Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

An empty storage tank has a volume of 1,500 ft3. What is the buoyant force exerted on it by the air?
The “suction cup” (Figure 4.54) is a common device used to suspend pictures, plants, and other objects from walls, ceilings, windows, and other smooth surfaces. Why is the name “suction cup” a bit of a misnomer? Is anything really “sucking”? How exactly does a “suction cup” work?
Why does the buoyant force always act upward?
A modern-day zeppelin holds 8,000 m3 of helium. Compute its maximum payload at sea level.
What substances would sink in gasoline but float in water?
A juniper-wood plank measuring 0.25 ft by 1 ft by 16 ft is totally submerged in water.(a) What is its weight?(b) What is the buoyant force acting on it?(c) What is the size and the direction of the net force on it?
A ship on a large river approaches a bridge, and the captain notices that the ship is about a foot too tall to fit under the bridge. A crew member suggests pumping water from the river into an empty tank on the ship. Would this help? Why or why not?
In “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall” by Edgar Allen Poe, the hero discovers a gas whose density is “37.4 times” less than that of hydrogen. How much better at lifting would a balloon filled with the new gas be compared to one filled with hydrogen?
A boat (with a flat bottom) and its cargo weigh 5,000 N. The area of the boat’s bottom is 4 m2. How far below the surface of the water is the boat’s bottom when it is floating in water?
A brick is tied to a balloon filled with air and then tossed into the ocean. As the balloon is pulled downward by the brick, the buoyant force on it decreases. Why?
Venus’s atmosphere is much more dense than Earth’s whereas that of Mars is far less dense. Suppose it is decided to send a probe to each planet that, once it arrived, would be carried around in the planet’s atmosphere by a helium-filled balloon. How would the size of each balloon compare to
What is Pascal’s principle?
How does a car’s brake system make use of Pascal’s principle?
A booster pump on a brake system designed to be used horizontally consists of two cylinders capped by pistons connected by a hose. The cylinders and hose are filled with an incompressible fluid. The system produces a mechanical advantage of five times; that is, the output force is five times as
A solid cube is completely submerged in a particular liquid and floats at a constant level. When the temperature of the liquid and the solid is raised, the liquid expands more than the solid. Will this make the solid rise upward, remain floating, or sink? Explain the rationale for your choice.
Smoking was a common habit in the United States in times past, and nonsmokers riding in cars where another passenger had lit up quickly learned to open their window a crack while the car was moving to exhaust the smoke from the compartment. Why does this action help to draw the smoke out of the
When two trains, going in opposite directions, are passing on tracks that are laid out close together, the train cars can often be seen to be leaning in toward one another where they are in proximity. How might the air passing through the narrow gap separating the two trains contribute to the
The volume flow rate in an artery that supplies blood to the brain is 3.5 x 1026 m3/s. If the cross-sectional area of the artery is 8.5 x 1025 m2, what is the average speed of the blood through this vessel? Find the average blood speed through a narrowed section of the artery where the
What important thing happens when the speed of a moving fluid increases?
The pressure in the air along the upper surface of an aircraft’s wing (in flight) is lower than the pressure along the lower surface. Compare the speed of the air flowing over the wing to that of the air flowing under the wing.
How does a perfume atomizer make use of Bernoulli’s principle?
Explain why a smoothly flowing stream of water from a faucet often gets progressively narrower in cross-section as the water falls.
Corrugated plastic pipes are commonly used to carry water away from the foundation areas of houses. These accordionlike pipes typically vary in diameter, alternating between smaller and larger widths, at regular intervals of a few centimeters or so, making them much more flexible than straight
When white light undergoes interference by passing through narrow slits, dispersion occurs. Why? What is the ordering of the various colors, starting from the middle of the pattern?
In a double-slit interference experiment, a special lamp emitting yellow light from heated sodium atoms is used to produce an interference pattern on a screen located 1.50 m from a pair of slits separated by 0.10 mm. If the distance between adjacent bright regions in the resulting pattern is 8.84
A ray of yellow light crosses the boundary between glass and air, going from the glass into air. If the angle of incidence is 20°, what is the angle of refraction?
The “shell” of a concept map dealing with lenses and their properties is shown in Concept Map 9.2. Most of the concepts and all of the linking phrases needed to form meaningful propositions have been left out. Complete this map by selecting the appropriate concepts and linkages from the lists
Using Figure 9.34, find the angles of refraction for a light ray passing from air into glass with the following angles of incidence: 5°, 10°, and 20°. Do you notice a trend in the resulting values? If so, describe it. Based on your observations, what would you predict the angle of refraction to
While above water, a swimmer’s eyes are focused on a nearby boat. When the swimmer submerges, the underwater part of the boat will not be in focus even though it is the same distance away and the swimmer’s eyes have not been refocused. Why? Watertight goggles correct this. Why?
The form of the lens formula used most commonly in physics isUse this to derive an equation that gives s in terms of p and f. f 1 S p
A fish looks up toward the surface of a pond and sees the entire panorama of clouds, sky, birds, and so on, contained in a narrow cone of light, beyond which there is darkness. What is going on here to produce this vision, and how large is the opening angle of the cone of light received by the
A person looking straight down on a thin film of oil on water sees the color red. How thick could the film be to cause this? How thick could it be at another place where violet is seen?
A camera is used to photograph a kitten. The camera is equipped with a standard lens that has a focal length of 50 mm. The camera is focused by moving the lens closer to or farther away from the film at the back of the camera.(a) First the kitten is photographed when it is 350 mm (13.8 in.) in
A 2.0-cm-tall object stands in front of a converging lens. It is desired that a virtual image 2.5 times larger than the object be formed by the lens. How far from the lens must the object be placed to accomplish this task, if the final image is located 15 cm from the lens?
Why can’t you go to the end of a rainbow? What happens to the rainbow when you walk toward one of its ends?
For a given slit spacing, a, and wavelength, λ, if the screen distance, S, is increased, what happens to the fringe spacing—that is, the distance between adjacent bright regions in a typical double slit interference pattern?
A person looks at a statue that is 2 m tall. The image on the person’s retina is inverted and 0.005 m high. What is the magnification?
If the separation, a, between the slits in a double slit interference experiment is reduced, then, for a fixed value of screen distance, S, and wavelength of light, λ, how will the separation, Δx, between adjacent bright areas in the interference pattern change?
What is the magnification in Problem 7?Data from Problem 7A camera is equipped with a lens with a focal length of 30 cm. When an object 2 m (200 cm) away is being photographed, how far from the film should the lens be placed?
A small object is placed to the left of a convex lens and on its optical axis. The object is 30 cm from the lens, which has a focal length of 10 cm. Determine the location of the image formed by the lens. Describe the image.
If the object in Problem 12 is moved toward the lens to a position 8 cm away, what will the image position be? Describe the nature of this new image.Data from in Problem 12A small object is placed to the left of a convex lens and on its optical axis. The object is 30 cm from the lens, which has a
Gamma rays (γ-rays) are high-energy photons. In a certain nuclear reaction, a γ-ray of energy 0.511 MeV (million electron volts) is produced. Compute the frequency of such a photon.
The rate at which solar wind particles enter the atmosphere is higher during the day than at night, yet the intensity of the auroral emissions remains high well after the Sun has set. Can you suggest a means by which the atmospheric molecules might be able to radiate long after the period of
One serious problem with sending intense laser beams long distances through the atmosphere to receiving targets is that the beams spread out. This effect, called thermal blooming, is caused by the fact that the beam heats the air, thereby changing the speed that the light travels. Explain how such
Things around you are emitting infrared radiation that includes the wavelength 9.9 x 10-6 m. What is the energy of these IR photons?
Compute the approximate ratio of the amount of blue light in scattered sky light to the amount of orange.
The equation connecting s, p, and f for a simple lens can be employed for spherical mirrors, too. A concave mirror with a focal length of 8 cm forms an image of a small object placed 10 cm in front of the mirror. Where will this image be located?
The focal length of a diverging lens is negative. If f = -20 cm for a particular diverging lens, where will the image be formed of an object located 50 cm to the left of the lens on the optical axis? What is the magnification of the image?
(a) In a camera equipped with a 50-mm focal-length lens, the maximum distance that the lens can be from the film is 60 mm. What is the smallest distance an object can be from the camera if its image on the film is to be in focus? What is the magnification? (b) An extension tube is added
Why don’t we generally notice the effects of special relativity in our daily lives? Be specific.
Referring to Figure10.35, notice that the bremsstrahlung x-ray spectrum of both Mo and W cut off (have zero intensity) at about 0.035 nm. Figure 10.35X-rays with this wavelength are produced by the target element when bombarding electrons are promptly stopped in a single collision and give up all
If you bombard hydrogen atoms in the ground state with a beam of particles, the collisions will sometimes excite the atoms into one of their upper states. What is the minimum kinetic energy the incoming particles must have if they are to produce such an excitation?
Compute a rough estimate of the number of photons emitted each second by a 100-W lightbulb. You might make the simplifying assumptions that (1) All of the electrical energy is converted into radiant energy and(2) The “average” photon that is emitted has an energy corresponding to the peak
In the Bohr model for hydrogen, the radius of the nth orbit can be shown to be n2 times the radius of the first Bohr orbit r1 = 0.05 nm. Similarly, the energy of an electron in the nth orbit is 1/n2 times its energy when in the n = 1 orbit. What is the circumference of the n = 100 orbit? (This is
Referring to Figure10.36, we see that the atomic number Z is proportional to f1/2 or that Z2 is proportional to f. Because the frequency of the characteristic x-ray lines is itself proportional to the energy of the associated x-ray photon, we are led to conclude that DE and hence the energies of
In a typical electron microscope, the momentum of each electron is about 1.6 x 10-22 kg-m/s. What is the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons?
Long before the advent of quantum mechanics, physicists had developed an empirical formula to predict the wavelengths of the emission lines of hydrogen. Specifically, for an electron transition from the mth energy level down to the nth level (m > n), the wavelength of the emitted photon is given
If a proton were traveling the same speed as electrons in Problem 5, what would its de Broglie wavelength be? The mass of a proton is 1.67 x 10-27 kg.
(a) A small ball with a mass of 0.06 kg moves along a circular orbit with a radius of 0.5 m at a speed of 3.0 m/s. What is the angular momentum of the ball?(b) If the angular momentum of this ball were quantized in the same manner as the angular momentum of electrons in the Bohr model of the atom,
A hydrogen atom initially in the n = 3 level emits a photon and ends up in the ground state.(a) Compute the energy of the emitted photon?(b) If this atom then absorbs a second photon and returns to the n = 3 state, what must the energy of this photon be?
A neutral calcium atom (Z = 20) is in its ground state electronic configuration. How many of its electrons are in the n = 3 level? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
In a helium-neon laser, find the energy difference between the two levels involved in the production of red light of wavelength 632.8 nm by this system.
Describe the operation of a pulsed ruby laser.
In Jules Verne’s classical science fiction tale Journey to the Center of the Earth, a group of scientists and adventurers descend deep into the interior of Earth. Among the equipment they carry with them is a rugged and carefully calibrated clock. Imagine a 21st-century update of this story in
The isotope plutonium-239 undergoes alpha decay. Write the reaction equation and determine the identity of the daughter nucleus.
What are the principal steps in neutron activation analysis? Why are neutrons used in this technique to probe the composition of objects instead of, say, protons or alpha particles?
1. The development of the Standard Model of elementary particles is one of the most significant achievements in physics in the 20th century. While refinements of this description of the subatomic world continue to be made, an understanding of the basic components and structure of this model serves
In a particular beam of protons, each particle moves with an average speed of 0.8c. Determine the total relativistic energy of each proton in joules and MeVs.
Analyze the following decays in terms of the quark contents of the particles: n+ (a) Σ~ → n + π (b) A → p + π 10 + (c) _K*+ → K° + π (d) Ω- → 1° + K- Κ
(a) A negatively charged iron ball (on the end of a plastic rod) exerts a strong attractive force on a penny even though the penny is neutral. How is this possible?(b) The penny accelerates toward the ball, hits it, and then is immediately repelled. What do you think causes the sudden change from
What is an electric field? Sketch the shape of the electric field around a single proton.
A defibrillator sends approximately 0.1 C of charge through a patient’s chest in about 2 ms. The average voltage during the discharge is approximately 3,000 V. Compute the average current that flows, the average power output, and the total energy consumed (Note: Only a small portion of this
Explain what an electrostatic precipitator is and how it works.
If electrons are flowing clockwise around an electric circuit, which way is the conventional current flowing in the circuit?
In winter, the amount of internal energy a heat pump delivers to a house is greater than the electrical energy it uses. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy? Explain.
A special glass thermometer is manufactured using a liquid that expands less than glass when the temperature increases. Assuming the thermometer does indicate the correct temperature, what is different about the scale on it?
An aluminum wing on a passenger jet is 30 m long when its temperature is 20oC. At what temperature would the wing be 5 cm (0.05 m) shorter?
The door of a refrigerator is left open. Assuming the refrigerator is in a closed room, will the air in the room eventually be cooled?
Explain what a bimetallic strip is and how it functions.
Which metal in the bimetallic strip has the larger coefficient of linear expansion: the metal on the outer side of the spiral or the metal on the inner side? How can you determine this?
The volume of an ideal gas enclosed in a thin, elastic membrane in a room at sea level where the air temperature is 18oC is 8 x 1023 m3. If the temperature of the room is increased by 10oC, what is the new volume of the gas?
A certain engine part made of iron expands 1 mm in length as the engine warms up. What would be the approximate change in length if the part were made of aluminum instead of iron?
What is unusual about the behavior of water below the temperature of 4οC?
Air in a balloon does 50 J of work while absorbing 70 J of heat. What is its change in internal energy?
A company decides to make a novelty glass thermometer that uses water instead of mercury or alcohol.(a) The thermometer would include a warning informing the user that it should not be exposed to temperatures below 0οC. Why?(b) Suppose the thermometer is taken outside where the temperature is
You may have noticed warning labels in aerosol cans of spray paint or air freshener that caution the user: “Do not expose or store container to/in high temperatures.” Explain why the manufacturers include this advisory on their products.
A bottle containing 3 kg of water at a temperature of 20°C is placed in a refrigerator where the temperature is kept at 3°C. How much heat is transferred from the water to cool it to 3°C?
After sitting outside on a cold night, the pressure in the tires of your car is 26 psi. If you drive your vehicle to work, a distance of 25 miles, at highway speeds, would you expect the tire pressure to increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain the rationale for your choice. Assume that the
What are the two general ways to increase the internal energy of a substance? Describe an example of each.
Aluminum is melted during the recycling process.(a) How much heat must be transferred to each kilogram of aluminum to bring it to its melting point, 660°C, from room temperature, 20°C?(b) About how many cups of coffee could you make with this much energy?
Air is allowed to escape from an inflated tire. Is the temperature of the escaping air higher than, lower than, or equal to the temperature of the air inside the tire? Why?
Is it possible to compress air without causing its internal energy to increase? If so, how?
A 0.02-kg lead bullet traveling 200 m/s strikes an armor plate and comes to a stop (Figure 5.46). If all of the bullet’senergy is converted to heat that it alone absorbs, what is its temperature change?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, under what conditions would it be possible for a system to absorb heat from its surroundings yet suffer no change in its internal energy?
Describe the three methods of heat transfer. Which of these are occurring around you at this moment?
Water flowing over the Lower Falls in Yellowstone National Park drops 94 m. If all of the water’s energy goes to heat it, what is its temperature increase?
A potato will cook faster in a conventional oven if a large nail is inserted into it. Why?
Double-paned thermal insulating windows consist of two glass panels separated by a narrow gap from which most of the air has been removed to create a near vacuum in the space between the panes. Explain how this design helps to better insulate a home than a window that is made from a single sheet of
On a summer day in Houston, the temperature is 35oC and the relative humidity is 77 percent.(a) What is the humidity?(b) To what temperature could the air be cooled before condensation would start to take place? (That is, what is the dew point?)
A coin and a piece of glass are both heated to 60οC. Which will feel warmer when you touch it?

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Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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