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chemistry and chemical reactivity

Questions and Answers of Chemistry And Chemical Reactivity

Write the equation for the reaction of 1,4-dimethylbenzene with CH3Cl and AlCl3. What is the structure and name of the single organic compound produced?
Write an equation for the preparation of hexyl-benzene from benzene and other appropriate reagents.
Aromatic compounds react with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid to form aromatic compounds containing a nitro (−NO2) group. Two isomeric compounds are formed by nitration of
Give the systematic name for each of the following alcohols, and tell if each is a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol:(a) CH3CH2CH2OH(b) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Nitration of toluene gives a mixture of two products, one with the nitro group (−NO2) in the ortho position and one with the nitro group in the para position. Draw structures of the two products.
Draw structural formulas for the following alcohols, and tell if each is primary, secondary, or tertiary:(a) 1-butanol(b) 2-butanol(c) 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol(d) 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol
Write the formula, and draw the structure, for each of the following amines:(a) Ethylamine(b) Dipropylamine(c) Butyldimethylamine(d) Triethylamine
Name the following amines:(a) CH3CH2CH2NH2(b) (CH3)3N(c) (CH3)(C2H5)NH(d) C6H13NH2
Draw structural formulas for the four possible alcohols with the formula C4H10O. Give the systematic name of each.
Complete and balance the following equations: (a) C6H5NH₂(e)+ HCl(aq) → (b) (CH3)N(aq) + H₂SO (aq) →
Draw structural formulas for all primary amines with the formula C4H9NH2.
The structure of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is given on page 1103. Predict its reaction with aqueous hydrochloric acid.Data given on Page 1103 epinephrine or adrenaline, C₂H₁3 NO₂
Draw structures of the product formed by oxidation of the following alcohols. Assume an excess of oxidizing agent is used in each case.(a) 2-methyl-1-pentanol(b) 3-methyl-2-pentanol(c)
Aldehydes and carboxylic acids are formed by oxidation of primary alcohols, and ketones are formed when secondary alcohols are oxidized. Give the name and formula for the alcohol that, when oxidized,
Draw structural formulas for (a) 2-pentanone,(b) Hexanal, and(c) Pentanoic acid.
Identify the class of each of the following compounds, and give the systematic name for each: (a) (b) (c) (d) CH₂ CH₂CH₂CHCH.CO₂H CH₂CH₂COCH, O CH,COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂ Br O -COH
Draw structural formulas for the following acids and esters:(a) 2-methylhexanoic acid(b) Pentyl butanoate (which has the odor of apricots)(c) Octyl acetate (which has the odor of oranges)
Neoprene (polychloroprene, a kind of rubber) is a polymer formed from the chlorinated butadiene H2CPCHCClPCH2.(a) Write an equation showing the formation of polychloroprene from the monomer.(b) Show
Consider the following molecules:(a) What is the result of treating compound 1 with NaBH4? What is the functional group in the product? Name the product.(b) Draw the structure of the reaction product
Polyvinyl acetate is the binder in water-based paints.(a) Write an equation for its formation from vinyl acetate.(b) Show a portion of this polymer with three monomer units.(c) Describe how to make
Polyacrylonitrile is a polymer of acrylonitrile, CH2PCHCN. Write an equation for the synthesis of this polymer.
An alkene having the formula C6H12 is known to have a six-carbon chain. How many isomeric species can be drawn based on this description? List the names of these species.
Draw structures and name the four alkenes that have the formula C4H8.
Write equations for the following reactions, representing the reactants and products using structural formulas.(a) The formation of ethyl acetate from acetic acid and ethanol(b) The hydrolysis of
Write equations for the reactions of cis-2-butene with the following reagents, representing the reactants and products using structural formulas.(a) H2O(b) HBr(c) Cl2
Write equations for the following reactions, representing the reactants and products using structural formulas.(a) The reaction of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide(b) The reaction of methylamine with
Write an equation for the formation of the following polymers.(a) Polystyrene, from styrene (C6H5CHPCH2)(b) PET (polyethylene terephthalate), from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid
Write equations for the following reactions, representing the reactants and products using structural formulas.(a) The hydrolysis of the amide C6H5CONHCH3 to form benzoic acid and methylamine(b) The
Draw the structure of each of the following compounds:(a) 2,2-dimethylpentane(b) 3,3-diethylpentane(c) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane(d) 3-ethylhexane
Structural isomers.(a) Draw all of the isomers possible for C3H8O. Give the systematic name of each, and tell into which class of compound it fits.(b) Draw the structural formulas for an aldehyde and
Draw structural formulas for possible isomers of the dichlorinated propane, C3H6Cl2. Name each compound.
Draw structural formulas for possible isomers with the formula C3H6ClBr, and name each isomer.
Give structural formulas and systematic names for the three structural isomers of trimethylbenzene, C6H3(CH3)3.
Give structural formulas and systematic names for possible isomers of dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2.
Benzoic acid occurs in many berries. When humans eat berries, benzoic acid is converted to hippuric acid in the body by reaction with the amino acid glycine H2NCH2CO2H. Draw the structure of hippuric
Give the name of each compound below, and name the functional group involved. HO (a) HC-C-CH2CH2CH, H || (b) HC-CCH,CH,CH, Но О (c) HC-C-c-Н CH₂ (d) H,CCH2CH2-C-OH
Draw the structure of glyceryl trilaurate, a fat. Lauric acid (page 941) has the formula C11H23CO2H.(a) Write an equation for the base hydrolysis of glyceryl trilaurate.(b) Write an equation for the
Consider the reaction of cis-2-butene with H2 (in the presence of a catalyst).(a) Draw the structure, and give the name of the reaction product. Is this reaction product chiral?(b) Draw an isomer of
Write a chemical equation describing the reaction between glycerol and stearic acid (Table 23.9) to give glyceryl tristearate.Data given in Table 23.9 TABLE 23.9 Some Naturally Occurring Carboxylic
A well-known company sells outdoor clothing made of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the principal material in many soft drink bottles. Another company makes PET fibers by treating recycled
Identify the reaction products, and write an equation for the following reactions of CH2PCHCH2OH.(a) H2 (hydrogenation, in the presence of a catalyst)(b) Oxidation (excess oxidizing agent)(c)
The product of an addition reaction of an alkene is often predicted by Markovnikov’s rule.(a) Draw the structure of the product of adding HBr to propene, and give the name of the product.(b) Draw
There are three ethers with the formula C4H10O. Draw their structures.
Review the opening photograph about chocolate (which shows the structure of an active ingredient, the obromine) and then answer the following questions.(a) How do the obromine and caffeine differ
Which of the following compounds produces acetic acid when treated with an oxidizing agent such as KMnO4?
Nylon-6 is a polyamide formed by polymerizing H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H. Write an equation for this reaction.
You have a liquid that is either cyclohexene or benzene. When the liquid is exposed to dark-red bromine vapor, the vapor is immediately decolorized. What is the identity of the liquid? Write an
You are asked to identify an unknown colorless, liquid carbonyl compound. Analysis has determined that the formula for this unknown is C3H6O. Only two compounds match this formula.(a) Draw structures
Hydrolysis of an unknown ester of butanoic acid, CH3CH2CH2CO2R, produces an alcohol A and butanoic acid. Oxidation of alcohol A forms an acid B that is a structural isomer of butanoic acid. Give the
Describe a simple chemical test to tell the difference between CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 and its isomer cyclopentane.
Describe a simple chemical test to tell the difference between 2-propanol and its isomer methyl ethyl ether.
An unknown ester has the formula C4H8O2. Hydrolysis gives methanol as one product. Identify the ester, and write an equation for the hydrolysis reaction.
2-Iodobenzoic acid, a tan, crystalline solid, can be prepared from 2-aminobenzoic acid. Other required reagents are NaNO2 and KI (as well as HCl).(a) If you use 4.0 g of 2-aminobenzoic acid, 2.2 g of
Addition of water to alkene X gives an alcohol Y. Oxidation of Y produces 3,3-dimethyl- 2-pentanone. Identify X and Y, and write equations for the two reactions.
Vitamin B-5, pantothenic acid, has the structure shown below. Base hydrolysis of this compound followed by acidification gives two compounds. Draw their structures. H CH3H
The transestification reaction between PET and CH3OH forms dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol. If the methanol used in this reaction is labeled with oxygen-18 (18O), in which of the products
Carbon atoms appear in organic compounds in several different ways with single, double, and triple bonds combining to give an octet configuration. Describe the various ways that carbon can bond to
One of the resonance structures for pyridine (C5H5N) is illustrated here. Draw another resonance structure for the molecule. Comment on the similarity between this compound and benzene. N. Pyridine
Plastics make up about 20% of the volume of landfills. There is, therefore, considerable interest in reusing or recycling these materials. To identify common plastics, a set of universal symbols is
What important properties do the following characteristics impart to a polymer?(a) Cross-linking in polyethylene(b) The OH groups in polyvinyl alcohol(c) Hydrogen bonding in a polyamide like nylon
Write balanced equations for the combustion of ethane gas and liquid ethanol (to give gaseous products).(a) Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of each compound. Which has the more negative enthalpy
Maleic acid is prepared by the catalytic oxidation of benzene. It is a dicarboxylic acid; that is, it has two carboxylic acid groups.(a) Combustion of 0.125 g of the acid gives 0.190 g of CO2 and
(a) Draw the Lewis structure for the amino acid valine, showing the amino group and the carboxylic acid group in their un-ionized forms.(b) Draw the Lewis structure for the zwitterionic form of
(a) Draw the Lewis structure for the amino acid phenylalanine, showing the amino group and the carboxylic group in their un-ionized forms.(b) Draw the Lewis structure for the zwitterionic form of
Consider the amino acids alanine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, lysine, and aspartic acid. Which have polar R groups, and which have nonpolar R groups?
Consider the amino acids arginine, cysteine, glutamine, isoleucine, threonine, and tryptophan. Which have polar R groups, and which have nonpolar R groups?
Draw Lewis structures for the two dipeptides that contain both alanine and glycine.
Do the amino acid sequences: valine-asparagine and asparagine-valine represent the same compound? Explain.
Draw the Lewis structure for the tripeptide serineleucine- valine.
Draw the Lewis structure for the tripeptide tyrosinehistidine- glycine.
The β-pleated sheet is a structure that commonly arises in proteins. Part of a β-pleated sheet is shown in the following figure. This type of structure is an example of which level of protein
Identify the type of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary) that corresponds to the following statements.(a) This type of structure is the amino acid sequence in the protein.(b) This
Draw the structural formulas for α-d-glucose and β-d glucose.
Draw the structural formula for two glucose molecules joined by a β-1,4 linkage.
(a) Draw the structural formula for the sugar β-d-ribose.(b) Draw the structural formula for the nucleoside adenosine (it consists of β-d-ribose and adenine).(c) Draw the structural formula for the
(a) Draw the structural formula for the sugar β-D-2 deoxyribose.(b) Draw the structural formula for the nucleoside deoxyadenosine (it consists of β-D-2-deoxyribose and adenine).(c) Draw the
Draw the structural formula for the tetranucleotide AUGC.
Draw the structural formula for the tetradeoxynucleotide CGTA.
Given the following nucleotide sequence in DNA: 5′—ACGCGATTC—3′:(a) Determine the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA. Report this sequence by writing it from its 5′ end to its
Given the following nucleotide sequence in DNA:5′—TCGTAGGAT—3′:(a) Determine the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA. Report this sequence by writing it from its 5′ end to its 3′
Sketch a section of a phospholipid bilayer in which you let a circle represent the polar head group and curvy lines represent the hydrocarbon tails. Label the regions of the bilayer as being polar or
If a drop of oleic acid is added to a dish of water, the oleic acid will spread out and form a layer that is one molecule thick on top of the water.(a) Draw the Lewis structure for oleic acid.(b)
The structures of the sex hormones testosterone (a male sex hormone) and estrogen (a female sex hormone) are shown below.(a) Compare these two structures.(b) Are these molecules steroids? Explain.
What structure do all steroids have in common?
The section about metabolism provided a value for ΔrH° for the oxidation of one mole of glucose (−2803 kJ/mol-rxn). Using Δf H° values at 25°C, verify that this is the correct value for the
The chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose into ethanol is CH12O6(s) → 2 C₂H,OH() + 2 CO₂(g)
Consider the following reaction:(a) Which species (NADH, H+, or O2) undergoes oxidation?(b) Which species undergoes reduction?(c) Which species is the oxidizing agent?(d) Which species is the
The body processes ethanol by first converting it to acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.In the body, acetaldehyde can cause headaches and nausea and is one of
What is the equilibrium constant for the conversion of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose in water at room temperature (assume that there is no glucose present in the open-chain structure)?
Draw two Lewis structures for the dipeptide alanineisoleucine that show the resonance structures of the amide linkage.
How many codons are possible? All of these codons are used in molecules of mRNA and there are only 20 amino acids normally encoded (plus start codons and stop codons). Is there exactly one codon per
(a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the production of one mole of glucose by the process of photosynthesis at 25°C. ΔfH° [glucose(s)] = −1273.3 kJ/mol(b) What is the enthalpy change involved
Deuterium nuclei are particularly effective as bombarding particles to carry out nuclear reactions. Complete the following equations: (³H)
The first step of the metabolic process known as glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate. This process has a positive value for ΔrG°′.This reaction is coupled to the
In the process of respirationwhich molecule undergoes oxidation? Which molecule undergoes reduction? C6H12O6(s) + 6 O₂(g) → 6 CO₂(g) + 6 H₂O(l)
There are 41 = 4 mononucleotides of DNA, there are 42 = 16 possible dinucleotides, and so on. If a segment of DNA were completely random, how many nucleotides long would it need to be in order to
Which of the amino acids listed in Figure 24.2 is not chiral?Data given in Figure 24.2 H₂N- Polar R H Serine (Ser) CH₂ Kitifolk fel * CH HO CH₂ Throonine (Thr) H₂N SH 0 Cysteine
Insulin is a protein important in the metabolism of sugar. Its molar mass can be determined by means of an osmotic pressure experiment. A 50.0-mg sample of insulin was dissolved in enough water to
(a) What type of interaction holds DNA’s doublehelical strands together?(b) Why would it not be good for DNA’s doublehelical strands to be held together by covalent bonds?
Do the DNA sequences ATGC and CGTA represent the same compound? Explain.

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