Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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Figures 5.36 and 5.39 schematically show the operation or function of heat engines and heat movers, respectively. An alternative way to capture the information and meaning contained in these flowcharts is through the use of concept maps. Pick one of these figures, and, based on your understanding
In Western music, each of the seven base notes is assigned a letter A through G and the so-called half-step intervals between them have the following pattern for a major scale:2-1-2-2-1-2-2. There are two half-steps (or one whole step) between A and B, one half-step between B and C, one whole step
A sound pulse emitted underwater reflects off a school of fish and is detected at the same place 0.01 s later. How far away are the fish?
Using your understanding of the nature of internal energy and temperature, explain why we might expect the resistance of a solid to increase if its temperature increases.
Combine Ohm’s law and the equation for power consumption to derive the equation that gives the power in terms of current and resistance. Use the result to answer the following question. A cable carrying electrical energy wastes 10 kWh of energy each day because of ohmic heating. If the current in
The Δ- (delta minus) is a short-lived baryon with charge 21, strangeness 0, and spin 3 2. To what quark combination does this subatomic particle correspond?
A cyclometer is a device mounted on a bicycle that records and displays trip information such as elapsed time, distance traveled, and average speed. Modern versions employ small magnets attached to a spoke on either the front or rear wheel and a sensor located on the front fork or rear frame. As
Earth’s magnetic field lines are not parallel to its surface except in certain places: they actually “dip” downward at some angle to the ground. (An ordinary compass does not show this.)(a) At what places on Earth would the “magnetic dip” be the greatest?(b) Where on Earth would the dip
The generator at a power plant produces AC at 24,000 V. A transformer steps this up to 345,000 V for transmission over power lines. If there are 2,000 turns of wire in the input coil of the transformer, how many turns must there be in the output coil?
Three bar magnets are placed near each other along a line, end to end, on a table. The net magnetic force on the middle one is zero, and its north pole is to the left. Make two sketches showing the possible arrangements of the poles of the other magnets.
As mentioned in Exercise 2, in Mapping It Out! in Chapter 7, concept maps can often take the place of more traditional note taking when reading magazine or newspaper articles. Here is another opportunity for you to practice the advantages of this technique. Using the Internet or the resources of
Reread Section 8.5 on electromagnetic waves. Make a list of the main concepts introduced in this section and then, taking electromagnetic waves as the organizing concept, develop a concept map that includes the basic properties of EM waves, their relationship to electric and magnetic fields, as
Compute the electric force acting between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom. The radius of the smallest orbit of the electron around the proton is about 5.3 x 10-11 m.
An electrical device called a diode is designed to have very low resistance to current flowing through it in one direction but very large resistance to current flow in the other direction. Sketch a graph of the voltage versus current for such a device.
The frequency of the lowest note played on a flute at room temperature (20oC) is 262 Hz. What would be the frequency of the same note when the flute is played outside in the winter and the air temperature in the flute is 0oC?Speed of sound at T = 20°C = 293 K: v = 20.1 x √293 = 344 m/sSpeed of
Use the relationship between amplitude and sound level described in Section 6.6 to determine how many times larger the amplitude of a 120-dB sound is compared to the amplitude of a 0-dB sound.
The guitar string described in Problem 2 is approximately 0.6 m long. What is the frequency of oscillation of a pulse on the string? (The frequency equals 1 divided by the period, the amount of time it takes the pulse to go back and forth once.)
An entrepreneur decides to invent and market a device that will fool the Doppler radar units used to detect cars that are speeding. The device would be placed at the very front of the car and would detect the radar signal, determine its frequency, and transmit back its own radar signal that would
A stationary siren produces a sound with a frequency of 500Hz. A person hears the sound while riding in a car traveling 30 m/s toward the siren. Compute the frequency of the sound that is heard by using the relative speed of the listener and the sound wave. Assume the air temperature is 20oC.
Jack and Jill go for a walk along an abandoned railroad track. Jack puts one ear next to a rail, while Jill, 200 m away, taps on the rail with a stone (Figure 6.55). How much sooner does Jack hear the sound through the steel rail than through the air?
Perform the Physics to Go 6.3 exercise and measure the distance to the wall when you could no longer distinguish the echo. Use this distance to determine the amount of time between the direct sound that you heard and the echo.
A geologist is camped 8,000 m (5 miles) from a volcano as it erupts.(a) How much time elapses before the geologist hears the sound from the eruption?(b) How much time does it take the seismic waves produced by the eruption to reach the geologist’s camp, assuming the waves travel through granite
The huge volcanic eruption on the island of Krakatoa, Indonesia, in 1883 was heard on Rodrigues Island, 4,782 km (2,970 miles) away. How long did it take the sound to travel to Rodrigues?
Ultrasound probes can resolve structural details with sizes approximately equal to the wavelength of the ultrasound waves themselves. What is the size of the smallest feature observable in human tissue when examined with 20-MHz ultrasound? The speed of sound in human tissue is 1,540 m/s.
A 1,720-Hz pure tone is played on a stereo in an open field. A person stands at a point that is 4 m from one of the speakers and 4.4 m from the other. Does the person hear the tone? Explain.
A steel cable with total length 30 m and mass 100 kg is connected to two poles. The tension in the cable is 3,000 N, and the wind makes the cable vibrate with a frequency of 2 Hz. Calculate the wavelength of the resulting wave on the cable.
What is the wavelength of 3.5 million Hz ultrasound as it travels through human tissue?
Verify the figures given in Section 6.1 for the wavelengths (in air) of the lowest and highest frequencies of sound that people can hear (20 and 20,000 Hz, respectively).
What frequency of sound traveling in air at 20oC has a wavelength equal to 1.7 m, the average height of a person?
A 500-Hz sound travels through pure oxygen. The wavelength of the sound is measured to be 0.65 m. What is the speed of sound in oxygen?
The coldest and hottest temperatures ever recorded in the United States are -83oF (210 K) and 134oF (330 K), respectively. What is the speed of sound in air at each temperature?
The force stretching the D string on a certain guitar is 150 N. The string’s linear mass density is 0.005 kg/m. What is the speed of waves on the string?
What useful thing can happen to a wave when it encounters a concave reflecting surface?
When trying to hear a faint sound from something far away, we sometimes cup a hand behind an ear. Explain why this can help.
The rays that could be used to represent the steady sound emitted by a warning siren on the top of a pole would look similar to the gravitational field lines (Section 2.7) representing the field around an object. Explain why they are alike and point out the one important difference.
A low-frequency sound is heard and then a high-frequency sound is heard. Which sound has a longer wavelength?
Explain what the amplitude, frequency, and wavelength of a wave are.
If you were actually in a battle fought in space like the ones shown in science fiction movies like Star Wars VII, would you hear the explosions that occur? Why or why not?
Based on information given in Sections 6.1 and 4.3, does there seem to be a relationship between the speed of sound in a gas and its density? Explain.
A person attaches a paper clip to each coil of a Slinky—about 90 in all—in such a way that waves will still travel on it. What effect, if any, will the paper clips have on the speed of the waves on the Slinky?
A long row of people are lined up behind one another at a service window. Joe E. Clumsy stumbles into the back of the person at the end and pushes hard enough to generate a wave in the people waiting. What type of wave is produced?
What is the difference between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave? Give an example of each.
As air rises in the atmosphere, its temperature drops, even if no heat flows out of it.(a) Based on what you learned in Sections 4.4 and 5.3, explain why this is so.(b) Cumulus clouds form when rising air is cooled to the point where water droplets form because of condensation. Why are these clouds
A gas is compressed inside a cylinder (Figure5.16). An average force of 50 N acts to move the piston 0.1 m. During the compression, 2 J of heat are conducted away from the gas. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
Your jet is arriving in London, and the pilot informs you that the temperature is 30oC. Should you put on your jacket? Use Figure5.2 to determine the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
A homeowner plans to design and build a new patio using 8in. by 4 in. by 2 in. paving blocks. The blocks are delivered in a large pile by the quarry operator and then laid by the stone mason in the geometrical pattern specified by the owner.After 25 years, the home is sold to new owners who wish
In a galaxy far, far away, a process occurs that results in a decrease in the entropy of a system by 8 J/K; that is, ΔS = -8 J/K. According the entropy form of the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following (there may be more than one) is a possible value for the entropy change,
When a parcel of water freezes to become ice, it becomes more ordered and its entropy decreases. Does this violate the alternate form of second law of thermodynamics? Explain.
What is entropy? In general, how does the entropy of a system change with time?
In Example 5.5, is it really necessary to know the mass of the concrete block to solve this problem? Put another way, would the answer be different if it was a 10-kg block that was dropped instead of a 5-kg one?
Near the end of Section 4.3, we stated that, because the gram was defined to be the mass of 1 cm3 of water, the density of water is exactly 1,000 kg/m3. Verify this.
A rectangular block of ice with dimensions 2 m by 3 m by 0.2 m floats on water. A person weighing 600 N wants to stand on the ice. Would the ice sink below the surface of the water?
The highest point in North America is the top of Mount McKinley in Alaska, 20,320 ft above sea level. Using Figure4.30, find the approximate air pressure there.
Pistons are fitted to two cylindrical chambers connected through a horizontal tube to form a hydraulic system. The piston chambers and the connecting tube are filled with an incompressible fluid. The cross-sectional areas of piston 1 and piston 2 are A1 and A2, respectively. A force F1 is exerted
Five containers each hold the same volume of various liquids. Five blocks composed of various solids are fully submerged, one in each of the five containers. The blocks all have the same size and are all held at the same depth in the containers. The volume of each block is one-fourth the volume of
Six hollow cylinders having diameters D and heights h are filled with water. The cylinders all have a hole drilled in their sides; the holes are all the same size and are all located at the same height above the bases of the cylinders. The holes are plugged with rubber stoppers. The values of D and
Review Section 4.3 carefully. Based on your understanding of this material, develop a concept map to distinguish and relate the concepts of mass density, weight density, and specific gravity. Your map should address such issues as the basic definitions of these concepts and their applications in
Compute how much kinetic energy was “lost” in the inelastic collision in Problem 9.
Compute how much kinetic energy was “lost” in the inelastic collision in Problem 8.
Repeat Exercise 1 for Section 3.2 on linear momentum and relate your concept map directly to Concept Map 3.1 at the end of Section 3.8.
At the end of Section 1.4, we mentioned that the maximum acceleration of a fist during a particular karate blow was measured to be about 3,500 m/s2 just before impact with the concrete block. If the mass of the fist was approximately 0.7 kg, what was the maximum force delivered to the concrete
(a) Draw an accurate graph of the speed versus time for the train in Problem 24.(b) Draw an accurate graph of the distance versus time for the train in Problem 24.
Review the material introduced in Section 1.1 on physical quantities. Based on your understanding of the meaning of the concepts and examples given in this section, complete Concept Map 1.3. Fill in the missing concepts or linking phrases so that the propositions and connections make good physical
On a nice winter day at the South Pole, the temperature rises to 260° F. What is the approximate temperature in degrees Celsius?
The Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales agree at - 40° (- 40°C = -40°F). Do the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales ever agree? How about the Celsius and Kelvin scales?
Pyrex glassware is noted for its ability to withstand sudden temperature changes without breaking. Explain how its coefficient of linear expansion contributes to this ability.
During a workout, a shot-putter loses 0.175 kg of water through evaporation. The heat required to produce the evaporation (a phase change from liquid water to water vapor) comes from the athlete’s body. During his exercise, the shot-putter does 1.25 x 105 J of work.(a) Assuming it requires 2.42 x
A copper vat is 10 m long at room temperature (20oC). How much longer is it when it contains boiling water at 1 atm pressure?
What happens to the atoms and molecules in a substance as its temperature increases?
What is the significance of absolute zero?
Air molecules in a warm room (27°C = 300 K) typically have speeds of about 500 m/s (1,100 mph). Why is it that we are unaware of these fast-moving particles continuously colliding with our bodies?
If air at 35°C and 77 percent relative humidity is cooled to 25°C, what mass of water would condense out of the air in a room that measures 5 m by 4 m by 3 m?
Is our society truly facing an “energy crisis,” assuming by this term we mean that we are running out of energy? What is happening to our energy resources as a result of the increasing industrialization of the world?
Six insulated containers hold 1500 g of water at 24°C. A small copper cylinder is placed in each cup; the masses and initial temperatures of the cylinders vary as given below. Rank the containers according to the maximum temperature of the water in each container after the cylinder is added, from
Six cylinders each contain the same mass of helium gas but have different volumes and temperatures as given below. All of the containers are made of the same material and stored under the same environmental conditions. Rank the containers according to their pressures from highest to lowest. If any
Five Carnot engines operate between reservoirs with temperatures Th and Tl as given below. Rank these engines according to their efficiency from most efficient to least efficient. If any of the engines have the same efficiency, give them the same ranking. Explain how you arrived at your
At one moment during a storm, the electric field between two clouds is directed toward the east. What is the direction of the force on any electron in this region? What is the direction of the force on a positive ion in this region?
Using your understanding of the nature of internal energy and temperature, explain why we might expect the resistance of a solid to increase if its temperature increases.
What remains after a hydrogen atom is positively ionized?
A particular solid is electrically charged after it is rubbed, but it is not known whether its charge is positive or negative. How could you determine which charge it has by using a piece of plastic and fur?
All matter contains both positively and negatively charged particles. Why do most things have no net charge?
In otherwise empty space, what would happen if the size of the electrostatic force acting between two positively charged objects was exactly the same as that of the gravitational force acting between them? What would happen if they were moved closer together or farther apart?
Imagine a company offering a line of hair dryers that operate on different voltages, say, 12, 30, 60, and 120 V. Assume that all of the dryers are rated at 1,200 W and find the current that would flow in each as it operates. What would be different about the heating filament wires and the motors in
When clothes are removed from a hot dryer, they often cling together, but when two identical articles of clothing, such as two matched socks, are taken out, they usually repel one another. Explain this difference in behavior.
Describe the similarities and the differences between the gravitational force between two objects and the electrostatic force between two charged objects.
The current that flows through an incandescent lightbulb immediately after it is turned on is higher than the current that flows moments later. Why?
The resistance of the skin on a person’s finger is typically about 20,000 V. How much voltage would be needed to cause a current of 0.001 A to flow into the finger?
Give an example of a wave that does not need a medium in which to travel and a wave that does need a medium.
A popular distraction in large crowds at sporting events since the 1980s is the “wave.” People in one section quickly stand up and raise their arms and then sit down; people in the neighboring sections follow suit in succession, resulting in a visible pattern in the crowd that travels around
The speed of an aircraft is sometimes expressed as a Mach number: Mach 1 means that the speed is equal to the speed of sound. If you wish to determine the speed of an aircraft going Mach 2.2, for example, in meters per second or miles per hour, what additional information do you need?
Explain the process of echolocation. How is the Doppler effect sometimes incorporated?
In the past, ships often carried small cannons that were used when approaching shore in dense fog to estimate the distance to the hidden land. Explain how this might have been done.
You can buy a measuring device billed as a “sonic tape measure.” Describe how a device equipped with an (ultrasonic) speaker, a microphone, and a precision timer could be used to measure the distance from the device to a wall (for example).
While a shock wave is being generated by a moving wave source, is the Doppler effect also occurring? Explain.
Describe some of the things that would happen if the speed of sound in air suddenly decreased to, say, 20 m/s. What would it be like living next to a freeway?
A recording of a high-frequency pure tone is played through both speakers of a portable stereo placed in an open field. A person a few meters in front of the stereo walks slowly along an arc around it. How does the sound that is heard change as the person moves?
When a wave passes through two nearby gaps in a barrier, interference will occur, provided that there is also diffraction. Why must there be diffraction?
If a boat is producing a bow wave as it moves over the water, what must be true about its speed?
As a loud, low-frequency sound wave travels past a small balloon, the balloon’s size is affected. Explain what happens.
Approximately how many times louder is a 100-dB sound than a 60-dB sound?

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Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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