Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

The volume of an iceberg is 100,000 ft3 (Figure 4.57).(a) What is its weight, assuming it is pure ice?(b) What is the volume of seawater it displaces when floating? (You know what the weight of the seawater is.)(c) What is the volume of the part of the iceberg out of the water?
A box-shaped piece of concrete measures 3 ft by 2 ft by 0.5 ft.(a) What is its weight?(b) Find the buoyant force that acts on it when it is submerged in water.(c) What is the net force on the concrete piece when it is underwater?
A blimp used for aerial camera views of sporting events holds 200,000 ft3 of helium.(a) How much does the helium weigh?(b) What is the buoyant force on the blimp at sea level?(c) How much can the blimp lift (in addition to the helium)?
An ebony log with volume 12 ft3 is submerged in water. What is the buoyant force on it?
Calculate the gauge pressure at a depth of 300 m in seawater.
Find the gauge pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool that is 12 ft deep.
The volume of the Drop Tower “Bremen” (a 100-meter-tall tube used to study processes during free fall) is 1,700 m3.(a) What is the mass of the air that must be removed from it to reduce the pressure inside to nearly zero (1 Pa compared to 100,000 Pa)?(b) What is the weight of the air in pounds?
A large balloon used to sample the upper atmosphere is filled with 900 m3 of helium. What is the mass of the helium?
A large tanker truck can carry 20 tons (40,000 lb) of liquid.(a) What volume of water can it carry?(b) What volume of gasoline can it carry?
A large chunk of metal has a mass of 393 kg, and its volume is measured to be 0.05 m3.(a) Find the metal’s mass density and weight density in SI units.(b) What kind of metal is it?
A box-shaped metal can has dimensions 8 in. by 4 in. by 10 in. high. All of the air inside the can is removed with a vacuum pump. Assuming normal atmospheric pressure outside the can, find the total force on one of the 8-by-10-in. sides.
A large truck tire is inflated to a gauge pressure of 80 psi. The total area of one sidewall of the tire is 1,200 in.2. What is the outward force on the sidewall because of the air pressure?
A grain silo is filled with 2 million pounds of wheat. The area of the silo’s floor is 400 ft2. Find the pressure on the floor in pounds per square foot and in psi.
Two small 0.25-kg masses are attached to opposite ends of a very lightweight rigid rod 0.5 m long. The system is spinning in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis perpendicular to the rod located halfway between the masses. Each mass is moving in a circle of radius 0.25 m at a speed of 0.75
In the annual Empire State Building race, contestants run up 1,575 steps to a height of 1,050 ft. In 2003, Australian Paul Crake completed the race in a record time of 9 min and 33 s. Mr. Crake weighed 143 lb (65 kg).(a) How much work did Mr. Crake do in reaching the top of the building?(b) What
A particular hydraulic pile driver uses a ram with a mass of 1040 kg. If the maximum pile energy is 11,780 J, how high must the ram be raised to achieve this value? Assuming it takes 0.62 s for the pile driver’s winch motor to raise the ram at a constant speed to this height, what is the power
How long does it take a worker producing 200 W of power to do 10,000 J of work?
The ceiling of an arena is 20 m above the floor. What is the minimum speed that a thrown ball would need to just reach the ceiling?
A bicycle and rider going 10 m/s approach a hill. Their total mass is 80 kg.(a) What is their kinetic energy?(b) If the rider coasts up the hill without pedaling, how high above its starting level will the bicycle be when it finally rolls to a stop?
At NASA’s Zero Gravity Research Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, experimental payloads fall freely from rest in an evacuated vertical shaft through a distance of 132 m.(a) If a particular payload has a mass of 45 kg, what is its potential energy relative to the bottom of the shaft?(b) How fast will
A 25-kg child uses a pogo stick to bounce up and down. The spring constant, k, of the toy equals 8750 N/m. (a) By how much would the spring be compressed by the child if she simply balanced herself vertically on the pedals of the stick?(b) How much energy is stored in the spring under this
An archer using a simple bow exerts a force of 180 N to draw back the bow string 0.50 m.(a) What is the average work done by the archer in preparing to launch her arrow? (Compute the average work as you would any average quantity: average work 5 12 [final work – initial work].)(b) If all the work
In compressing the spring in a toy dart gun, 0.5 J of work is done. When the gun is fired, the spring gives its potential energy to a dart with a mass of 0.02 kg.(a) What is the dart’s kinetic energy as it leaves the gun?(b) What is the dart’s speed?
The kinetic energy of a motorcycle and rider is 60,000 J. If their total mass is 300 kg, what is their speed?
A motorist runs out of gas on a level road 200 m from a gas station. The driver pushes the 1,200-kg car to the gas station. If a 150-N force is required to keep the car moving, how much work does the driver do?
A loaded gun is dropped on a frozen lake. The gun fires, with the bullet going horizontally in one direction and the gun sliding on the ice in the other direction. The bullet’s mass is 0.02 kg, and its speed is 300 m/s. If the gun’s mass is 1.2 kg, what is its speed?
A 50-kg boy on roller skates moves with a speed of 5 m/s. He runs into a 40-kg girl on skates. Assuming they cling together after the collision, what is their speed?
A pitcher throws a 0.5-kg ball of clay at a 6-kg block of wood. The clay sticks to the wood on impact, and their joint velocity afterward is 3 m/s. What was the original speed of the clay?
A sprinter with a mass of 65 kg reaches a speed of 10 m/s during a race. Find the sprinter’s linear momentum.
As a spacecraft approaches a planet, the rocket engines on it are fired (turned on) to slow it down so it will go into orbit around the planet. The spacecraft’s mass is 2,000 kg, and the thrust (force) of the rocket engines is 400 N. If its speed must be decreased by 1,000 m/s, how long must the
On a highway curve with radius 50 m, the maximum force of static friction (centripetal force) that can act on a 1,000-kg car going around the curve is 8,000 N. What speed limit should be posted for the curve so that cars can negotiate it safely?
A hang glider and its pilot have a total mass equal to 120 kg.While executing a 3608 turn, the glider moves in a circle with an 8-m radius. The glider’s speed is 10 m/s.(a) What is the net force on the hang glider?(b) What is the acceleration?
Under certain conditions, the human body can safely withstand an acceleration of 10 g.(a) What net force would have to act on someone with mass of 50 kg to cause this acceleration?(b) Find the weight of such a person in pounds, then convert the answer to (a) to pounds.
At the end of an amusement park ride, it is desirable to bring a gondola to a stop without having the acceleration exceed 2 g. If the total mass of the gondola and its occupants is 2,000 kg, what is the maximum allowed braking force?
As a baseball is being caught, its speed goes from 30 to 0 m/s in about 0.005 s. Its mass is 0.145 kg.(a) What is the baseball’s acceleration in m/s2 and in g’s? (b) What is the size of the force acting on it?
A person stands on a scale inside an elevator at rest (Figure 2.54). The scale reads 800 N.(a) What is the person?s mass?(b) The elevator accelerates upward momentarily at the rate of 2 m/s2. What does the scale read then?(c) The elevator then moves with a steady speed of 5 m/s. What does the scale
The engines in a supertanker carrying crude oil produce a net force of 20,000,000 N on the ship. If the resulting acceleration is 0.1 m/s2, what is the ship’s mass?
As a 2-kg ball rolls down a ramp, the net force on it is 10 N. What is the acceleration?
The mass of a subway car and passengers is 40,000 kg. If its acceleration as it leaves a station is 0.9 m/s2, what is the net force acting on it?
Suppose an airline allows a maximum of 30 kg for each suitcase a passenger brings along.(a) What is the weight in newtons of a 30-kg suitcase?(b) What is the weight in pounds?
The graph in Figure 1.40 shows the velocity versus time for a bullet as it is fired from a gun, travels a short distance, and enters a block of wood. Compute the acceleration at the times marked a, b, and c. 800 600 400 200 a b 0.001 0.002 0.003 t (seconds) (s/u) n
The roller coaster in Figure 1.39 starts at the top of a straight track that is inclined 30? with the horizontal. This causes it to accelerate at a rate of 4.9 m/s2 (1/2 g).(a) What is the roller coaster?s speed after 3 s?(b) How far does it travel during that time? a = - 30°
A skydiver jumps out of a helicopter and falls freely for 3 s before opening the parachute.(a) What is the skydiver’s downward velocity when the parachute opens?(b) How far below the helicopter is the skydiver when the parachute opens?
A rocket accelerates from rest at a rate of 60 m/s2.(a) What is its speed after it accelerates for 40 s?(b) How long does it take for the rocket to reach a speed of 7,500 m/s?
A runner is going 10 m/s around a curved section of track that has a radius of 35 m. What is the runner’s acceleration?
A child attaches a rubber ball to a string and whirls it around in a circle overhead. If the string is 0.5 m long and the ball’s speed is 10 m/s, what is the ball’s centripetal acceleration?
A high-performance sports car can go from 0 to 100 mph (44.7 m/s) in 7.9 s.(a) What is the car’s average acceleration?(b) The same car can come to a complete stop from 30 m/s in 3.2 s. What is its average acceleration?
How far does a car going 25 m/s travel in 5 s? How far would a jet going 250 m/s travel in 5 s?
A runner in a marathon passes the 5-mile mark at 1 o’clock and the 20-mile mark at 3 o’clock. What is the runner’s average speed during this time period?
A passenger jet flies from one airport to another 1,200 miles away in 2.5 h. Find its average speed.
A hypnotist’s watch hanging from a chain swings back and forth every 0.8 s. What is the frequency of its oscillation?
A convenient time unit for short time intervals is the millisecond. Express 0.0452 s in milliseconds.
A yacht is 20 m long. Express this length in feet.
Describe the spectrum produced by ionized hydrogen—that is, a sample of hydrogen atoms all of which have lost one electron.
An electron and a proton are moving with the same speed. Which has the longer de Broglie wavelength?
What is the de Broglie wavelength? What happens to the de Broglie wavelength of an electron when its speed is increased?
A high-energy photon can collide with a free electron and give it some energy. (This is called the Compton effect.) How are the photon’s energy, frequency, and wavelength affected by the collision?
The spectrum of light from a star that is observed with the Hubble Space Telescope is not exactly the same as that star’s spectrum observed by a telescope on Earth. Explain why this is so.
If an astronomer examines the emission spectrum from luminous hydrogen gas that is moving away from Earth at a high speed and compares it to a spectrum of hydrogen seen in a laboratory on Earth, what would be different about the frequencies of spectral lines from the two sources?
Compare the emission spectra of the elements hydrogen and helium (Figure 10.12). Which element emits photons of red light that have the higher energy?Figure 10.12 650 750 400 450 500 550 600 700 Wavelength (nm) Hydrogen Helium Mercury Sodium Neon Lithium Copper 2.0 1.8 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 + +
Discuss what is meant by the term ionization. Give two ways by which an atom might acquire enough energy to become ionized.
What are the basic assumptions of the Bohr model? Describe how the Bohr model accounts for the production of emission-line spectra from elements like hydrogen.
A mixture of hydrogen and neon is heated until it is luminous. Describe what is seen when this light passes through a prism and is projected onto a screen.
What is the difference between a continuous spectrum and an emission-line spectrum?
If sunlight can be conceived of as a beam of photons, each of which carries a certain amount of energy and momentum, why don’t we experience (or feel) any recoil as these particles collide with our bodies when, say, we’re at the beach on a sunny day?
Based on what you learned about image formation in Chapter 9, describe how you might design a photocopying machine that could make a copy that is enlarged or reduced compared to the size of the original.
What aspects of the photoelectric effect can be explained without recourse to the concept of the photon? What aspects of this phenomenon require the existence of photons for their explanation?
Can you think of a reason why metals exhibit the photoelectric effect most easily? (Do you see any connection between this phenomenon and the properties of a good electrical or thermal conductor?)
Sodium undergoes the photoelectric effect, with one electron absorbing a photon of violet light and another absorbing a photon of ultraviolet light. What is different about the two electrons afterward?
If Nature suddenly changed and Planck’s constant became a much larger number, what effect would this have on things such as solar cells, atomic emission and absorption spectra, lasers, and so on?
What is a photon? How is its energy related to its frequency? To its wavelength?
What assumption allowed Planck to account for the observed features of blackbody radiation?
Two common controls in a car are the steering wheel and the windshield wiper speed selector. Indicate whether each is controlling something in a quantized or a continuous fashion.
How might you explain the concept of quantization to a younger child (brother, sister, niece, etc.), using money as the quantized entity?
Of the things that a car owner has to purchase routinely—gasoline, oil, antifreeze, tires, spark plugs, and so on—which are normally sold in quantized units, and which are not?
What does it mean when we say that the energy of something is “quantized”?
Section 10.8 introduces the laser as a device whose development followed closely from our understanding of quantum mechanics and atomic structure. Make a list of the basic concepts related to the development, function, and application of the laser in modern society. Reexamine Section 10.8 if
Quantum mechanics is one of the most daunting of all areas in physics. To students encountering this subject for the first time at the introductory level, quantum mechanics can seem mysterious, even contradictory, because it is so counterintuitive to what we are used to experiencing in the
A friend tells you that physicists have just invented a new pulsed laser that is pumped with yellow light and produces laser light in the ultraviolet portion of the EM spectrum. Why might you be a little skeptical of this claim? Explain.
Define what is meant by the term population inversion. Why must this condition be achieved before a system can successfully function as a laser?
Distinguish between a metastable state and a normally allowed energy state within an atom. Discuss the role of metastable states in the operation of laser systems.
Distinguish laser light from the light emitted by an ordinary lightbulb in as many ways as you can.
What is the origin of the word laser?
Describe how the Bohr model may be used to account for characteristic x-ray spectra in heavy atoms.
Will the frequency of the Ka peak in the x-ray spectrum of copper (Cu) be higher or lower than the frequency of the Ka peak of tungsten (W)? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
The x-ray spectrum of a typical heavy element consists of two parts. What are they? How is each produced?
Radioactive strontium (Sr) tends to concentrate in the bones of people who ingest it. Why might one expect that strontium would behave like calcium (Ca) chemically and thus be preferentially bound in bone material, which is predominantly calcium in composition?
In what part of the EM spectrum does the Lyman series of emission lines from hydrogen lie? The Balmer series? The Paschen series? Describe how each of these series is produced. In what final state do the electron transitions end in each case?
What would an energy-level diagram look like for the quantized cat in Figure 10.3? (a) (b) istockphoto. com/nico_blue
Will the energy of a photon that ionizes a hydrogen atom from the ground state be larger than, smaller than, or equal to, the energy of a photon that ionizes another hydrogen atom from the first excited state (n = 2)? Explain.
Explain why a hydrogen atom with its electron in the ground state cannot absorb a photon of just any energy when making a transition to the second excited state (n = 3).
What does it mean when a hydrogen atom is said to be in its “ground state”?
Explain why the Bohr model of the atom is incompatible with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
What is the uncertainty principle?
In an electron microscope, electrons play the role that light does in optical microscopes. What makes this possible?
During the normal operation of nuclear power plants and nuclear processing facilities, machinery, building materials, and other things can become radioactive even if they never come into physical contact with radioactive material. How can this happen?
If the binding energy per nucleon (see the graph in Figure 11.16) increased steadily with ass number instead of peaking around A = 56, would nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions work the same way they do now? Explain. 10 100MO 56F. 1271 325 184W 197AU 160 126 180 238 4He 14N 6Li 4
Careful measurements of the mass of a hydrogen-3 nucleus (tritium) yield a value of 3.01605 u. Compute the binding energy in MeV and the binding energy per nucleon for this radioactive nuclide. Compare your value with that for 3H given in Figure 11.16. 10 100MO 56F. 1271 325 184W 197AU 160 126 180
Suppose that the mass of the proton and the mass of the neutron were each exactly 1.0 u. What would the mass defect for a copper-63 nucleus be under these circumstances if its atomic mass is 62.5 u?
A nucleus of element 112—copernicium—is formed using the reaction equation given near the end of Section 11.7. It then undergoes six successive alpha decays. Give the identity of the isotope that results after each step of this process.

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Inquiry into Physics 8th edition Vern J. Ostdiek, Donald J. Bord - Solutions

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