Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

What is chromatic aberration? How can it be remediated?
How is the magnification of a lens related to the object distance? How is it related to the image distance? What is the significance of the sign of the magnification? What is the significance of its magnitude (size)?
A convex lens forms a clear, focused image of some small, fixed object on a screen. If the screen is moved closer to the lens, will the lens have to be(a) moved closer to the object,(b) moved farther from the object,(c) left at the same location to produce a clear image on the screen at its new
Indicate whether each of the following is a real image or a virtual image.(a) Image on the retina in a person’s eye(b) Image one sees in a rearview mirror(c) Image one sees on a movie screen(d) Image one sees through a magnifying lens
Contrast real images with virtual images in as many ways as you can.
Describe the three principal rays used to locate an image.
If you were lost in the forest and wanted to start a small fire to keep warm or cook a meal using sunlight and a small lens, what type of lens—converging or diverging—would you use and why?
Distinguish converging lenses from diverging lenses, and give examples of each type.
For transparent solids, distinguish between effects of surfaces that curve inward and those that curve outward on the paths of a parallel bundle of light rays incident on each.
Explain why images seen through flat, smooth, uniform, plate-glass windows are undistorted.
Would the critical angle for a glass–water interface be less than, equal to, or greater than the critical angle for a glass–air interface? Explain your choice.
What is total internal reflection, and how is it related to the critical angle?
Rank (from smallest to largest) the angle of refraction for a light ray in air entering each of the following substances with an angle of incidence equal to 308: (a) water, (b) benzene, (c) dense flint glass, (d) diamond.
One sometimes hears the expression, “It was like shooting fish in a barrel!” This usually is taken to mean that the task, whatever it was, was easy to complete. But is it really easy to shoot fish in a barrel? Only if you know some optics! Suppose you’re in a boat and spy a large fish a few
After hitting a ball into a water trap, a golfer looks into the pond and spies the ball within apparent easy reach. Reaching in to retrieve the ball, the golfer is surprised to find that it cannot be grasped even with a fully extended arm. Explain why the golfer was deceived into thinking that the
A light ray in air enters a block of clear plastic as shown in Figure 9.84. Which of the numbered paths represents the correct one for the ray in the plastic? Justify your choice by appealing to the appropriate law(s) of optics. Air Plastic 1 2 3 4
A piece of glass is immersed in water. If a light ray enters the glass from the water with an angle of incidence greater than zero, in which direction is the ray bent?
The speed of light in a certain kind of glass is exactly the same as the speed of light in benzene—a liquid. Describe what happens when light passes from benzene into this glass, and vice versa.
Describe how the path of a ray is deviated as it passes (at an angle) from one medium into a second medium in which the speed of light is lower. Contrast this with the case when the speed of light in the second medium is higher.
What kind of mirror (concave, convex, or plane) do you think dental care workers use to examine patients’ teeth and gums for disease? Explain your choice.
What is the ideal shape of concave mirrors used in telescopes?
What is different about an image (of a nearby object) formed with a convex mirror compared to an image formed with a concave mirror? What are the advantages of each type of mirror?
Two plane mirrors are hinged along one edge and set at right angles to one another as shown in Figure 9.83. A light ray enters the system, striking mirror 1 with an angle of incidence of 45?. Draw a diagram showing the direction in which the ray will exit the system. This device is called a corner
If the wavelength of light is doubled, by what fraction does the amount of the light scattered by Earth’s atmosphere change? Is the amount of light scattered at the new wavelength larger or smaller than the amount of light scattered at the old wavelength?
At which of the lettered positions would an observer be able to see the image of the dot in the mirror? A B D E
Light traveling along direction SO in Figure 9.81 strikes the surface of a plane mirror. Which of the paths OP, OQ, OR, or OT best describes the path of the light reflected from the mirror? Defend your choice by appealing to the appropriate law(s) of optics. R T
If the mirror described in the previous problem is used to form an image of the same object now located 16 cm in front of the mirror, what would the new image position be?Assuming that the magnification equations developed for lenses also apply to mirrors, describe the image (size and orientation)
An observer O stands in front of a plane mirror as shown in. Which of the numbered locations 1 through 5 best represents the location of the image of the source S seen by the observer? Justify your choice by appealing to the appropriate law(s) of optics. 2 1 4 5 S 3
Compared to a person’s height, what is the minimum length (top to bottom) of a mirror that will allow the person to see a complete image of themselves from head to toe?
You get a new pair of sunglasses as a birthday gift from a friend. When wrapping the present, your friend has removed the price tag and all the other labels from the sunglasses. How could you determine whether the pair of shades has polarizing lenses in them or not?
Just before the Sun sets, a driver encounters sunlight reflecting off the side of a building. Will Polaroid sunglasses stop this glare? Why or why not?
Describe how you could use two large, circular Polaroid filters in front of a circular window as a kind of window shade.
What is polarized light? How do Polaroid sunglasses exploit polarization?
When viewed through a magnifying glass, a stamp that is 2 cm wide appears upright and 6 cm wide. What is the magnification?
An interference pattern is formed by sending red light through a pair of narrow slits. If blue light is then used, the spacing of the bright areas (where constructive interference takes place) won’t be the same. How will it be different? Why?
If the wavelength of visible light were around 10 cm instead of 500 nm and we could still see it, what effect would this have on our ability to see diffraction and interference effects?
A camera is equipped with a lens with a focal length of 30 cm. When an object 2 m (200 cm) away is being photographed, how far from the film should the lens be placed?
Describe how light passing through two narrow slits can produce an interference pattern.
A ballet dancer is on stage dressed in a green body suit. How could you light the stage so that the dancer’s costume looked black to the audience?
The cover of a book appears blue when illuminated with white light. What color will it appear in blue light? Red light? Explain.
A light ray traveling in air strikes the surface of a slab of glass at an angle of incidence of 508. Part of the light is reflected and part is refracted. Find the angles the reflected and refracted rays make with respect to the normal to the air–glass interface.
The law of reflection establishes a definite relationship between the angle of incidence of a light ray striking the boundary between two transparent media and its angle of reflection. Describe this relationship.
Distinguish between specular reflection and diffuse reflection.
Suppose a beam of red light from an He-Ne laser (λ = 633 nm) strikes a screen containing two narrow slits separated by 0.200 mm. The fringe pattern is projected on a white screen located 1.00 m away. Find the distance in millimeters between adjacent bright areas near the center of the interference
Why are the Doppler effect and diffraction not as commonly experienced with light as they are with sound?
The blackbody radiation emitted from a furnace peaks at a wavelength of 1.2 x 10-6 m (0.0000012 m). What is the temperature inside the furnace?
What wavelength EM radiation would be emitted most strongly by matter at the temperature of the core of a nuclear explosion, about 10,000,000 K? What type of wave is this?
A copper cylinder with a temperature of 450 K is found to emit 175 J of energy each second. If the cylinder radiates like a blackbody, what is its surface area?
The filament of a light bulb goes from a temperature of about 300 K up to about 3,000 K when it is turned on. How many times more radiant energy does it emit when it is on than when it is off?
Determine the range of wavelengths in the UV radiation band.
Compute the frequency of an EM wave with a wavelength of 1 in. (0.0254 m).
Compute the wavelength of the carrier wave of your favorite radio station.
Sketch the shape of the magnetic field around a bar magnet.
The charger cord used to recharge a cell phone contains a transformer that reduces 120 V AC to 5 V AC. For each 1,000 turns in the input coil, how many turns are there in the output coil?
The resistance of an electric heater is 10 V when connected to 120 V. How much energy does it use during 30 min of operation?
About 40,000 J of energy is stored in a typical 1.5-V D-cell battery. If two such batteries are joined to produce a total of 3.0 V in a flashlight circuit and cause 2.0 A of current to flow through the flashlight bulb, how long will the batteries be able to deliver power to the flashlight at this
The generator at a large power plant has an output of 1,000,000 kW at 24,000 V.(a) If it were a DC generator, what would be the current in it?(b) What is its energy output each day—in joules and in kilowatt-hours?(c) If this energy is sold at a price of 10 cents per kilowatthour, how much revenue
Which costs more, running a 1,200-W hair dryer for 5 min or leaving a 60-W lamp on overnight (10 h)?
An electric clothes dryer is rated at 4,000 W. How much energy does it use in 40 min?
A car’s headlight consumes 40 W when on low beam and 50 W when on high beam.(a) Find the current that flows in each case (V = 12 V).(b) Find the resistance in each case.
All of the electrical outlets in a room are connected in a single parallel circuit. The circuit is equipped with a 20-A fuse, and the voltage is 120 V.(a) What is the maximum total power that can be supplied by the outlets without blowing the fuse?(b) How many 1,200-W appliances can be plugged into
An electric eel can generate a 400-V, 0.5-A shock for stunning its prey. What is the eel’s power output?
A 150-V resistor is connected to a variable-voltage power supply.(a) What voltage is necessary to cause a current of 0.3 A in the resistor?(b) What current flows in the resistor when the voltage is 18 V?
The lightbulb used in a computer projector has a resistance of 80 V. What is the current through the bulb when it is operating on 120 V?
Combine Ohm’s law and the equation for power consumption to derive the equation that gives the power in terms of current and resistance. Use the result to answer the following question. A cable carrying electrical energy wastes 10 kWh of energy each day because of ohmic heating. If the current in
Imagine a company offering a line of hair dryers that operate on different voltages, say, 12, 30, 60, and 120 V. Assume that all of the dryers are rated at 1,200 W and find the current that would flow in each as it operates. What would be different about the heating filament wires and the motors in
Compute the number of electrons that flow through a wire each second when the current in the wire is 0.2 A.
Compute the electric force acting between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom. The radius of the smallest orbit of the electron around the proton is about 5.3 3 10-11 m.
What are the frequencies of the first four harmonics of middle C (261.6 Hz)?
The sound level measured in a room by a person watching a movie on a home theater system varies from 65 dB during a quiet part to 95 dB during a loud part. Approximately how many times louder is the latter sound?
A person stands at a point 300 m in front of the face of a sheer cliff. If the person shouts, how much time will elapse before an echo is heard?
A baseball fan sitting in the ?cheap seats? is 150 m from home plate . How much time elapses between the instant the fan sees a batter hit the ball and the moment the fan hears the sound? 150 m
A sonic depth gauge is placed 5 m above the ground. An ultrasound pulse sent downward reflects off snow and reaches the device 0.03 seconds after it was emitted. The air temperature is -20oC.(a) How far is the surface of the snow from the device?(b) How deep is the snow?
A person riding on a bus hears the sound from a horn on a car that is stopped. What is different about the sound when the bus is approaching the car compared to when the bus is moving away from the car?
A person stands directly in front of two speakers that are emitting the same pure tone. The person then moves to one side until no sound is heard. At that point, the person is 7 m from one of the speakers and 7.2 m from the other. What is the frequency of the tone being emitted?
In a student laboratory exercise, the wavelength of a 40,000-Hz ultrasound wave is measured to be 0.868 cm. Find the air temperature.
The frequency of middle C on the piano is 261.6 Hz.(a) What is the wavelength of sound with this frequency as it travels in air at room temperature?(b) What is the wavelength of sound with this frequency in water?
A wave traveling 80 m/s has a wavelength of 3.2 m. What is the frequency of the wave?
A 4-Hz continuous wave travels on a Slinky. If the wavelength is 0.5 m, what is the speed of waves on the Slinky?
What is the speed of sound in air at the normal boiling temperature of water?
Two children stretch a jump rope between them and send wave pulses back and forth on it. The rope is 3 m long, its mass is 0.5 kg, and the force exerted on it by the children is 40 N.(a) What is the linear mass density of the rope?(b) What is the speed of the waves on the rope?
An irreversible process takes place by which the entropy of the universe increases by 1.67 J/K. If the temperature of the environment in which the process occurred is 220 K, how much energy was made unavailable for useful work as a result?
As a gasoline engine is running, an amount of gasoline containing 15,000 J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,000 J of work.(a) What is the engine’s efficiency?(b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 4,000oF (2,500 K). The waste heat
What is the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine operating between the temperatures of 300oC (573 K) and 100oC (373 K)?
The temperature of the air in thermals decreases about 10oC for each 1,000 m they rise. If a thermal leaves the ground with a temperature of 30oC and a relative humidity of 31 percent, at what altitude will the air become saturated and the water vapor begin to condense to form a cloud? (In other
An apartment has the dimensions 10 m by 5 m by 3 m. The temperature is 25oC, and the relative humidity is 60 percent. What is the total mass of water vapor in the air in the apartment?
Inside a building, the temperature is 20oC, and the relative humidity is 40 percent. How much water vapor is there in each cubic meter of air?
On a winter day, the air temperature is 215oC, and the humidity is 0.001 kg/m3.(a) What is the relative humidity?(b) When this air is brought inside a building, it is heated to 20oC. If the humidity isn’t changed, what is the relative humidity inside the building?
A 10-kg lead brick is dropped from the top of a 629-m-tall television transmitting tower in North Dakota and falls to the ground. Assuming all of its energy goes to heat it, what is its temperature increase?
A 1,200-kg car going 25 m/s is brought to a stop using its brakes. Let’s assume that a total of approximately 20 kg of iron in the brakes and wheels absorbs the heat produced by the friction.(a) What was the car’s original kinetic energy? (b) After the car has stopped, what is the change
(a) Compute the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from its freezing point to its normal boiling point.(b) How does your answer to (a) compare to the amount of heat needed to convert 1 kg of water at 100°C to steam at 100°C?
How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5 kg of silver from 208C to 960°C?
A fixed amount of a particular ideal gas at 16oC and a pressure of 1.75 x 105 Pa occupies a volume of 2.75 m3. If the volume is increased to 4.20 m3 and the temperature is raised to 26.4oC, what will be the new pressure of the gas?
A machinist wishes to insert a steel rod with a diameter of 5 mm into a hole with a diameter of 4.997 mm. By how much would the machinist have to lower the temperature of the rod to make it fit the hole?
An iron railroad rail is 700 ft long when the temperature is 30oC. What is its length when the temperature is 210oC?
What are the three common temperature scales? What are the normal boiling and freezing points of water in each scale?
Air flows through a heating duct with a square crosssection with 8-inch sides at a speed of 5.0 ft/s. Just before reaching an outlet in the floor of a room, the duct widens to assume a square cross-section with sides equal to 12 inches. Compute the speed of the air flowing into the room, assuming
The wing of an airplane has an average cross-sectional area of 12 m2 and experiences a lift force of 75,000 N. What is the average difference in the air pressure between the top and bottom of the wing?
A dentist’s chair with a person in it weighs 1900 N. The output plunger of a hydraulic system starts to lift the chair when the dental assistant’s foot exerts a force of 45 N on the input piston. Neglecting any difference in the heights of the piston and the plunger, what is the ratio of the
A scale reads 100 N when a piece of aluminum is hanging from it. What does it read when it is lowered so that the aluminum is submerged in water?

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Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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