothesis H0 : p 5 0.81 versus the one-sided alternative Ha : p . 0.81 yields z 5 2.36.(a) Find the P-value for this test.(b) Is this result signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level? At the a 5 0.01 level? Explain.
Is the Belgian euro coin fair? Exercise 7.23 (page 327) asked you to use simulation to determine whether a Belgian euro coin that landed “heads” 140 times out of 250 spins was minted fairly. One of the Polish math professors who spun the coin concluded that the coin was not fair. A
Where’s the blunder? Write a sentence or two to explain the blunder in each of the following statements.(a) Austin says that a result that is signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level must also be signifi cant at the a 5 0.01 level.(b) Asked to explain the meaning of “statistically signifi cant at the
Left ies Sally reads a newspaper report claiming that 12% of all adults in the United States are left -handed. She wonders whether 12% of the students at her large public high school are left -handed.
No homework?! Mr. Starnes believes that fewer than 75% of the students at his school completed their math homework last night. Th e math teachers inspect the homework assignments from a random sample of students at the school to help Mr. Starnes test his claim.
P-values and signifi cance, II A test of the null hypothesis H0 : p 5 0.68 yields z 5 2.35.(a) If the alternative hypothesis is Ha : p . 0.68, fi nd the P-value for this test. Is this result signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level? At the a 5 0.01 level? Explain.(b) If the alternative hypothesis is Ha :
P-values and signifi cance, I A test of the null hypothesis H0 : p 5 0.3 yields z 5 21.77.(a) If the alternative hypothesis is Ha : p , 0.3, fi nd the P-value for this test. Is this result signifi cant at the a 5 0.05 level? At the a 5 0.01 level? Explain.(b) If the alternative hypothesis is Ha : p
Count Buff on’s coin again Refer to Example 9.9 (page 445).(a) Construct and interpret a 95% confi dence interval for the overall proportion of times that Buff on’s coin would land heads up.(b) Is p 0.5 a plausible value for the population proportion? Justify your answer.
Bullies in middle school If one study is any indication, many middle school students are not shy about admitting aggressive behavior in school. A University of Illinois study on aggressive behavior surveyed 558 students in a midwestern middle school. When asked to describe their behavior in the
Affi rmative action Th e Chronicle of Higher Education commissioned a comprehensive survey of American attitudes toward colleges and universities.Of the 1000 American adults aged 25 to 64 surveyed, 640 said that colleges should not admit minority students who have lower grades than other qualifi ed
Baggage check! Th ousands of travelers pass through Guadalajara airport each day. Before leaving the airport, each passenger must pass through Customs.Customs offi cials want to be sure that passengers do not bring illegal items into the country. But they do not have time to search every
One potato, two potato A potato chip producer and a supplier of potatoes agree that each shipment of potatoes must meet certain quality standards. If the producer is convinced that more than 8% of the potatoes in the shipment have blemishes, the truck will be sent away to get another load of
Do you argue? A May 2005 Gallup Poll report on a national survey of 1028 teenagers revealed that 72% of teens said they rarely or never argue with their friends.10 You wonder whether this national result would be true in your school. You conduct your own survey of a simple random sample of students
Fresh coff ee, II In Example 9.8, 72% of the subjects in the experiment preferred fresh coff ee. Explain why this result does not prove that more than half of all coff ee drinkers prefer fresh to instant coff ee.Th e situations in Exercises 9.25 and 9.26 call for a signifi cance test. State the
Fresh coff ee, I Show how to calculate the two probabilities given in Example 9.8.
Free throws Activity 9.2B shows you how to use the Signifi cance Test applet at the book’s Web site, www.whfreeman.com/sta2e, to test a basketball player’s claim that he makes 80% of his free throws. Suppose that the player’s claim is true and that you use the applet to shoot 20 shots.(a)
A fair deck? Activity 9.2A (page 438) asks you to determine whether a deck of cards is fair by looking at the proportion of red cards you obtain in a simple random sample. Suppose that the deck of cards is fair and that you take an SRS of 25 cards.(a) What are the mean and standard deviation of the
Wildlife management Wildlife biologists know that males of most biggame species can be “harvested” without aff ecting the total population because they tend to mate with several females a season. It is the female that requires the most protection. In a recent year, Virginia hunters killed 928
Do college students pray? Social scientists asked 127 undergraduate students“from courses in psychology and communications” about prayer and found that 107 prayed at least a few times a year.8(a) To what population is it reasonable to generalize the results of this survey?Justify your
Th e quick method Th e quick method of Section 5.2 uses 1y!n as a rough estimate for the margin of error for a 95% confi dence interval for a population proportion. Th e margin of error from the quick method is actually a bit larger than needed. It diff ers most from the more accurate method of
Harley motorcycles Harley-Davidson motorcycles make up 14% of all the motorcycles registered in the United States. You plan to interview an SRS of 600 motorcycle owners.(a) Describe the shape, center, and spread of the sampling distribution of the sample proportion p^ who own Harleys.(b) How likely
Losing weight A Gallup Poll in November 2008 found that 59% of the people in its sample said “Yes” when asked, “Would you like to lose weight?” Gallup announced: “For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confi dence that the margin of (sampling) error
The good life Roper ASW, a market research and consulting firm, conducted in-person interviews with 2004 adults. When asked if they felt they had achieved the “good life,” only 180 of the respondents said “Yes.” This was despite the fact that a majority of respondents had the things they
Determining sample size, II Suppose a polling organization wants to report their results at the 95% confi dence level with a margin of error of 4 percentage points. Use the method of Example 9.6 to fi nd the number of people they would need to interview.
Determining sample size, I Suppose a polling organization wants to report their results using a 99% confi dence level with a margin of error of 3 percentage points. Use the method of Example 9.6 to fi nd the number of people they would need to interview.
Random digits We know that the proportion of 0s among a large set of random digits is p 0.1 because all 10 possible digits are equally probable. Th e entries in a table of random digits are a sample from the population of all random digits. To get an SRS of 200 random digits, look at the fi rst
Going to the prom Th e prom committee of Exercise 9.1 (page 425)wants to know how many seniors they can expect to attend the prom so that they can develop a budget. An SRS of 50 of the 750 seniors in the school yielded 36 who said they plan to attend the prom.(a) Construct and interpret a 95% confi
93% confi dence Table 9.1 (page 431) gives critical values z* for several confi dence levels. Find z* for a 93% confi dence interval using Table A. Show your method clearly.
98% confi dence Table 9.1 (page 431) gives critical values z* for several confi dence levels. Find z* for a 98% confi dence interval using Table A. Show your method clearly.
Confi dence level visual Figure 9.5 (page 430) shows the meaning of 95%confi dence. Trace the sampling distribution in Figure 9.5. Th en draw 10 intervals that illustrate the meaning of 80% confi dence. Be sure to consider the lengths of your intervals.
Interpreting poll results Here’s a quote from a news report about a sample survey: “A new Gallup Poll shows that 66% of women favor new laws restricting guns. Th e margin of error is plus or minus four percentage points.” Th e news report omitted the confi dence level, which was 95%. Explain
Gun violence Th e Harris Poll asked a sample of 1009 adults which causes of death they thought would become more common in the future. Gun violence topped the list: 706 members of the sample thought deaths from guns would increase. Although the samples in national polls are not SRSs, they are close
Polling women A New York Times Poll on women’s issues interviewed 1025 women randomly selected from the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii.Of the women in the sample, 482 said they do not get enough time for themselves.Although the samples in national polls are not SRSs, they are close
Do you drink the cereal milk? A USA Today poll asked a random sample of 1012 U.S. adults what they do with the milk in the bowl aft er they have eaten the cereal. Suppose that 70% of all U.S. adults actually drink the cereal milk.(a) Find the mean and standard deviation of the proportion p^ of the
Marijuana use A 2007–2008 survey of teens conducted by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America found that 33% of 6511 U.S. teenagers surveyed reported use of marijuana. Th e report states, “With 95% confi dence, we can say that between 31.4% and 34.6% of all American teenagers have used

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Statistics Through Applications 2nd Edition Daren S Starnes, David S Moore, Dan Yates - Solutions

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