Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

What would be the mass density, weight density, and specific gravity of aluminum on the Moon? The acceleration of gravity there is 1.6 m/s2.
In Figure 1.13, assume that v1 = 8 m/s and v2 = 6 m/s. Use a ruler to estimate the magnitudes of the resultant velocities in (c) and (d). U2 wind (a) 22 resultant velocity 2₁ 2₁ wind (b) 22 (d) V2 resultant velocity
Scenes in films or television programs sometimes show people jumping off moving trains and having unpleasant encounters with the ground. If someone is on a moving flatbed train car and wishes to jump off, how could the person use the concept of relative speed to make a safer dismount?
Draw an accurate graph showing distance versus time for the car in Problem 13. What is the slope of the graph?Data from in problem 13How far does a car going 25 m/s travel in 5 s? How far would a jet going 250 m/s travel in 5 s?
During a NASCAR race, a car goes 50 m/s around a curved section of track that has a radius of 250 m. What is the car’s acceleration?
Eight arrows are successively shot straight up into the air. All the arrows have the same size and shape, but are made of different materials and so have different masses (M). The arrows also have different upward speeds (V) as they leave the bow. The data for the eight arrows is shown here.
A bungee jumper falls for 1.3 s before the bungee cord begins to stretch. Until the jumper has bounced back up to this height, the elastic cord causes the jumper to have an average acceleration upward of 4 m/s2.(a) How fast is the jumper going when the bungee cord begins to stretch?(b) How far
What is force? Identify several of the forces that are acting on or around you right now.
What is weight? Under what circumstances might something be weightless?
Name the two types of friction. Can both types act on the same object at the same time? If so, give an example of such a circumstance.
A person places a hand on a closed book resting on a table and then presses downward while pushing forward. Either the book slides across the table or the hand slides across the book. What determines which event happens? Which type(s) of friction is (are) involved?
What does a physicist mean by “external” force? In light of Newton’s third law of motion, why can’t an internal force alone produce an acceleration of a system?
At one moment in a football game, player A exerts a force to the east on player B. At the same time, a teammate of A exerts the same-sized force to the south on player B. In what direction is B likely to go because of these forces? Draw a diagram to support your answer.
Two astronauts in an orbiting space station “play catch” (throw a ball back and forth to each other). Compared to playing catch on Earth, what effect, if any, does the “weightless” environment have on the process of accelerating (throwing and catching) the ball?
How does an object move when it is subject to a steady centripetal force? How does it move if that force suddenly disappears?
An “extreme” roller coaster is moving along its track. During a brief period the track exerts a downward force on the cars. Describe what is happening. (What is the shape of the trackat this point?)
A single-engine airplane usually has its propeller in the front. Ocean freighters usually have their propeller(s) in the rear. From the perspective of Newton’s second law of motion, is this significant?
As a rocket ascends, its acceleration increases even if the net force on it stays constant. Why?
What is the international system of units (SI)?
An archer aims an arrow precisely horizontally over a large, flat field and lets it fly. At the same instant, the archer’s watchband breaks and the watch falls to the ground. Does the watch hit the ground before, at the same time as, or after the arrow hits the ground? Defend your answer.
Describe the variation of the net force on and the acceleration of a mass on a spring as it executes simple harmonic motion.
If a 0.5-kg object hanging from a spring stretches it by 0.30m, then by how much will the spring be stretched if a 1-kg object is suspended from it?
Explain how the change in the force of air resistance on a falling body causes it to eventually reach a terminal speed.
The terminal speed of a ping-pong ball is about 20 mph. From the top of a tall building on a windless day, a ping-pong ball is thrown downward with an initial speed of 50 mph. Describe what happens to the ball’s speed as it moves downward from the moment it is thrown to the moment when it hits
At least two forces are acting on you right now. What are these forces? Describe the relationship between the size and direction of these two forces.
As any car travels with constant velocity on a straight, flat section of highway, the road still exerts both a vertical (upward or downward) force and a horizontal (forward or backward) force on the car. Identify the specific direction of each of these forces.
How is Newton’s third law of motion involved when you jump straight upward?
Jane and John are both on roller skates and facing each other. First Jane pushes John with her hands and they move apart. They get together again, and John pushes Jane equally hard with his hands and they move apart. Is their subsequent motion any different in the two cases? Why or why not?
People and machines around us do work all the time. But is it possible for things such as magnets and Earth to do work? Explain.
We considered the collision of a karate expert’s hand with a concrete block. Based on the graphs in Figure 1.31, the initial downward speed of the fist with mass 0.75 kg is about −13 m/s and the collision time is approximately 25 ms. Find the impulse and the average force exerted on the block
Two persons on ice skates stand face to face and then push each other away (Figure 3.45). Their masses are 60 and 90 kg. Find the ratio of their speeds immediately afterward. Which person has the higher speed?
When climbing a flight of stairs, do you do work on the stairs? Do the stairs do work on you?
A series of five 0.1-kg spheres are arrayed along a thin, lightweight rigid rod with length 0.5 m at intervals of 0.1 m from one end of the rod. The system spins about an axis perpendicular to and passing through the unoccupied end of the rod with a period of 0.3 s. In this way, each mass moves in
During a head-on collision between two automobiles, the occupants are decelerated rapidly. Use the idea of impulse to explain why an air bag that quickly inflates in front of an occupant reduces the likelihood of injury.
The graphs in Figure 2.52 show plots of force versus acceleration for several objects. Rank these displays using the identifying numbers according to the mass of the affected object from smallest to largest. If any objects share the same mass, give them the same ranking. For reference, the graphs
A mass m is attached to a spring with spring constant k, as shown in Figure 2.53. The mass is pulled to the right a distance of 0.2 m and released. Rank the following spring– mass combinations according to their oscillation periods from shortest to longest. If any combinations have the same
We computed the force needed to accelerate a 1,000-kg car from 0 to 27 m/s in 10 s. Compute the force using the alternate form of Newton’s second law. The change in momentum is the car’s momentum when traveling 27 m/s minus its momentum when going 0 m/s.
Six identical cars are towing identical trailers at constant, albeit different, speeds along level roads in the desert. The trailers carry different loads, so their masses vary. The circumstances of each vehicle are shown here. Using the letter identifiers, rank the difference between the magnitude
We have studied four different laws authored by Sir Isaac Newton. For each of the following, indicate which law is best for the task described.(a) Calculating the net force on a car as it slows down.(b) Calculating the force exerted on a satellite by Earth.(c) Showing the mathematical relationship
In the broadest terms, what causes tides?
The first “Lunar Olympics” is to be held on the Moon inside a huge dome. Of the usual Olympic events—track and field, swimming, gymnastics, and so on—which would be drastically affected by the Moon’s lower gravity? In which events do you think Earth-based records would be broken? In which
If suddenly the value of G, the gravitational constant, increased to a billion times its actual value, give several examples of the kinds of things that would happen.
Imagine that two identical containers, one filled with marbles and the other filled with Styrofoam beads, are released simultaneously from rest from the same height—say, 3 m—above Earth’s surface.(a) Which container, if either, experiences the greater gravitational force? Justify your
Describe how the magnitude of the gravitational force between objects was first measured.
A toaster operating on 120 V uses a current of 9 A.(a) What is the toaster’s power consumption?(b) How much energy does it use in 1 min?(c) What is the total resistance of the heating element wires?
Concept maps can be used as substitutes for traditional note taking when you read articles in magazines and newspapers. This question illustrates the point. Chapter 7 describes a number of interesting devices based on the concepts of electric charge and force, electric currents, and electric
A child on a swing has a speed of 7.7 m/s at the low point of the arc (Figure 3.46). How high will the swing be at the high point? 7.7 m/s
The properties of the top quark have been confirmed with the 2007 discovery of mesons composed of a t quark and a b̅ quark. What charge does such a particle carry? What is its spin? How many units of topness and bottomness does this particle have?
Analyze the following reactions in terms of their constituent quarks:(a) π+ + p → ∑+ + K+(b) y + n → π- + p(c) p + p → p + p + p + p-(d) K- + p → K+ + K0 + Ω-
The D- meson is a charmed particle with charge -1, charm -1, and strangeness 0. Work out the quark combination for this species of elementary particle.
Give all the quark-antiquark pairs that result in mesons that have no charge, no strangeness, no charm, and no bottomness. How do you think such particles might be distinguished from one another?
What is the quark combination corresponding to an antineutron? An antiproton?
A compact neutron star has a mass of 2.8 x 1030 kg (about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun) but a radius of only 104 m (approximately 6.2 mi!). If a clock on the surface of this exotic star marks the passage of 1 h of time, how much time is observed to pass on an identical clock located a very large
If a galaxy is found to have a recessional speed of 140,000 km/s, about how far away is it? The current estimate of the precision of the Hubble parameter is approximately 65%. Determine the range within which the true distance to the galaxy lies.
Spectral measurements of a distant galaxy show it to have a redshift z = 0.2. If the wavelength of an ionized calcium line emitted by the galaxy is 393.3 nm, what is the wavelength of this line as detected on Earth?
If a proton and an antiproton, both at rest, were to completely annihilate each other, how much energy would be liberated?
A particle of rest energy 140 MeV moves at a sufficiently high speed that its total relativistic energy is 280 MeV. How fast is it traveling?
If a 1.0-kg mass is completely converted into energy, how much energy, in joules, would be released? Compare this value to the amount of energy released when 1.0 kg of liquid water at 0oC freezes.
Calculate the rest energy of a proton in joules and MeVs. What is the mass of a proton in MeV/c2?
The formula for length contraction gives the length of an interval on a ruler moving with velocity v relative to an observer as √1 - v2/c2 times the length of the same interval on a ruler at rest with respect to the observer. By what fraction is the length of a meter stick reduced if its velocity
The lifetime of a free neutron is 886 s. If a neutron moves with a speed of 2.9 x 108 m/s relative to an observer in the lab, what does the observer measure the neutron’s lifetime to be?
The lifetime of a certain type of elementary particle is 2.6 x 10-8 s. If this particle were traveling at 95 percent the speed of light relative to a laboratory observer, what would this observer measure the particle’s lifetime to be?
The most abundant isotope of lithium, Li-7, contains three protons and four neutrons and has a mass of 7.01600 u. What is the mass defect for this nucleus in atomic mass units? In kilograms?
A nucleus of element 114 —flerovium—is produced by fusing calcium-48 with plutonium-244. Write the reaction equation assuming three neutrons are also released.
When the plutonium bomb was tested in New Mexico in 1945, approximately 1 gram of matter was converted into energy. How many joules of energy were released by the explosion?
An accident in a laboratory results in a room being contaminated by a radioisotope with a half-life of 3 days. If the radiation is measured to be eight times the maximum permissible level, how much time must elapse before the room is safe to enter?
A Geiger counter registers a count rate of 4,000 counts per minute from a sample of a radioisotope. Twelve minutes later, the count rate is 1,000 counts per minute. What is the half-life of the radioisotope?
At the centers of some stars, nitrogen-15 can undergo a fusion reaction with a proton (a hydrogen-1 nucleus) to produce two different nuclei. One of the products is an alpha particle (a helium-4 nucleus). What is the other? Write down the reaction equation for this transformation.
The following is a possible fission reaction. Determine the identity of the missing nucleus. in + U - 235 92 ŽU – 236U* → 14La + ? + 3,n 92 57
The isotope silver-107* undergoes gamma decay. Write the reaction equation, and determine the identity of the daughter nucleus.
The isotope polonium-210 undergoes alpha decay. Write the reaction equation and determine the identity of the daughter nucleus.
The isotope silver-110 undergoes beta decay. Write the reaction equation and determine the identity of the daughter nucleus.
Determine the nuclear composition (number of protons and neutrons) of the following isotopes.(a) carbon-14(b) calcium-45(c) silver-108(d) radon-225(e) plutonium-242
(a) Which of the following elements emits a K-shell x-ray photon with the highest frequency?(b) Which of the following emits a K-shell photon with the lowest frequency?(i) Silver (Ag)(ii) Calcium (Ca)(iii) Iridium (Ir)(iv) Tin (Sn)
The carbon-dioxide laser is one of the most powerful lasers developed. The energy difference between the two laser levels is 0.117 eV.(a) What is the frequency of the radiation emitted by this laser?(b) In what part of the EM spectrum is such radiation found?
Characteristic x-rays emitted by molybdenum have a wavelength of 0.072 nm. What is the energy of one of these x-ray photons?
The characteristic K and K lines for copper have wavelengths of 0.154 nm and 0.139 nm, respectively. What is the ratio of the energy difference between the levels in copper involved in the production of these two lines?
An atom of neutral zinc possesses 30 electrons. In its ground configuration, how many fundamental energy levels are required to accommodate this number of electrons? That is, what is the smallest value of n needed so that all 30 of zinc’s electrons occupy the lowest possible quantum energy states
Figure 10.47 is the energy-level diagram for a particularly simple, fictitious element, Vernium (Vn). Indicate by the use of arrows all allowed transitions leading to the emission of photons from this atom and order the frequencies of these photons from highest (largest) to lowest (smallest). E3 N
A hydrogen atom has its electron in the n = 2 state.(a) How much energy would have to be absorbed by the atom for it to become ionized from this level?(b) What is the frequency of the photon that could produce this result?
(a) A hydrogen atom has its electron in the n = 4 level. The radius of the electron’s orbit in the Bohr model is 0.847 nm. Find the de Broglie wavelength of the electron under these circumstances.(b) What is the momentum, mv, of the electron in its orbit?
Describe the photoelectric effect. Name some devices that make use of this process.
During a certain experiment, the de Broglie wavelength of an electron is 670 nm = 6.7 x 10-7 m, which is the same as the wavelength of red light. How fast is the electron moving?
Electrons striking the back of a conventional TV screen travel at a speed of about 8 x 107 m/s. What is their de Broglie wavelength?
In what part of the EM spectrum would a photon of energy 9.5 x 10-25 J be found? What is its energy in electronvolts?
Find the energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 x 1016 Hz.
Water droplets in clouds scatter sunlight in ways that are similar to those of air molecules. Because clouds are white (during the day), what can you conclude about the frequency dependence of scattering by cloud particles?
How is a 228 halo formed? Describe a measurement technique you might use to distinguish a genuine 228 halo from some other “halo-like” phenomenon seen surrounding the Sun or the Moon.
Suppose you are told by close friends that they had witnessed a glorious rainbow in the west just as the Sun was setting. Would you believe them? Why or why not?
Compare the primary and secondary rainbows as regards their angular size, color ordering, and number of internal reflections that occur in the rain droplets.
Suppose an explosion at a glass factory caused it to “rain” tiny spheres made of glass. Would the resulting rainbow be different from the normal one? If so, how might it be different and why?
Describe the accepted model of rainbows. Specifically, discuss how the model accounts for the size, shape, location, and color ordering of primary rainbows.
Would a prism made of diamond be better at dispersing light than one made of glass? Why or why not?
What is a prism? Why are such devices useful to scientists?
The difference in speed between red light and violet light in glass is smaller than the difference in speed between the same two colors in a certain type of plastic. For which material, glass or plastic, would the angular spread of the two colored rays after entering the material obliquely from air
Suppose a 20-m-long tube is filled with benzene and the ends sealed off with thin disks of glass. If pulses of red and blue light are admitted simultaneously at one end of the tube, will they emerge from the opposite end together, that is, at the same time? If not, which pulse will arrive at the
Two light waves that have wavelengths of 700 and 400 nm enter a block of glass (from air) with the same angle of incidence. Which has the larger angle of refraction? Why?Would the answer be different if the light waves were going from glass into air?
Describe the phenomenon of dispersion, and explain how it leads to the production of a spectrum.
When a person is nearsighted, what happens in the eye when the person is looking at something far away? How is this condition commonly corrected?
How is the eye able to form focused images of objects that are different distances away?

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Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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