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bayesian statistics an introduction
Statistics A Tool For Social Research 9th Edition Joseph F Healey - Solutions
is highly recommended. If you constructed one for computingb, you already have most of the quantities you will need to solve for r.)e. Assume these cities are a random sample and conduct a test of significance for each relationship.f. Describe the strength and direction of the relationships in a
Why does voter turnout vary from election to election? For municipal elections in five different cities, information has been gathered on the percent of registered voters who actually voted, unemployment rate, average years of education for the city, and the percentage of all political ads that
In problem 12.9, we looked at the relationships between five dependent variables and sex. In this exercise, we use income as an independent variable and assess its relationship with this same set of variables. For each table, calculate percentages and gamma. Describe the strength, direction, and
Twenty ethnic, racial, or national groups were rated by a random sample of white and black students on a Social Distance Scale. Lower scores represent less social distance and less prejudice.How similar are these rankings? Is the relationship statistically significant?
Following are the scores of a sample of 15 nations on a measure of ethnic diversity (the higher the number, the greater the diversity) and a measure of economic inequality (the higher the score, the greater the inequality). Are these variables related? Are ethnically diverse nations more
Several years ago, a job-training program began, and a team of social workers screened the candidates for suitability for employment. Now the screening process is being evaluated, and the actual work performance of a sample of hired candidates has been rated. Did the screening process work? Is
In a random sampling, 11 neighborhoods in Leonia, Illinois, have been rated by an urban sociologist on a “quality-of-life” scale (which includes measures of affluence, availability of medical care, and recreational facilities) and a social cohesion scale. The results are presented here in
In a recent survey, a random sample of respondents was asked to indicate how happy they were with their situations in life. Are their responses related to income level?
Are prejudice and level of education related?State your conclusion in a few sentences.
A sample of children has been observed and rated for symptoms of depression. Their parents have been rated for authoritarianism. Is there any relationship between these variables? Write a few sentences stating your conclusions.
All applicants to the Allegory, New Mexico, Police Academy are given an aptitude test, but the test has never been evaluated to see if test scores are in any way related to job performance. The following table reports aptitude test scores and job performance ratings for a random sample of 78
Is there a relationship between age and support for traditional gender roles? Is the relationship between the variables different for different nations? The World Values Survey has been administered to random samples drawn from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Respondents were asked if they
Some research has shown that families vary by how they socialize their children to sports, games, and other leisure-time activities. In middle-class families, such activities are carefully monitored by parents and are, in general, dominated by adults(for example, Little League baseball). In
A random sample of 150 cities has been classified as small, medium, or large by population and as high or low on crime rate. Is there a relationship between city size and crime rate?
Compute gamma for the table presented in problem 12.1. If you computed a nominal measure of association for this table previously, compare the measures of association. Are they similar in value? Do they characterize the strength for the association in the same way? What information about the
A small sample of non-English-speaking immigrants to the United States has been interviewed about their level of assimilation. Is the pattern of adjustment affected by length of residence in the United States? For each table compute gamma and summarize the relationship in terms of strength and
Below are the five dependent variables crosstabulated against gender as an independent variable used in problem 11.15. Use column percentages, the maximum difference, and an appropriate measure of association to conduct the analysis. Summarize the results of your analysis in a paragraph that
A researcher has conducted a survey on sexual attitudes for a sample of 317 teenagers.The respondents were asked whether they considered premarital sex to be “always wrong” or “OK under certain circumstances.” The tables below summarize the relationship between responses to this item and
A survey of senior citizens who live in either a housing development specifically designed for retirees or an age-integrated neighborhood has been conducted. Is type of living arrangement related to sense of social isolation?
About half the neighborhoods in a large city have instituted programs to increase citizen involvement in crime prevention. Do these areas experience less crime? Write a few sentences describing the relationship in terms of pattern and strength of the association. Use column percentages, the maximum
As the state director of mental health programs, you note that some local mental health facilities have very high rates of staff turnover.You believe that part of this problem is a result of the fact that some of the local directors have very little training in administration and poorly developed
A needs assessment survey has been distributed in a large corporation. Employees have been asked if they thought that a new policy of casual dress on Fridays would boost company morale. Use column percentages, the maximum difference, and measures of association to describe the strength and
How consistent are people in their voting habits? Do people vote for the same party from election to election? Below are the results of a poll in which people were asked if they had voted Democrat or Republican in each of the last two presidential elections. Use column percentages, the maximum
The administration of a local college campus has proposed an increase in the mandatory student fee in order to finance an upgrading of the intercollegiate football program. A survey sampling the opinions of the faculty regarding this proposal has been completed. Is there any association between
Various supervisors in the city government of Shinbone, Kansas, have been rated on the extent to which they practice authoritarian styles of leadership and decision making. The efficiency of each department has also been rated, and the results are summarized below. Use column percentages, the
(This problem is optional.) A small western town has roughly equal numbers of Hispanic, Asian, and Anglo-American residents. Are the three groups equally represented at town meetings?The attendance figures for a random sample drawn from those attending a meeting were
(This problem is optional.) The director of athletics at the local high school wonders if the sports program is getting a proportional amount of support from each of the four classes. If there are roughly equal numbers of students in each of the classes, what does the following breakdown of
Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are presented here. For each table, conduct the chi square test of significance and compute column percents. Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Support for the legal right to an abortion by
A researcher is concerned with the relationship between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior. If attitudes “cause” behavior (a very debatable proposition), then people who have positive attitudes toward violence should have high rates of violent behavior. A pretest was conducted on 70
Does support for the legalization of marijuana vary by region of the country? The table displays the relationship between the two variables for a random sample of 1020 adult citizens. Is the relationship significant?SOC CHAPTER 11 HYPOTHESIS TESTING IV 297 The chi square calculated on these data is
An urban planning commissioner has built up a database describing a sample of the neighborhoods in her city and has developed a scale by which each area can be rated for the“quality of life” (this includes measures of pollution, noise, open space, services available, and so on). She has also
Is there a relationship between college class standing and political orientation? Are juniors and seniors significantly different from freshmen and sophomores on this variable? The following table reports the relationship between these two variables for a random sample of 267 college students.PSa.
Is there a relationship between length of marriage and satisfaction with marriage? The necessary information has been collected from a random sample of 100 respondents drawn from a local community. Write a sentence or two explaining your decision.SOC Length of Marriage(in years)Less More
At a large urban college, about half of the students live off campus in various arrangements, and the other half live in dormitories on campus. Is academic performance dependent on living arrangements? The results based on a random sample of 300 students are presented here.SOC Status NonAlertness
A program of pet therapy has been running at a local nursing home. Are the participants in the program more alert and responsive than nonparticipants? The results, drawn from a random sample of residents, are reported here.SOC 296 PART II INFERENTIAL STATISTICSa. Is there a statistically
The state Department of Education has rated a sample of local school systems for compliance with state-mandated guidelines for quality. Is the quality of a school system significantly related to the affluence of the community as measured by per capita income?a. Is there a statistically significant
A local judge has been allowing some individuals convicted of “driving under the influence” to work in a hospital emergency room as an alternative to fines, suspensions, and other penalties. A random sample of offenders has been drawn. Do participants in this program have lower rates of
A sample of 25 cities have been classified as high or low on their homicide rates and on the number of handguns sold within the city limits. Is there a relationship between these two variables? Do cities with higher homicide rates have significantly higher gun sales? Explain your results in a
A local politician is concerned that a program for the homeless in her city is discriminating against blacks and other minorities. The following data were taken from a random sample of black and white homeless people.SWa. Is there a statistically significant relationship between race and whether or
Is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization for public employees? The following data represent this relationship for fire departments in a random sample of 100 cities of roughly the same size. Salary data have been dichotomized at the median. Summarize your findings.PA Gender
Many analysts have noted a “gender gap” in elections for the U.S. presidency, with women more likely to vote for the Democratic candidate. A sample of university faculty has been asked about their political party preference. Do their responses indicate a significant relationship between gender
and 11.8. For each cell, subtract expected frequency from observed frequency and record the result in column 3. Square the value in column 3 and record the result in column 4, and then divide the value in column 4 by the expected frequency for that cell and record the result in column 5. Remember
For each of the following tables, calculate the obtained chi square. (HINT: Calculate the expected frequencies for each cell with Formula 11.2.Double-check to make sure you are using the correct row and column marginals for each cell. It may be helpful to record the expected frequencies in table
Does support for suicide (“death with dignity”)vary by social class? Is this relationship different in different nations? Small samples in three nations were asked if it is ever justified for a person with an incurable disease to take his or her own life. Respondents answered in terms of a
A small random sample of respondents has been selected from the General Social Survey database. Each respondent has been classified as either a city dweller, a suburbanite, or a rural dweller. Are there statistically significant differences by place of residence for any of the variables listed
Do older citizens lose interest in politics and current affairs? A brief quiz on recent headline stories was administered to random samples of respondents from each of four different age groups. Is there a significant difference? The following data represent numbers of correct responses.
Does the rate of voter turnout vary significantly by the type of election? A random sample of voting precincts displays the following pattern of voter turnout by election type. Assess the results for significance.
Are sexually active teenagers any better informed about AIDS and other potential health problems related to sex than teenagers who are sexually inactive? A 15-item test of general knowledge about sex and health was administered to random samples of teens who are sexually inactive, teens who are
Two separate after-school programs for at-risk teenagers have been implemented in the city of Redland. One is a big-brother/big-sister mentoring program, in which adult volunteers are paired with troubled teenagers. The second involves extracurricular team sports competitions. In terms of the
In a local community, a random sample of 18 couples has been assessed on a scale that measures the extent to which power and decision making are shared (lower scores) or monopolized by one party(higher scores) and on marital happiness (lower scores indicate lower levels of unhappiness). The couples
a. The Society for Ethical Culture provides non-theistic services in a congregational setting.Until three years ago, the membership of the Persipolis, New York, society grew steadily every year, but then it leveled off. The leaders have therefore decided to launch a membership drive, but before
Conduct an ANOVA test for each of the following sets of scores. (HINT: Follow the computational shortcut outlined in Section 10.4, and keep track of all sums and means by constructing computational tables like Table 10.3 or 10.4.)
Some results from a survey administered to a nationally representative sample are reported here in terms of differences by sex. Which of these differences, if any, are significant? Write a sentence or two of interpretation for each test.a. Proportion favoring the legalization of marijuana:SOC
At St. Algebra College, the sociology and psychology departments have been feuding for years about the respective quality of their programs. In an attempt to resolve the dispute, you have gathered data about the graduate school experience of random samples of both groups of majors. The results are
A large counseling center needs to evaluate several experimental programs. Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests. Did the new programs work?a. One program is designed for divorce counseling;the key feature of the program is its counselors, who are married couples working in
A survey has been administered to random samples of respondents in each of five nations. For each nation, are men and women significantly different in terms of their reported levels of satisfaction?Respondents were asked: “How satisfied are you with your life as a whole?” Responses varied from
For each problem, test the sample statistics for the significance of the difference.a. Sample 1 Sample 2(Members) (Nonmembers) 10.3 12.3 s1 2.7 s2 4.2 N1 40 N2 55 X2 X1
As the director of the local Boys Club, you have claimed for years that membership in your club reduces juvenile delinquency. Now a cynical member of your funding agency has demanded proof of your claim.Fortunately, your local sociology department is on your side and springs to your aid with
Are senior citizens who live in retirement communities more socially active than those who live in ageintegrated communities? Write a sentence or two explaining the results of these tests. (HINT: Remember to use the proper formulas for small sample sizes.)a. A random sample of senior citizens
Are college students who live in dormitories significantly more involved in campus life than students who commute to campus? The following data report the SOC E-Mail Messages Sample 1 Sample 2(Middle Class) (Working Class 8.7 5.7 s1 0.3 s2 1.1 N1 89 N2 55 X2 X1 Sample 1 Sample 2(Residential)
Are middle-class families more likely than working-class families to maintain contact with kin? Write a paragraph summarizing the results of these tests.a. A sample of middle-class families reported an average of 7.3 visits per year with close kin, while a sample of working-class families averaged
A number of years ago, the road and highway maintenance department of Sin City, Nevada, began recruiting minority group members through an affirmative action program. In terms of efficiency ratings, as compiled by their superiors, how do the affirmative action employees rate? The ratings of random
Do athletes in different sports vary in terms of their readiness for college? Reported here are College Board scores of random samples of college basketball and football players. Is there a significant difference?Write a sentence or two explaining the difference a.SOC Sample 1 Sample 2(Basketball
before attempting to solve Formula 9.2. Also, in Formula 9.4, perform the mathematical operations in the proper sequence. First square each sample standard deviation, then divide by the proper N, add the resultant values, and then find the square root of the sum.)a.c.GLOSSARY Independent random
For each of the following, test for the significance of the difference in sample statistics using the five-step model. (HINT: Remember to solve Formula
The following essay questions review the basic principles and concepts of inferential statistics. The order of the questions roughly follows the five-step model.a. Hypothesis testing or significance testing can be conducted only with a random sample. Why?b. Under what specific conditions can it be
The city manager of Shinbone has received a complaint from the local union of firefighters to the effect that they are underpaid. Not having much time, the city manager gathers the records of a random sample of 27 firefighters and finds that their average salary is $38,073, with a standard
You are the head of an agency seeking funding for a program to reduce unemployment among teenage males. Nationally, the unemployment rate for this group is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage males in your area reveals an unemployment rate of 21.7%. Is the difference significant? Can you
A researcher has compiled a file of information on a random sample of 317 families that have chronic, long-term patterns of child abuse. Reported here are some of the characteristics of the sample, along with values for the city as a whole. For each trait, test the null hypothesis of “no
Statewide, the police clear by arrest 35% of the robberies and 42% of the aggravated assaults reported to them. A researcher takes a random sample of all the robberies (N 207) and aggravated assaults (N 178)reported to a metropolitan police department in one year and finds that 83 of the robberies
In a recent statewide election, 55% of the voters rejected a proposal to institute a state lottery. In a random sample of 150 urban precincts, 49% of the voters rejected the proposal. Is the difference significant?Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.
A random sample of 113 felons convicted of nonviolent crimes in a state prison system completed a program designed to improve their employment possibilities before being released on parole. Fiftyeight eventually became repeat offenders. Is this recidivism rate significantly different from the rate
A survey shows that 10% of the population is victimized by property crime each year.A random sample of 527 older citizens (65 years or more of age) shows a victimization rate of 14%. Are older people more likely to be victimized? Conduct both one- and two-tailed tests of significance.GER/CJ PA SOC
Nationally, the per capita monthly fuel oil bill is $110. A random sample of 36 southeastern cities average $78, with a standard deviation of $4. Is the difference significant? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two.
A random sample of 26 local sociology graduates scored an average of 458 on the GRE advanced sociology test, with a standard deviation of 20. Is this significantly different from the national average (m 440)?
A school system has assigned several hundred“chronic and severe underachievers” to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 has been selected for comparison with all students in the system.a. In terms of GPA, did the program work?SOC GER Systemwide GPA
a. Statewide, the population as a whole watches 6.2 hours of TV per day. A random sample of 1017 senior citizens in the state report watching an average of 5.9 hours per day, with a standard deviation of 0.7.Is the difference significant?b. The same sample of senior citizens reports that they
A sample of 105 sanitation workers for the city of Euonymus, Texas, earns an average of $24,375 per year. The average salary for all Euonymus city workers SOC SOC SOC SW CHAPTER 8 HYPOTHESIS TESTING I 209 is $24,230, with a standard deviation of $523. Are the sanitation workers overpaid? Conduct
A random sample of 423 Chinese Americans drawn from the population of a particular state has finished an average of 12.7 years of formal education, with a standard deviation of 1.7. Is this significantly different from the statewide average of 12.2 years?
Statewide, the average score on the college entrance exams (verbal test) is 453, with a standard deviation of 95. A random sample of 137 seniors at Littlewood Regional High School shows a mean score of 502. Is there a significant difference?
a. Statewide, social workers average 10.2 years of experience. In a random sample, 203 social workers in greater metropolitan Shinbone average only 8.7 years, with a standard deviation of 0.52.Are social workers in Shinbone significantly less experienced? (Note the wording of the research
a. The students at Littlewood Regional High School cut an average of 3.3 classes per month.A random sample of 117 seniors averages 3.8 cuts SOC X = 9.4 X = 16.8 Alpha Form Z(critical) X = 2.20 0.05 One-tailed 0.10 Two-tailed 0.06 Two-tailed 0.01 One-tailed 0.02 Two-tailed Alpha Form N t (critical)
a. For each situation, find Z(critical).c. Compute the appropriate test statistic (Z or t) for each situation:1. m 2.40 s 0.75 N 200 2. m 17.1 s 0.9 N 45 3. m 10.2 s 1.7 N 150 4. Pu .57 Ps 0.60 N 117 5. Pu 0.32 Ps 0.30 N 322
The results listed next are from a survey given to a random sample of the American public.For each sample statistic, construct a confidence interval estimate of the population parameter at the 95% confidence level. Sample size (N) is 2987 throughout.a. The average occupational prestige score was
You are the automotive specialist for the monthly magazine Consumer Beware. Part of your job is to investigate the claims made by automakers in their TV commercials. You are particularly suspicious of a new economy car that the automaker claims will get 78 miles per gallon. After checking the
The fraternities and sororities at St. Algebra College have been plagued by declining membership over the past several years and want to know if the incoming freshman class will be a fertile recruiting ground. Not having enough money to survey all 1600 freshmen, they commission you to survey the
The World Values Survey is administered periodically to random samples from societies around the globe. Listed here are the number of respondents in each nation who said that they are“very happy.” Compute sample proportions, and construct confidence interval estimates for each nation at the 95%
Two individuals are running for mayor of Shinbone. You conduct an election survey a week before the election and find that 51% of the respondents prefer candidate A. Can you predict a winner?Use the 99% level. (HINT: In a two-candidate race, what percentage of the vote would the winner need?Does
For each of the following three sample sizes, construct the 95% confidence interval. Use a sample proportion of 0.40 throughout. What happens to interval width as sample size increases? Why?
For the following sample data, construct five different interval estimates of the population mean, one each for the 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99%levels. What happens to the interval width as confidence level increases? Why?
A random sample of 100 patients treated in a program for alcoholism and drug dependency over the past 10 years was selected. It was determined that 53 of the patients had been readmitted to the program at least once. At the 95% level, construct an estimate of the population proportion.
A random sample of 1496 respondents of a major metropolitan area was questioned about a number of issues. Construct estimates to the population at the 95% level for each of the results reported next. Express the final confidence interval in percentages (e.g., “between 40 and 45% agreed that
A random sample of 260 workers in a high-rise office building revealed that 30% were very satisfied with the quality of elevator service. At the 99%level, what is your estimate of the population value?
The survey mentioned in problem 7.5 found that 25 of the 178 households consisted of unmarried couples who were living together. What is your estimate of the population proportion? Use the 95%level.
A random sample of 100 inmates at a maximum security prison shows that exactly 10 of the respondents had been the victims of violent crime during their incarceration. Estimate the proportion of victims for the population as a whole, using the 90%confidence level. (HINT: Calculate the sample
days of classes per semester because of illness. If the sample standard deviation is 1.0, construct an estimate of the population mean at the 99% level.SOC N = 100 s = 0.30 X = 3.38 SOC SOC SWd. On the average, the sample had missed3.5 days of classes per semester for reasons other than illness. If
television sets(s 0.10) and 0.78 telephones (s 0.55) per household.c. The households averaged 6.0 hours of television viewing per day (s 3.0).7.6 A random sample of 100 HBO movies contained an average of 3.38 acts of physical violence per program. At the 99% level, what is your estimate of the
people resides in each household. Standard deviation is 0.35.b. There was an average of
A researcher has gathered information from a random sample of 178 households. For each of the following variables, construct confidence intervals to estimate the population mean. Use the 90% level.a. An average of
You have developed a series of questions to measure job satisfaction of bus drivers in New York City. A random sample of 100 drivers has an average score of 10.6, with a standard deviation of 2.8. What is your estimate of the average job satisfaction score for the population as a whole? Use the 95%
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