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physics
college physics 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics 2nd

How does the interference of water waves differ from the interference of electrons? How are they analogous?
Calculate the frequency in hertz of a 1.00-MeV γ-ray photon.
Describe one type of evidence for the wave nature of matter.
(a) What is the wavelength of a 1.00-eV photon?(b) Find its frequency in hertz. (c) Identify the type of EM radiation.
Describe one type of evidence for the particle nature of EM radiation.
What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? Does it place limits on what can be known?
Confirm the statement in the text that the range of photon energies for visible light is 1.63 to 3.26 eV, given that the range of visible wavelengths is 380 to 760 nm.
(a) Calculate the energy in eV of an IR photon of frequency 2.00 x 1013 Hz.(b) How many of these photons would need to be absorbed simultaneously by a tightly bound molecule to break it apart? (c)
In what ways are matter and energy related that were not known before the development of relativity and quantum mechanics?
Prove that, to three-digit accuracy, h = 4.14 x 10-15 eV .s, as stated in the text.
(a) What is the maximum energy in eV of photons produced in a CRT using a 25.0-kV accelerating potential, such as a color TV?(b) What is their frequency?
What is the accelerating voltage of an x-ray tube that produces x rays with a shortest wavelength of 0.0103 nm?
(a) What is the ratio of power outputs by two microwave ovens having frequencies of 950 and 2560 MHz, if they emit the same number of photons per second? (b) What is the ratio of photons per second
How many photons per second are emitted by the antenna of a microwave oven, if its power output is 1.00 kW at a frequency of 2560 MHz?
Some satellites use nuclear power.(a) If such a satellite emits a 1.00-W flux of γ rays having an average energy of 0.500 MeV, how many are emitted per second?(b) These γ rays affect other
How many x-ray photons per second are created by an x-ray tube that produces a flux of x rays having a power of 1.00 W? Assume the average energy per photon is 75.0 keV.
(a) How far away must you be from a 650-kHz radio station with power 50.0 kW for there to be only one photon per second per square meter? Assume no reflections or absorption, as if you were in deep
Assuming that 10.0% of a 100-W light bulb’s energy output is in the visible range (typical for incandescent bulbs) with an average wavelength of 580 nm, and that the photons spread out uniformly
Consider a laser pen. Construct a problem in which you calculate the number of photons per second emitted by the pen. Among the things to be considered are the laser pen’s wavelength and power
(a) Find the momentum of a 4.00-cm-wavelength microwave photon. (b) Discuss why you expect the answer to (a) to be very small.
(a) What is the momentum of a 0.0100-nmwavelength photon that could detect details of an atom? (b) What is its energy in MeV?
(a) A y-ray photon has a momentum of 8.00 × 10-21 kg · m/s. What is its wavelength?(b) Calculate its energy in MeV.
(a) Calculate the momentum of a photon having a wavelength of 2.50 μm.(b) Find the velocity of an electron having the same momentum. (c) What is the kinetic energy of the electron, and how does it
Repeat the previous problem for a 10.0-nmwavelength photon.Data from previous problem(a) Calculate the momentum of a photon having a wavelength of 2.50 μm.(b) Find the velocity of an electron having
(a) Calculate the wavelength of a photon that has the same momentum as a proton moving at 1.00% of the speed of light. (b) What is the energy of the photon in MeV? (c) What is the kinetic energy of
(a) Find the momentum of a 100-keV x-ray photon.(b) Find the equivalent velocity of a neutron with the same momentum. (c) What is the neutron’s kinetic energy in keV?
Consider a space sail such as mentioned in Example 29.5. Construct a problem in which you calculate the light pressure on the sail in N/m2 produced by reflecting sunlight. Also calculate the force
A car feels a small force due to the light it sends out from its headlights, equal to the momentum of the light divided by the time in which it is emitted.(a) Calculate the power of each headlight,
At what velocity will an electron have a wavelength of 1.00 m?
What is the wavelength of an electron moving at 3.00% of the speed of light?
At what velocity does a proton have a 6.00-fm wavelength (about the size of a nucleus)? Assume the proton is nonrelativistic. (1 femtometer = 10-15 m.)
What is the velocity of a 0.400-kg billiard ball if its wavelength is 7.50 cm (large enough for it to interfere with other billiard balls)?
Find the wavelength of a proton moving at 1.00% of the speed of light.
(a) Find the velocity of a neutron that has a 6.00-fm wavelength (about the size of a nucleus). Assume the neutron is nonrelativistic. (b) What is the neutron’s kinetic energy in MeV?
What is the wavelength of an electron accelerated through a 30.0-kV potential, as in a TV tube?
What is the kinetic energy of an electron in a TEM having a 0.0100-nm wavelength?
(a) Calculate the velocity of an electron that has a wavelength of 1.00 μm. (b) Through what voltage must the electron be accelerated to have this velocity?
The velocity of a proton emerging from a Van de Graaff accelerator is 25.0% of the speed of light.(a) What is the proton’s wavelength?(b) What is its kinetic energy, assuming it is
The kinetic energy of an electron accelerated in an x-ray tube is 100 keV. Assuming it is nonrelativistic, what is its wavelength?
(a) Assuming it is nonrelativistic, calculate the velocity of an electron with a 0.100-fm wavelength (small enough to detect details of a nucleus). (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c)
(a) If the position of an electron in a membrane is measured to an accuracy of 1.00 μm, what is the electron's minimum uncertainty in velocity? (b) If the electron has this velocity, what is its
(a) If the position of a chlorine ion in a membrane is measured to an accuracy of 1.00 μm, what is its minimum uncertainty in velocity, given its mass is 5.86 x 10-26 kg? (b) If the ion has this
Suppose the velocity of an electron in an atom is known to an accuracy of 2.0 x 103 m/s (reasonably accurate compared with orbital velocities). What is the electron's minimum uncertainty in position,
The velocity of a proton in an accelerator is known to an accuracy of 0.250% of the speed of light. (This could be small compared with its velocity.) What is the smallest possible uncertainty in its
(a) The lifetime of a highly unstable nucleus is 10-20 s. What is the smallest uncertainty in its decay energy?(b) Compare this with the rest energy of an electron.
The decay energy of a short-lived particle has an uncertainty of 1.0 MeV due to its short lifetime.What is the smallest lifetime it can have?
The decay energy of a short-lived nuclear excited state has an uncertainty of 2.0 eV due to its short lifetime. What is the smallest lifetime it can have?
What is the approximate uncertainty in the mass of a muon, as determined from its decay lifetime?
Derive the approximate form of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle for energy and time, ΔEΔt ≈ h, using the following arguments: Since the position of a particle is uncertain by Δx = λ, where is
An electron microscope produces electrons with a 2.00-pm wavelength. If these are passed through a 1.00-nm single slit, at what angle will the first diffraction minimum be found?
A certain heat lamp emits 200 W of mostly IR radiation averaging 1500 nm in wavelength.(a) What is the average photon energy in joules? (b) How many of these photons are required to increase the
On its high power setting, a microwave oven produces 900 W of 2560 MHz microwaves.(a) How many photons per second is this? (b) How many photons are required to increase the temperature of a 0.500-kg
(a) Calculate the amount of microwave energy in joules needed to raise the temperature of 1.00 kg of soup from 20.0°C to 100°C.(b) What is the total momentum of all the microwave photons it takes
(a) What is γ for an electron emerging from the Stanford Linear Accelerator with a total energy of 50.0 GeV? (b) Find its momentum. (c) What is the electron's wavelength?
(a) What is y for a proton having an energy of 1.00 TeV, produced by the Fermilab accelerator? (b) Find its momentum. (c) What is the proton's wavelength?
(a) What is the separation between double slits that produces a second-order minimum at 45.0° for 650-nm light?(b) What slit separation is needed to produce the same pattern for 1.00-keV protons.
(a) Calculate the velocity of electrons that form the same pattern as 450-nm light when passed through a double slit. (b) Calculate the kinetic energy of each and compare them. (c) Would either be
An electron microscope passes 1.00-pm- wavelength electrons through a circular aperture 2.00 μm in diameter. What is the angle between two just-resolvable point sources for this microscope?
A laser with a power output of 2.00 mW at a wavelength of 400 nm is projected onto calcium metal.(a) How many electrons per second are ejected? (b) What power is carried away by the electrons, given
A 1.00-fm photon has a wavelength short enough to detect some information about nuclei.(a) What is the photon momentum? (b) What is its energy in joules and MeV? (c) What is the (relativistic)
The momentum of light is exactly reversed when reflected straight back from a mirror, assuming negligible recoil of the mirror. Thus the change in momentum is twice the photon momentum. Suppose light
Sunlight above the Earth's atmosphere has an intensity of 1.30 kW/m2. If this is reflected straight back from a mirror that has only a small recoil, the light's momentum is exactly reversed, giving
A photon of light with a wavelength of 550.0 nm is involved in a collision with an electron. Use 6.63 x 10-34 m2 kg/s for Planck's constant.(a) How much momentum does the photon have before the
Your friends show you an image through a microscope. They tell you that the microscope has an objective with a 0.500 cm focal length and an eyepiece with a 5.00 cm focal length. The resulting overall
You are using a standard microscope with a 0.10NA 4x objective and switch to a 0.65 NA 40X objective. What are the acceptance angles for each? Compare and comment on the values. Which would you use
A myopic person sees that their contact lens prescription is -4.00 D. What is their far point?
The far point of a myopic administrator is 50.0 cm.(a) What is the relaxed power of their eyes? (b) If they have the normal 8.00% ability to accommodate, what is the closest object they can see
If the cornea is to be reshaped (this can be done surgically or with contact lenses) to correct myopia, should its curvature be made greater or smaller? Explain. Also explain how hyperopia can be
A person with presbyopia has lost some or all of the ability to accommodate the power of the eye. If such a person’s distant vision is corrected with LASIK, will she still need reading glasses?
Your camera’s zoom lens has an adjustable focal length ranging from 80.0 to 200 mm. What is its range of powers?
Consider sunlight entering the Earth's atmosphere at sunrise and sunset-that is, at a 90° incident angle. Taking the boundary between nearly empty space and the atmosphere to be sudden, calculate
If the lens of a person’s eye is removed because of cataracts (as has been done since ancient times), why would you expect a spectacle lens of about 16 D to be prescribed?
What is the size of the image on the retina of a 1.20 x 10-2 cm diameter human hair, held at arm's length (60.0 cm) away? Take the lens-to-retina distance to be 2.00 cm.StrategyWe want to find the
What is the power of the eye when viewing an object 50.0 cm away?
A cataract is cloudiness in the lens of the eye. Is light dispersed or diffused by it?
Calculate the power of the eye when viewing objects at the greatest and smallest distances possible with normal vision, assuming a lens-to-retina distance of 2.00 cm (a typical value).StrategyFor
When laser light is shone into a relaxed normal-vision eye to repair a tear by spot-welding the retina to the back of the eye, the rays entering the eye must be parallel. Why?
What power of spectacle lens is needed to correct the vision of a nearsighted person whose far point is 30.0 cm? Assume the spectacle (corrective) lens is held 1.50 cm away from the eye by eyeglass
(a) The print in many books averages 3.50 mm in height. How high is the image of the print on the retina when the book is held 30.0 cm from the eye?(b) Compare the size of the print to the sizes of
Suppose a certain person's visual acuity is such that he can see objects clearly that form an image 4.00 μm high on his retina. What is the maximum distance at which he can read the 75.0 cm high
How does the power of a dry contact lens compare with its power when resting on the tear layer of the eye? Explain.
What power of spectacle lens is needed to allow a farsighted person, whose near point is 1.00 m, to see an object clearly that is 25.0 cm away? Assume the spectacle (corrective) lens is held 1.50 cm
Why is your vision so blurry when you open your eyes while swimming under water? How does a face mask enable clear vision?
Calculate the magnification of an object placed 6.20 mm from a compound microscope that has a 6.00 mm focal length objective and a 50.0 mm focal length eyepiece. The objective and eyepiece are
People who do very detailed work close up, such as jewellers, often can see objects clearly at much closer distance than the normal 25 cm.(a) What is the power of the eyes of a woman who can see an
What is the far point of a person whose eyes have a relaxed power of 50.5 D?
It has become common to replace the cataract-clouded lens of the eye with an internal lens. This intraocular lens can be chosen so that the person has perfect distant vision. Will the person be able
What is the near point of a person whose eyes have an accommodated power of 53.5 D?
(a) A laser vision correction reshaping the cornea of a myopic patient reduces the power of his eye by 9.00 D, with a ± 5.0% uncertainty in the final correction. What is the range of diopters for
If there is a fixed percent uncertainty in LASIK reshaping of the cornea, why would you expect those people with the greatest correction to have a poorer chance of normal distant vision after the
In a LASIK vision correction, the power of a patient’s eye is increased by 3.00 D. Assuming this produces normal close vision, what was the patient’s near point before the procedure?
A pure red object on a black background seems to disappear when illuminated with pure green light. Explain why.
A severely myopic patient has a far point of 5.00 cm. By how many diopters should the power of his eye be reduced in laser vision correction to obtain normal distant vision for him?
What is color constancy, and what are its limitations?
A student’s eyes, while reading the blackboard, have a power of 51.0 D. How far is the board from his eyes?
There are different types of color blindness related to the malfunction of different types of cones. Why would it be particularly useful to study those rare individuals who are color blind only in
The power of a physician’s eyes is 53.0 D while examining a patient. How far from her eyes is the feature being examined?
Propose a way to study the function of the rods alone, given they can sense light about 1000 times dimmer than the cones.
Geometric optics describes the interaction of light with macroscopic objects. Why, then, is it correct to use geometric optics to analyse a microscope’s image?
The image produced by the microscope in Figure 26.16 cannot be projected. Could extra lenses or mirrors project it? Explain.Data from Figure 26.16 h₁ Final image Object do d'. Fo Objective- lens d.

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