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physics
college physics 2nd

College Physics A Strategic Approach 4th Edition Randall D. Knight, Brian Jones - Solutions

Suppose that electrons had three possible values of the spin quantum number. What would be the electron configuration of an element with Z = 10?
We usually associate fluorescence with ultraviolet light— objects glow under “black light.” But it’s possible to excite fluorescence with visible light as well. The light from a green laser
If elements beyond Z = 120 are ever synthesized, electrons in these heavy atoms will begin filling a g subshell, corresponding to l = 4. How many states will be in a g subshell?
Port-wine birthmarks, which are caused by malformed capillaries close to the skin, can be removed with laser pulses. Laser light of the right color will pass through the skin with little absorption
Nucleus A has 5 protons and 6 neutrons, while nucleus B has 6 protons and 5 neutrons. Are these nuclei isotopes of the same element, or are they different elements?
Alpha emitters that are breathed into the lungs are especially dangerous. Give two reasons why this is so.
Verify that the total number of nucleons, total charge, and electron family number are conserved for each of the fusion reactions in the proton proton cycle in H+H 1H+2H 2H+e+ + Ve He+y, and 3 He+ 3
A crystal sample of bacteriorhodpsin, a light-sensitive protein found in halobacteria that responds to light energy, has crystal planes separated by 0.20 nm. If a beam of 11 keV x rays illuminates a
A nickel crystal’s work function is measured to be 5.22 eV at 25°C. As the temperature increases by 300°C, the work function drops by 50 meV. By how much does this shift the threshold wavelength
A study of photosynthesis in phytoplankton in the open ocean used short pulses of laser light to trigger photosynthetic reactions. The investigator’s system used 0.10 mW pulses of 640 nm laser
One molecule of ATP provides 0.30 eV when it is used to power cellular processes. Photosynthesis in a typical plant requires 8 photons at 550 nm to produce 1 molecule of ATP. What is the overall
Investigators have created structures consisting of linear chains of ionized atoms on a smooth surface. Electrons are restricted to travel along the chain. The energy levels of the electrons match
As computer structures get smaller and smaller, quantum rules start to create difficulties. Suppose electrons move through a channel in a microprocessor. If we know that an electron is somewhere
If the photon energy of an x-ray beam is increased, how does this affect the angle for a particular order or constructive interference from a crystal?
X rays of increasing wavelength are reflected from a crystal. Is there a threshold wavelength above which no constructive interference is observed?
A beam of white light has the same intensity at all visible-light wavelengths. Does the beam contain more red-light photons or more blue-light photons?
A photon striking a solar cell can set one electron in motion in a circuit. For a particular solar cell, the energy delivered to a circuit by each electron is 0.5 eV. Will the energy-conversion
For a given accelerating voltage, an electron microscope has a certain theoretical resolution. Suppose that instead of a beam of electrons you used a beam of protons, with the same accelerating
When you cool a gas, how does this affect the de Broglie wavelength of the gas atoms?
A wire with a resistance of 3.2 Ω is bent into the two-loop shape shown in Figure P25.18. The length of the sides of the large square is 9.0 cm; those of the smaller square are half that. If the
Biologists often study the patterns of migratory birds by using radar (1–10 GHz electromagnetic waves) to track their flight. To check whether radar waves influence the birds’ flight, researchers
The minimum change in light intensity that is detectable by the human eye is about 1%. Light is sent through a pair of polarizers whose axes are at an angle of 45° to each other. By what angle
A 50 mW laser beam is polarized horizontally. It then passes through two polarizers. The axis of the first polarizer is oriented at 30° from the horizontal, and that of the second is oriented at
The absorption of light by chlorophyll, the pigment in plants that is responsible for converting light to useful energy, is shown in Figure P25.46. Two sharp peaks are visible in the violet and red
The hottest ordinary star in our galaxy has a surface temperature of 53,000 K. What is the peak wavelength of its thermal radiation?
A square loop of wire, with sides of length 12 cm, is bent by 90° along a line halfway between two of its opposite sides, as shown in Figure P25.58. A uniform magnetic field of 0.85 T is then
Some electronic devices such as phones and watches can be charged wirelessly. In the charger, there is a coil that generates a rapidly changing magnetic field. In the device, there is a second,
The AC voltage across a 100 Ω resistor has the “square wave” shape shown in Figure Q26.2. What is the average power dissipated in the resistor? VR (V) 10 0 -10- FIGURE Q26.2
If you stuck a paperclip in each of the two slots of a GFI-protected outlet, then grabbed one paperclip with your right hand and the other paperclip with your left hand, would the GFI protect you?
The ignition system in a car uses a transformer whose primary has 200 turns and carries 10 A; its secondary, with 20,000 turns, is connected to the spark plug. An electronic switch suddenly stops the
If you use an extension cord, current travels from the 120 V outlet, along one wire inside the cord, through the appliance you’ve plugged into the cord, and back to the outlet through a second wire
In Fort Collins, Colorado, the sun shines for an average of 1850 hours per year. A homeowner installs a set of solar panels that provide 4.0 kW of electric power when the sun shines. If the local
Electricity prices vary widely from state to state. In Connecticut, for instance, electricity costs \($0.209/kWh,\) while in Illinois the cost is \($0.125/kWh.\) On average, residents of both states
The charger for your cell phone contains a small transformer. While charging, it provides 5.0 W to your phone at 5.0 V. Assuming an ideal transformer, how much current does this transformer draw
A moving muon lives longer, from the observer’s point of view, than a muon at rest. Is there a frame of reference in which a muon’s lifetime is shorter than its lifetime in a frame in which the
Your spaceship zips past a spherical asteroid at 0.80c. What is the shape of the asteroid from your point of view?
In an intergalactic competition, spaceship pilots compete to see who can cover the distance between two asteroids in the shortest time. The judges are at rest with respect to the two asteroids. From
Two children, one at the front of a parade float and one at the back, are playing catch with a ball. Each sees the other as tossing the ball at 4.0 m/s. The float moves down the road at 2.0 m/s. At
You leave on a mission to a distant star. Your craft accelerates at 0.95g for 30 days. From your point of view, you spend the next 1000 days moving at this speed. From the point of view of an earth
A high-energy proton leaves the sun at 0.430c. In the frame of the proton, what is the distance to the earth?
Electrons in an x-ray tube are accelerated to 0.65c. The beam then travels 1.0 cm to a target. What is this distance in the frame of the electrons?
A high-energy proton is ejected from the sun at 0.300c; it is gaining on a proton ejected at 0.250c. According to the slower proton, with what speed is the faster proton gaining on it?
Relativity might seem far removed from daily life, but even some older technologies had to take it into account. The electrons that draw the picture on the screen in an old-fashioned television set
A muon is created 60 km above the surface of the earth. In the earth’s frame, the muon is traveling directly downward at 0.9999c.a. In the earth’s frame of reference, how much time elapses
You are on a spacecraft traveling away from the earth at 0.50c. A beacon on earth flashes exactly once per second.a. From the point of view of a person on earth, what is the time between one flash
Young domestic chickens have the ability to orient themselves in the earth’s magnetic field. Researchers used a set of two coils to adjust the magnetic field in the chicks’ pen. Figure P24.20
Medical cyclotrons need efficient sources of protons to inject into their center. In one kind of ion source, hydrogen atoms (i.e., protons with one orbiting electron) are fed into a chamber where
A mass spectrometer uses a magnetic field to determine the masses of ions. A beam of ions, each with a mass 62 times that of a proton, enters a 0.30 T magnetic field, as shown in Figure P24.32. If
The right half of the square loop of wire shown in Figure P24.37 is in a 0.85 T magnetic field directed into the page. The current in the loop is 1.3 A in a clockwise direction. What is the magnitude
As we’ve seen, protons have an inherent magnetic moment, which has been measured to be 1.4 × 10-26 A • m2 . What would be the torque on a proton whose moment was oriented at 90° to a 1.2 T
The coil of the electric motor shown in Figure P24.51 has 100 turns and an area of 0.015 m2 . Its rotation axis is attached to a pulley with a radius of 3.0 cm. At the moment shown, the plane of the
A loudspeaker creates sound by pushing air back and forth with a paper cone that is driven by a magnetic force on a wire coil at the base of the cone. Figure P24.52 shows the details. The cone is
An inventor designs a model plane that uses the emf that develops across its metal wings as it flies through the earth’s magnetic field to power the plane’s propeller. Will this plane be able to
Many roller coasters use magnetic brakes to slow the train at the end of its run. A conducting plate on the train passes by powerful magnets fixed on the track.a. Explain the principle behind this
A copper loop hangs from two strings, as shown in Figure Q25.16. In which direction (toward or away from the magnet) does the loop swing if the magnetFigure Q25.16.a. Is stationary?b. Is moving
Microphones are used to convert sound vibrations to electrical signals. In one kind of microphone, sound waves move a coil of wire up and down in a magnetic field, as shown in Figure P25.8. The coil
You are given 13.0 m of thin wire. You form the wire into a circular coil with 50 turns. If this coil is placed with its axis parallel to a 0.12 T magnetic field, what is the flux through the coil?
What is the current in the wire in Figure Q22.1? 1.0 VR + 1.0-1.0V + FIGURE Q22.1
Will the bulb in Figure Q22.2 light? Explain. + FIGURE Q22.2
Electroplating uses electrolysis to coat one metal with another. In a copper-plating bath, copper ions with a charge of +2e move through the electrolyte from the copper anode to the cathode— the
Electroconvulsive therapy is a last-line treatment for certain mental disorders. In this treatment, an electric current is passed directly through the brain, inducing seizures. The total charge that
When a current passes through the body, it is mainly carried by positively charged sodium ions (Na+) with charge +e and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-) with charge -e. In a given electric
A laptop battery has an emf of 10.8 V. The laptop uses 0.70 A while running.a. How much charge moves through the battery each second?b. By how much does the electric potential energy of this charge
A battery and a resistor are wired into a circuit. The resistor dissipates 0.50 W. Now two batteries, each identical to the original one, are connected in series with the resistor. What power does it
A battery and a resistor are wired into a circuit. The resistor dissipates 4.0 W. Now the resistor is replaced with one that has twice the original resistance. What power does the new resistor
A 100 W lightbulb and a 60 W lightbulb each operate at a voltage of 120 V. Which bulb carries more current?
A resistor dissipates 0.25 W when current of 20 mA passes through it. How much current would be needed for the resistor to dissipate 0.50 W?A. 28 mAB. 40 mAC. 56 mAD. 80 mA
Figure P22.30 is a current-versus-potential-difference graph for a cylinder. What is the cylinder’s resistance? I(A) 2 1 0+ AV (V) FIGURE P22.30 0 50 100
A rear window defroster consists of a long, flat wire bonded to the inside surface of the window. When current passes through the wire, it heats up and melts ice and snow on the window. For one
The resistance of an 8.3-m-long, 0.50-mm-diameter wire is 4.1 Ω. From what material is this wire likely made? A. CopperB. AluminumC. IronD. Nichrome
On a sunny day, a rooftop solar panel delivers 60 W of power to the house at an emf of 17 V. How much current flows through the panel?
A 1.5 V D-size battery stores 54 kJ of energy. What steady current could this battery provide for 20 h before being depleted?
When running on its 11.4 V battery, a laptop computer uses 8.3 W. The computer can run on battery power for 9.0 h before the battery is depleted.a. What is the current delivered by the battery to
One way to sterilize food products such as meats and poultry is to irradiate them with a beam of high-energy electrons. In one food plant, the electrons in the beam have an energy of 10 MeV and the
The two lightbulbs in Figure Q23.1 are glowing. What happens to the brightness of bulb B if bulb A is removed from the circuit? FIGURE Q23.1 A B
A battery, a lightbulb, and two resistors are in the circuit shown in Figure Q23.2. What happens to the brightness of the bulb if the two resistors are exchanged? 15 V 100 ww FIGURE 023.2 200
The current through the 30 Ω resistor in Figure P23.5 is measured to be 0.25 A. What is the emf E of the battery? ww E 102 30 FIGURE P23.5 ww
If the resistors and batteries in Figures Q23.4 and Q23.5 are all the same, which of the two circuits dissipates more total power? Explain. R wwww R ww R FIGURE Q23.4 FIGURE Q23.5 ww R
You have three 1.0 kΩ resistors. What are the values of all the equivalent resistances that can be formed using all three of these resistors?
With the switch open, the potential difference across thecapacitor in Figure P23.44 is 10.0 V. After the switch is closed, how long will it take for the potential difference across the capacitor to
Two students measure the time constant of an RC circuit. The first student charges the capacitor using a 12 V battery, then lets the capacitor discharge the resistor. The second student repeats the
If the battery in Figure P23.60 were ideal, lightbulb A would not dim when the switch is closed. However, real batteries have a small internal resistance, which we can model as the 0.3 Ω resistor
As Figure P23.79 shows, a single cell in a sample of tissue can be modeled by a circuit consisting of two resistors and a capacitor. RI is the resistance of the fluid in the cell’s interior, RE the
When a honeybee flies through the air, it develops a charge of +17 pC. How many electrons did it lose in the process of acquiring this charge?
A housefly walking across a surface may develop a significant electric charge through a process similar to frictional charging. Suppose a fly picks up a charge of +52 pC. How many electrons does it
Falling raindrops frequently develop electric charges. Does this create noticeable forces between the droplets? Suppose two 1.8 mg drops each have a charge of +25 pC; these are typical values. The
A platypus foraging for prey can detect an electric field as small as 0.002 N/C. To give an idea of the sensitivity of the platypus’s electric sense, how far from a +10 nC point charge does the
Honeybees accumulate charge as they fly, and they transfer charge to the flowers they visit. Honeybees are able to sense electric fields; tests show that they can detect a change in field as small as
A bumblebee can sense electric fields as the fields bend hairs on its body. Bumblebees have been conclusively shown to detect an electric field of 60 N/C. Could a bumblebee use this sense to detect
Raindrops acquire an electric charge as they fall. Suppose a 2.5-mm-diameter drop has a charge of +15 pC; these are both typical values. If the strength of the earth’s electric field is 100 N/C,
Raindrops acquire an electric charge as they fall. Suppose a 2.0-mm-diameter drop has a charge of +12 pC; these are both very common values. In a thunderstorm, the electric field under a cloud can
A positively charged dust particle passes between the two oppositely charged plates of an electrostatic precipitator. There is an electric force directed toward the negative plate, but the drag force
In a typical mammalian cell, the net transport by the sodium potassium exchange pump that maintains the 70 mV membrane potential is 500 singly charged ions per second. How much work does the pump do
This scanning electron microscope image of a bacterium was produced using a beam of electrons accelerated through an 30 kV potential difference. What is the speed of the electrons?
An electrophoresis gel rests between two parallel plates; the potential difference between the plates is 50 V. Each second, 50 mC of charge moves through the gel. What is the increase in thermal
Argon and potassium are neighbors in the periodic table but have very different sizes—a potassium atom is approximately 3 times the size of an argon atom. What does this difference imply about
The Cassini spacecraft that visited Saturn and its moons did more than take pretty pictures; it also returned physical data. Saturn’s moon Titan has a substantial atmosphere, and Cassini went close
A type of rain gauge consists of two separated vertical plates connected to a device that measures the capacitance of the two plates. How is this device able to detect the passage of raindrops?
What are the potential differences ∆VAB and ∆VBC?
A flying hummingbird picks up charge as it moves through the air. This creates a potential near the bird. What is the “voltage of a hummingbird”? Assume that the bird acquires a charge of +200

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